supplementary materials


Acta Cryst. (2007). E63, m1883    [ doi:10.1107/S1600536807028048 ]

([mu]-2,2'-Biquinolinyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato-[kappa]2O:O')bis[(dimethylformamide-[kappa]O)triphenyltin(IV)]

L.-B. Wang

Abstract top

The molecule of the title compound, [Sn2(C6H5)6(C10H5NO2)2(C3H7NO)2], is centrosymmetric. Two triphenyltin groups are bridged by a 2,2'-biquinolinyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate dianion (L) through its two carboxylate groups. Each Sn atom displays a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry composed of three phenyl groups, one carboxylate O atom from the L dianion and one O atom of N,N-dimethylformamide. The molecules display aromatic [pi]-[pi] stacking (face-to-face distance 3.406 Å).

Comment top

To further widen the scope of application of organotin compounds, there is a need to prepare new series of organotin compounds. In this paper, the structure of (I) is described.

The title compound (I) contains one neutral [Sn2(C6H5)6(C9H5NCOO)2] molecule and two N,N-dimethyl formamide solvent molecules. As shown in Fig.1, two triphenyltin groups are bridged by the 2,2'-biquinoline-4,4'-dicarboxylate dianion, L, through its two carboxylate groups. The central Sn atom adopts distorted SnC3O2 trigonal bipyramid geometry composed of three phenyl groups, one carboxylate O atom from L and one O atom of N,N-dimethyl formamide. The N,N-dimethyl formamide, included as solvent molecule, forms no hydrogen-bonding interactions with any other atoms in the structure. In addition, the bond between Sn1 and O3 (2.605 (3) Å) is much more weaker than that of Sn1 and O1 (2.187 (4) Å) (Basu Baul et al., 2004). The L ligand of each molecule provides two quinoline rings to form slipped π-π interaction with the face-to-face distance (d) being about 3.406Å (Fig. 2).

Related literature top

For related literature, see: Basu Baul et al. (2004).

Experimental top

A mixture of Na2L (0.388 g, 1 mmol) and Ph3SnCl (0.770 g, 2 mmol) in 25 ml e thanol was refluxed for 12 h and then filtered. The resulting precipitates were washed with ethanol. Crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction were obtained by slow evaporation of a N,N-dimethyl formamide solution.

Refinement top

All H-atoms bound to carbon were refined using a riding model with d(C—H) = 0.93 Å, Uiso=1.2Ueq (C) for aromatic and 0.96 Å, Uiso = 1.5Ueq (C) for CH3 atoms. The minimum electron-density peak is located 0.96Å from atom Sn1.

Computing details top

Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 1997); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 1999); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997); molecular graphics: SHELXTL-Plus (Sheldrick, 1990); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97.

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. View of the compound (I). Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level. (symmetry code: (i) 1 − x, 1 − y, 1 − z)
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. A packing diagram of (I).
(µ-2,2'-Biquinolinyl-4,4'-dicarboxylato-κ2O:O')bis[(dimethylformamide- κO)triphenyltin(IV)] top
Crystal data top
[Sn2(C6H5)6(C10H5NO2)2(C3H7NO)2]F000 = 2408
Mr = 1188.47Dx = 1.472 Mg m3
Monoclinic, C2/cMo Kα radiation
λ = 0.71073 Å
Hall symbol: -C 2ycCell parameters from 6203 reflections
a = 30.4592 (17) Åθ = 1.6–28.3º
b = 9.5344 (5) ŵ = 0.99 mm1
c = 22.0343 (14) ÅT = 293 (2) K
β = 123.051 (2)ºBlock, colourless
V = 5363.5 (5) Å30.54 × 0.48 × 0.39 mm
Z = 4
Data collection top
Bruker APEX CCD area-detector
diffractometer
6203 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube4618 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Monochromator: graphiteRint = 0.033
T = 293(2) Kθmax = 28.3º
ω scansθmin = 1.6º
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996)
h = 40→26
Tmin = 0.590, Tmax = 0.678k = 12→10
15947 measured reflectionsl = 26→29
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
Least-squares matrix: fullHydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.054H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F2) = 0.170  w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.1137P)2]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.08(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
6203 reflectionsΔρmax = 2.82 e Å3
334 parametersΔρmin = 1.14 e Å3
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methodsExtinction correction: none
Crystal data top
[Sn2(C6H5)6(C10H5NO2)2(C3H7NO)2]V = 5363.5 (5) Å3
Mr = 1188.47Z = 4
Monoclinic, C2/cMo Kα
a = 30.4592 (17) ŵ = 0.99 mm1
b = 9.5344 (5) ÅT = 293 (2) K
c = 22.0343 (14) Å0.54 × 0.48 × 0.39 mm
β = 123.051 (2)º
Data collection top
Bruker APEX CCD area-detector
diffractometer
6203 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996)
4618 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Tmin = 0.590, Tmax = 0.678Rint = 0.033
15947 measured reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.054334 parameters
wR(F2) = 0.170H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.08Δρmax = 2.82 e Å3
6203 reflectionsΔρmin = 1.14 e Å3
Special details top

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
Sn10.347644 (10)0.11246 (3)0.186776 (13)0.04892 (14)
C10.37845 (18)0.0948 (5)0.2087 (2)0.0555 (11)
C20.36527 (18)0.1935 (5)0.2426 (2)0.0593 (11)
H20.34480.16700.26020.071*
C30.3825 (2)0.3329 (6)0.2507 (3)0.0728 (13)
H30.37310.39930.27240.087*
C40.4137 (3)0.3694 (5)0.2257 (3)0.0765 (16)
H40.42510.46160.23040.092*
C50.4280 (2)0.2738 (7)0.1948 (3)0.0810 (15)
H50.44950.29990.17880.097*
C60.4110 (2)0.1384 (6)0.1867 (3)0.0693 (13)
H60.42160.07350.16570.083*
C70.27208 (17)0.1477 (6)0.1675 (2)0.0567 (11)
C80.2439 (2)0.0377 (8)0.1703 (3)0.0898 (17)
H80.25880.05130.18230.108*
C90.1931 (2)0.0564 (9)0.1553 (4)0.0997 (19)
H90.17510.01850.15880.120*
C100.1708 (2)0.1853 (9)0.1356 (3)0.094 (2)
H100.13650.19880.12250.113*
C110.1984 (3)0.2913 (9)0.1352 (5)0.121 (3)
H110.18390.38070.12450.145*
C120.2486 (3)0.2729 (8)0.1503 (4)0.102 (2)
H120.26640.35020.14850.122*
C130.37577 (16)0.2455 (4)0.1378 (2)0.0487 (9)
C140.3425 (2)0.3145 (5)0.0722 (3)0.0650 (12)
H140.30660.29990.04810.078*
C150.3608 (3)0.4014 (6)0.0428 (4)0.0840 (18)
H150.33740.44780.00020.101*
C160.4128 (4)0.4219 (6)0.0753 (5)0.096 (2)
H160.42530.47990.05400.116*
C170.4480 (3)0.3552 (6)0.1413 (4)0.0890 (19)
H170.48390.36970.16450.107*
C180.42890 (18)0.2687 (5)0.1710 (3)0.0672 (12)
H180.45220.22430.21470.081*
C190.44734 (17)0.1592 (6)0.4717 (3)0.0637 (12)
C200.4307 (2)0.0166 (7)0.4709 (4)0.088 (2)
H200.40800.02680.42670.105*
C210.4477 (3)0.0562 (8)0.5337 (5)0.0917 (18)
H210.43690.14830.53150.110*
C220.4809 (2)0.0069 (7)0.6004 (4)0.0861 (16)
H220.49150.04230.64270.103*
C230.4981 (2)0.1400 (6)0.6043 (3)0.0698 (13)
H230.52110.17960.64950.084*
C240.48187 (17)0.2212 (5)0.5406 (3)0.0612 (11)
C250.48861 (15)0.4313 (5)0.4933 (2)0.0549 (10)
C260.45349 (18)0.3773 (5)0.4212 (2)0.0632 (13)
H260.44480.43200.38120.076*
C270.43283 (16)0.2450 (6)0.4116 (3)0.0658 (14)
C280.3947 (2)0.1862 (8)0.3373 (3)0.087 (2)
C290.2256 (3)0.1292 (7)0.0722 (4)0.109 (3)
H29A0.21240.18530.11490.163*
H29C0.20840.03970.08520.163*
H29B0.21900.17590.03930.163*
C300.3076 (4)0.1706 (11)0.0725 (6)0.151 (4)
H30B0.28180.22010.11540.226*
H30C0.33460.23450.03970.226*
H30A0.32260.09720.08530.226*
C310.3084 (2)0.0349 (5)0.0229 (3)0.0668 (12)
H310.34370.01860.04180.080*
N10.50173 (14)0.3517 (4)0.55044 (19)0.0541 (8)
N20.2823 (2)0.1090 (4)0.0371 (3)0.0769 (13)
O10.40005 (16)0.2196 (6)0.2896 (2)0.1038 (15)
O20.3613 (2)0.0932 (5)0.3264 (2)0.0980 (14)
O30.29056 (13)0.0138 (3)0.05551 (17)0.0662 (8)
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
Sn10.03819 (19)0.0677 (2)0.03760 (19)0.00386 (11)0.01859 (14)0.00340 (11)
C10.044 (2)0.078 (3)0.042 (2)0.0083 (19)0.0216 (19)0.0107 (19)
C20.056 (3)0.066 (3)0.053 (2)0.006 (2)0.029 (2)0.001 (2)
C30.062 (3)0.082 (3)0.058 (3)0.006 (3)0.023 (2)0.002 (3)
C40.075 (4)0.064 (3)0.075 (4)0.010 (2)0.030 (3)0.005 (2)
C50.071 (3)0.099 (4)0.084 (4)0.021 (3)0.049 (3)0.001 (3)
C60.062 (3)0.089 (4)0.063 (3)0.016 (2)0.038 (3)0.010 (2)
C70.042 (2)0.087 (3)0.043 (2)0.004 (2)0.0235 (18)0.002 (2)
C80.059 (3)0.105 (4)0.110 (5)0.011 (3)0.049 (3)0.014 (4)
C90.064 (4)0.131 (5)0.112 (5)0.008 (4)0.054 (4)0.004 (5)
C100.053 (3)0.157 (6)0.078 (4)0.025 (4)0.039 (3)0.001 (4)
C110.081 (4)0.120 (6)0.174 (8)0.037 (4)0.077 (5)0.020 (5)
C120.070 (4)0.103 (5)0.141 (6)0.023 (3)0.063 (4)0.024 (4)
C130.049 (2)0.052 (2)0.048 (2)0.0061 (17)0.0279 (18)0.0119 (17)
C140.065 (3)0.079 (3)0.054 (3)0.006 (2)0.035 (2)0.006 (2)
C150.122 (6)0.070 (3)0.083 (4)0.006 (3)0.070 (4)0.012 (3)
C160.136 (7)0.064 (3)0.144 (7)0.009 (4)0.112 (6)0.003 (4)
C170.079 (4)0.080 (4)0.133 (6)0.027 (3)0.074 (4)0.027 (4)
C180.051 (3)0.075 (3)0.076 (3)0.006 (2)0.034 (2)0.017 (2)
C190.037 (2)0.092 (3)0.060 (3)0.001 (2)0.025 (2)0.022 (3)
C200.048 (3)0.097 (4)0.116 (5)0.016 (3)0.043 (3)0.049 (4)
C210.077 (4)0.089 (4)0.126 (6)0.007 (3)0.066 (4)0.018 (4)
C220.071 (4)0.105 (4)0.091 (4)0.007 (3)0.050 (3)0.008 (4)
C230.065 (3)0.078 (3)0.074 (3)0.004 (2)0.042 (3)0.000 (3)
C240.042 (2)0.084 (3)0.058 (3)0.002 (2)0.028 (2)0.015 (2)
C250.039 (2)0.089 (3)0.0334 (18)0.0039 (19)0.0180 (17)0.013 (2)
C260.042 (2)0.106 (4)0.035 (2)0.005 (2)0.0172 (19)0.016 (2)
C270.034 (2)0.099 (4)0.059 (3)0.009 (2)0.022 (2)0.039 (3)
C280.052 (3)0.156 (6)0.054 (3)0.018 (3)0.029 (2)0.045 (4)
C290.091 (5)0.098 (5)0.091 (5)0.041 (4)0.020 (4)0.013 (3)
C300.180 (9)0.156 (7)0.193 (10)0.066 (7)0.151 (9)0.092 (7)
C310.059 (3)0.073 (3)0.066 (3)0.020 (2)0.032 (2)0.014 (2)
N10.0448 (19)0.074 (2)0.0385 (17)0.0026 (17)0.0192 (15)0.0070 (16)
N20.086 (3)0.078 (3)0.072 (3)0.031 (2)0.047 (3)0.023 (2)
O10.062 (2)0.178 (5)0.048 (2)0.017 (3)0.0146 (18)0.008 (2)
O20.087 (3)0.118 (3)0.071 (3)0.031 (2)0.032 (2)0.003 (2)
O30.066 (2)0.072 (2)0.0561 (18)0.0086 (16)0.0304 (16)0.0120 (15)
Geometric parameters (Å, °) top
Sn1—C132.125 (4)C17—C181.364 (8)
Sn1—C72.127 (4)C17—H170.9300
Sn1—C12.127 (4)C18—H180.9300
Sn1—O12.187 (4)C19—C271.407 (8)
C1—C61.384 (7)C19—C241.422 (7)
C1—C21.390 (6)C19—C201.447 (8)
C2—C31.404 (7)C20—C211.371 (9)
C2—H20.9300C20—H200.9300
C3—C41.377 (8)C21—C221.387 (10)
C3—H30.9300C21—H210.9300
C4—C51.344 (8)C22—C231.358 (8)
C4—H40.9300C22—H220.9300
C5—C61.366 (7)C23—C241.433 (8)
C5—H50.9300C23—H230.9300
C6—H60.9300C24—N11.349 (6)
C7—C121.337 (8)C25—N11.331 (6)
C7—C81.378 (8)C25—C25i1.436 (10)
C8—C91.406 (8)C25—C261.443 (6)
C8—H80.9300C26—C271.373 (7)
C9—C101.356 (11)C26—H260.9300
C9—H90.9300C27—C281.507 (6)
C10—C111.318 (10)C28—O11.190 (7)
C10—H100.9300C28—O21.270 (8)
C11—C121.385 (9)C29—N21.471 (9)
C11—H110.9300C29—H29A0.9600
C12—H120.9300C29—H29C0.9600
C13—C181.383 (6)C29—H29B0.9600
C13—C141.397 (7)C30—N21.482 (9)
C14—C151.345 (8)C30—H30B0.9600
C14—H140.9300C30—H30C0.9600
C15—C161.351 (11)C30—H30A0.9600
C15—H150.9300C31—O31.206 (6)
C16—C171.403 (11)C31—N21.316 (6)
C16—H160.9300C31—H310.9300
C13—Sn1—C7119.75 (18)C18—C17—H17120.4
C13—Sn1—C1114.85 (16)C16—C17—H17120.4
C7—Sn1—C1119.16 (19)C17—C18—C13121.7 (6)
C13—Sn1—O188.78 (16)C17—C18—H18119.2
C7—Sn1—O1103.41 (17)C13—C18—H18119.2
C1—Sn1—O1102.48 (19)C27—C19—C24115.7 (5)
C6—C1—C2117.2 (4)C27—C19—C20127.4 (5)
C6—C1—Sn1120.7 (4)C24—C19—C20117.0 (5)
C2—C1—Sn1122.0 (3)C21—C20—C19121.8 (6)
C1—C2—C3120.7 (5)C21—C20—H20119.1
C1—C2—H2119.7C19—C20—H20119.1
C3—C2—H2119.7C20—C21—C22120.3 (6)
C4—C3—C2118.8 (5)C20—C21—H21119.9
C4—C3—H3120.6C22—C21—H21119.9
C2—C3—H3120.6C23—C22—C21120.4 (6)
C5—C4—C3121.0 (5)C23—C22—H22119.8
C5—C4—H4119.5C21—C22—H22119.8
C3—C4—H4119.5C22—C23—C24121.8 (6)
C4—C5—C6120.2 (5)C22—C23—H23119.1
C4—C5—H5119.9C24—C23—H23119.1
C6—C5—H5119.9N1—C24—C19124.1 (5)
C5—C6—C1122.1 (5)N1—C24—C23117.2 (4)
C5—C6—H6119.0C19—C24—C23118.7 (5)
C1—C6—H6119.0N1—C25—C25i117.6 (4)
C12—C7—C8116.2 (5)N1—C25—C26119.9 (5)
C12—C7—Sn1123.5 (4)C25i—C25—C26122.5 (5)
C8—C7—Sn1120.2 (4)C27—C26—C25120.0 (5)
C7—C8—C9121.7 (6)C27—C26—H26120.0
C7—C8—H8119.1C25—C26—H26120.0
C9—C8—H8119.1C26—C27—C19120.5 (4)
C10—C9—C8119.0 (7)C26—C27—C28121.7 (6)
C10—C9—H9120.5C19—C27—C28117.8 (5)
C8—C9—H9120.5O1—C28—O2120.1 (5)
C11—C10—C9119.2 (6)O1—C28—C27117.7 (6)
C11—C10—H10120.4O2—C28—C27121.8 (6)
C9—C10—H10120.4N2—C29—H29A109.5
C10—C11—C12121.7 (7)N2—C29—H29C109.5
C10—C11—H11119.2H29A—C29—H29C109.5
C12—C11—H11119.2N2—C29—H29B109.5
C7—C12—C11122.1 (7)H29A—C29—H29B109.5
C7—C12—H12118.9H29C—C29—H29B109.5
C11—C12—H12118.9N2—C30—H30B109.5
C18—C13—C14116.8 (4)N2—C30—H30C109.5
C18—C13—Sn1120.4 (4)H30B—C30—H30C109.5
C14—C13—Sn1122.7 (3)N2—C30—H30A109.5
C15—C14—C13122.1 (5)H30B—C30—H30A109.5
C15—C14—H14119.0H30C—C30—H30A109.5
C13—C14—H14119.0O3—C31—N2125.7 (5)
C14—C15—C16120.5 (6)O3—C31—H31117.2
C14—C15—H15119.7N2—C31—H31117.2
C16—C15—H15119.7C25—N1—C24119.8 (4)
C15—C16—C17119.7 (5)C31—N2—C29119.4 (5)
C15—C16—H16120.2C31—N2—C30122.6 (6)
C17—C16—H16120.2C29—N2—C30118.0 (6)
C18—C17—C16119.1 (6)C28—O1—Sn1114.5 (4)
C13—Sn1—C1—C64.8 (5)C15—C16—C17—C181.0 (10)
C7—Sn1—C1—C6147.4 (4)C16—C17—C18—C130.2 (8)
O1—Sn1—C1—C699.3 (4)C14—C13—C18—C170.2 (7)
C13—Sn1—C1—C2178.0 (3)Sn1—C13—C18—C17179.1 (4)
C7—Sn1—C1—C229.8 (4)C27—C19—C20—C21179.9 (5)
O1—Sn1—C1—C283.5 (4)C24—C19—C20—C210.5 (7)
C6—C1—C2—C32.9 (7)C19—C20—C21—C221.2 (8)
Sn1—C1—C2—C3174.3 (4)C20—C21—C22—C231.8 (9)
C1—C2—C3—C41.4 (7)C21—C22—C23—C241.6 (8)
C2—C3—C4—C50.6 (8)C27—C19—C24—N12.1 (6)
C3—C4—C5—C60.9 (9)C20—C19—C24—N1178.5 (4)
C4—C5—C6—C10.8 (9)C27—C19—C24—C23179.8 (4)
C2—C1—C6—C52.7 (8)C20—C19—C24—C230.3 (6)
Sn1—C1—C6—C5174.6 (4)C22—C23—C24—N1179.2 (5)
C13—Sn1—C7—C1226.3 (6)C22—C23—C24—C190.9 (7)
C1—Sn1—C7—C12177.2 (5)N1—C25—C26—C271.3 (6)
O1—Sn1—C7—C1270.0 (5)C25i—C25—C26—C27180.0 (5)
C13—Sn1—C7—C8151.7 (4)C25—C26—C27—C192.6 (6)
C1—Sn1—C7—C80.9 (5)C25—C26—C27—C28178.1 (4)
O1—Sn1—C7—C8111.9 (4)C24—C19—C27—C262.9 (6)
C12—C7—C8—C90.5 (9)C20—C19—C27—C26177.7 (4)
Sn1—C7—C8—C9177.7 (5)C24—C19—C27—C28177.8 (4)
C7—C8—C9—C102.0 (10)C20—C19—C27—C281.6 (7)
C8—C9—C10—C114.1 (11)C26—C27—C28—O133.8 (9)
C9—C10—C11—C123.8 (13)C19—C27—C28—O1145.5 (6)
C8—C7—C12—C110.8 (11)C26—C27—C28—O2153.2 (6)
Sn1—C7—C12—C11177.3 (7)C19—C27—C28—O227.5 (8)
C10—C11—C12—C71.3 (14)C25i—C25—N1—C24179.2 (4)
C7—Sn1—C13—C18151.2 (3)C26—C25—N1—C240.4 (6)
C1—Sn1—C13—C1856.8 (4)C19—C24—N1—C250.9 (6)
O1—Sn1—C13—C1846.4 (4)C23—C24—N1—C25179.0 (4)
C7—Sn1—C13—C1428.0 (4)O3—C31—N2—C294.4 (8)
C1—Sn1—C13—C14124.0 (4)O3—C31—N2—C30177.3 (7)
O1—Sn1—C13—C14132.8 (4)O2—C28—O1—Sn11.2 (9)
C18—C13—C14—C151.0 (7)C27—C28—O1—Sn1174.3 (4)
Sn1—C13—C14—C15178.2 (4)C13—Sn1—O1—C28173.5 (5)
C13—C14—C15—C161.9 (9)C7—Sn1—O1—C2853.1 (6)
C14—C15—C16—C171.9 (10)C1—Sn1—O1—C2871.3 (5)
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1.
Table 1
Selected geometric parameters (Å, °)
top
Sn1—C132.125 (4)Sn1—C12.127 (4)
Sn1—C72.127 (4)Sn1—O12.187 (4)
C13—Sn1—C7119.75 (18)C13—Sn1—O188.78 (16)
C13—Sn1—C1114.85 (16)C7—Sn1—O1103.41 (17)
C7—Sn1—C1119.16 (19)C1—Sn1—O1102.48 (19)
Acknowledgements top

The author thank the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation and the Analysis and Testing Foundation of Northeast Normal University for support.

references
References top

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