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ISSN: 2056-9890

3-Phenyl-6-(2-pyrid­yl)-1,2,4,5-tetra­zine

aDépartement de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
*Correspondence e-mail: daniel.chartrand.1@umontreal.ca

(Received 22 November 2007; accepted 28 November 2007; online 6 December 2007)

The title compound, C13H9N5, is the first asymmetric diaryl-1,2,4,5-tetra­zine to be crystallographically characterized. We have been inter­ested in this motif for incorporation into supra­molecular assemblies based on coordination chemistry. The solid state structure shows a centrosymmetric mol­ecule, forcing a positional disorder of the terminal phenyl and pyridyl rings. The mol­ecule is completely planar, unusual for aromatic rings with N atoms in adjacent ortho positions. The stacking observed is very common in diaryl­tetra­zines and is dominated by π stacking [centroid-to-centroid distance between the tetrazine ring and the aromatic ring of an adjacent molecule is 3.6 Å, perpendicular (centroid-to-plane) distance of about 3.3 Å].

Related literature

For a review of the potential applications of this type of mol­ecule, see: Cooke & Hanan (2007[Cooke, M. W. & Hanan, G. S. (2007). Chem. Soc. Rev. 36, 1466-1476.]). Many symmetric tetra­zine mol­ecules have been studied for their reactivity in reverse electron-demand [2 + 2] cyclo­addition reactions, unusually well resolved EPR spectra and X-ray crystallography (Neunhoffer, 1984[Neunhoffer, H. (1984). Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry, I, edited by A. R. Katritzky, Vol. 3, p 531. Frankfurt: Pergamon.]). Pertinent articles for this mol­ecule include work by Dinolfo et al. (2004[Dinolfo, P. H., Williams, M. E., Stern, C. L. & Hupp, J. T. (2004). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 12989-13001.]), Ahmed & Kitaigorodsky (1972[Ahmed, N. A. & Kitaigorodsky, A. I. (1972). Acta Cryst. B28, 739-742.]) and Klein et al. (1998[Klein, A., McInnes, E. J. L., Scheiringa, T. & Zalis, S. (1998). J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 94, 2979-2984.]).

[Scheme 1]

Experimental

Crystal data
  • C13H9N5

  • Mr = 235.25

  • Monoclinic, P 21 /n

  • a = 5.3129 (3) Å

  • b = 5.2867 (3) Å

  • c = 18.9052 (12) Å

  • β = 91.940 (4)°

  • V = 530.70 (5) Å3

  • Z = 2

  • Cu Kα radiation

  • μ = 0.77 mm−1

  • T = 100 (2) K

  • 0.24 × 0.10 × 0.03 mm

Data collection
  • Bruker APEXII diffractometer

  • Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick,1996[Sheldrick, G. M. (1996). SADABS. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.]) Tmin = 0.784, Tmax = 0.98

  • 8349 measured reflections

  • 879 independent reflections

  • 842 reflections with I > 2σ(I)

  • Rint = 0.036

Refinement
  • R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.041

  • wR(F2) = 0.112

  • S = 1.17

  • 879 reflections

  • 82 parameters

  • H-atom parameters constrained

  • Δρmax = 0.15 e Å−3

  • Δρmin = −0.15 e Å−3

Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2006[Bruker (2006). SAINT (Version 7.34A) and APEX2 (Version 2.1-0. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.]); cell refinement: APEX2; data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2006[Bruker (2006). SAINT (Version 7.34A) and APEX2 (Version 2.1-0. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.]); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997[Sheldrick, G. M. (1997). SHELXS97 and SHELXL97. University of Göttingen, Germany.]); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997[Sheldrick, G. M. (1997). SHELXS97 and SHELXL97. University of Göttingen, Germany.]); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Bruker, 1997[Bruker (1997). SHELXTL. Version 5.10. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.]); software used to prepare material for publication: UdMX (local program).

Supporting information


Comment top

The most striking feature of the title compound is the near planarity of the molecule, with torsion angles deviating only by half a degree (see table 1 for details). While common for diaryltetrazine, like diphenyltetrazine (Ahmed & Kitaigorodsky, 1972), bis(2-pyridyl)tetrazine (Klein et al.., 1998) showed a 20 ° torsion angle between aromatic rings in order to accommodate the two nitrogen atoms directly in front of each other.

The molecule has three distinct interactions. First there are π stacking interactions present above and below the plane of the molecule, with both terminal rings interacting with the central tetrazine ring above or below the plane, while the tetrazine ring has interaction with two terminal aromatic rings. More precisely, the tetrazine ring has centroid-to-centroid distance of 3.6 Å and perpendicular (centroid-to-plane) distance of about 3.3 Å with the terminal ring of adjacent molecule (x, y, z and x, y + 1, z).

In the direction of the long axis of the molecule, the terminal rings form head-to-tail interaction with each other, having the closest intermolecular C···C (x,y,z and 0.5 - x, 1/2 + y, 1.5 - z) distance of 3.6 Å and with a 75 ° angle formed by the planes of these two rings.

Finally, perpendicular to the plane and the long axis of the molecule, there is weak van der Waals interactions between adjacent molecules (x, y, z and x + 1, y + 1, z) with the shortest distance being 5.3 Å. The planes of adjacent molecules are almost at the same height, with only a 0.5 Å separation between them.

Related literature top

For a review of the potential applications of this type of molecule, see: Cooke et al. (2007). Many symmetric tetrazine molecules have been studied for their reactivity in reverse electron-demand [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions, unusually well resolved EPR spectra and X-ray crystallography (Neunhoffer, 1984). Pertinent articles for this molecule include work by Dinolfo et al. (2004), Ahmed & Kitaigorodsky (1972) and Klein et al. (1998). For related literature, see: Cooke & Hanan (2007).

Experimental top

The title compound was obtained following an adapted published procedure (Dinolfo et al., 2004): Benzonitrile (3 eq., 27 mmoles, 2.7 ml), 2-cyanopyridine (1 eq., 8.95 mmoles, 932 mg) and hydrazine monohydrate (10 eq., 89.5 mmoles, 4.3 ml) were placed in a 25 ml round-bottom flask. One drop of concentrated HCl and water (~ 0.8 ml each) were added and the solution was refluxed for 2 h. To the cooled reaction mixture 25 ml of water was added and the resulting pink solid was filtered and immediately dissolved in a minimal amount of acetic acid (15–20 ml). To this stirred solution, 1 ml of 30% NaNO2 (aq) was added drop-wise and stirred for 1 h. This mixture was diluted in 50 ml of water and extracted with dichloromethane (3 portions of 22 ml). The isolated organic fractions were washed successively with aqueous saturated NaHCO3 and brine and finally dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure to afford a crude pink product. The product was purified by silica gel chromatography using DCM: 4% MeOH as eluent. The first pink band is the symmetric phenyl tetrazine (160 mg, 7%) and the second band is the title compound (133 mg, 6%). The last band is bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (620 mg, 31%). Pink plates of title compound were obtained by slow diffusion of diethyl ether into concentrated dichloromethane solution of the compound.

1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz): 8.97 (d, 1H), 8.70 (d, 3H), 8.00 (ddd, 1H), 7.7–7.6 (m, 3H), 7.56 (ddd, 1H) p.p.m.. Elemental analysis: expected for C13H9N5; C = 66.37%, H = 3.86%, N = 29.77%; found: C = 66.12%, H = 3.18%, N = 30.12%.

Refinement top

During refinement, it was found that the density at the position of atom C7 was too high for carbon and too low for nitrogen, but fitted perfectly for half an atom of each, thus giving the predicted compound. Those atoms (C7 and N3) had their occupancy fixed at 50% and their coordinates and thermal factors identical with EXYZ and EADP. Resolving at lower symmetry did not result in a preferential site for N or C, but the model had a lower structure factor when there was one of each, thus confirming that title compound is disordered in position over two sites. The fixation of the occupancy of the hydrogen of C7 at 50% also made the model more coherent with a better R value.

The H atoms were generated geometrically (C—H 0.95 Å) and were included in the refinement in the riding model approximation; their temperature factors were set to 1.2 times those of the equivalent isotropic temperature factors of the parent site.

Structure description top

The most striking feature of the title compound is the near planarity of the molecule, with torsion angles deviating only by half a degree (see table 1 for details). While common for diaryltetrazine, like diphenyltetrazine (Ahmed & Kitaigorodsky, 1972), bis(2-pyridyl)tetrazine (Klein et al.., 1998) showed a 20 ° torsion angle between aromatic rings in order to accommodate the two nitrogen atoms directly in front of each other.

The molecule has three distinct interactions. First there are π stacking interactions present above and below the plane of the molecule, with both terminal rings interacting with the central tetrazine ring above or below the plane, while the tetrazine ring has interaction with two terminal aromatic rings. More precisely, the tetrazine ring has centroid-to-centroid distance of 3.6 Å and perpendicular (centroid-to-plane) distance of about 3.3 Å with the terminal ring of adjacent molecule (x, y, z and x, y + 1, z).

In the direction of the long axis of the molecule, the terminal rings form head-to-tail interaction with each other, having the closest intermolecular C···C (x,y,z and 0.5 - x, 1/2 + y, 1.5 - z) distance of 3.6 Å and with a 75 ° angle formed by the planes of these two rings.

Finally, perpendicular to the plane and the long axis of the molecule, there is weak van der Waals interactions between adjacent molecules (x, y, z and x + 1, y + 1, z) with the shortest distance being 5.3 Å. The planes of adjacent molecules are almost at the same height, with only a 0.5 Å separation between them.

For a review of the potential applications of this type of molecule, see: Cooke et al. (2007). Many symmetric tetrazine molecules have been studied for their reactivity in reverse electron-demand [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions, unusually well resolved EPR spectra and X-ray crystallography (Neunhoffer, 1984). Pertinent articles for this molecule include work by Dinolfo et al. (2004), Ahmed & Kitaigorodsky (1972) and Klein et al. (1998). For related literature, see: Cooke & Hanan (2007).

Computing details top

Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2006); cell refinement: APEX2 (Bruker, 2006); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2006); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Bruker, 1997); software used to prepare material for publication: UdMX (local program).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. ORTEP view of the title compound. Thermal ellipsoids are shown at 50% probability levels, H atoms are drawn as sphere of arbitary size, C7 and N3 atoms are 50% disordered on top of each other but are shown on different side of the asymetric unit to show the whole molecule.
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. Packing of the the title compound.
3-Phenyl-6-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine top
Crystal data top
C13H9N5F(000) = 244
Mr = 235.25Dx = 1.472 Mg m3
Monoclinic, P21/nCu Kα radiation, λ = 1.54178 Å
Hall symbol: -P 2ynCell parameters from 5451 reflections
a = 5.3129 (3) Åθ = 8.4–67.6°
b = 5.2867 (3) ŵ = 0.77 mm1
c = 18.9052 (12) ÅT = 100 K
β = 91.940 (4)°Plate, pink
V = 530.70 (5) Å30.24 × 0.10 × 0.03 mm
Z = 2
Data collection top
Bruker Microstar
diffractometer
879 independent reflections
Radiation source: Rotating Anode842 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Helios optics monochromatorRint = 0.036
Detector resolution: 8.2 pixels mm-1θmax = 67.9°, θmin = 8.7°
ω scansh = 66
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Sheldrick,1996)
k = 66
Tmin = 0.784, Tmax = 0.98l = 2021
8349 measured reflections
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: fullSecondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.041Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.112H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.17 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0547P)2 + 0.1464P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
879 reflections(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
82 parametersΔρmax = 0.15 e Å3
0 restraintsΔρmin = 0.15 e Å3
Crystal data top
C13H9N5V = 530.70 (5) Å3
Mr = 235.25Z = 2
Monoclinic, P21/nCu Kα radiation
a = 5.3129 (3) ŵ = 0.77 mm1
b = 5.2867 (3) ÅT = 100 K
c = 18.9052 (12) Å0.24 × 0.10 × 0.03 mm
β = 91.940 (4)°
Data collection top
Bruker Microstar
diffractometer
879 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Sheldrick,1996)
842 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Tmin = 0.784, Tmax = 0.98Rint = 0.036
8349 measured reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.0410 restraints
wR(F2) = 0.112H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.17Δρmax = 0.15 e Å3
879 reflectionsΔρmin = 0.15 e Å3
82 parameters
Special details top

Experimental. X-ray crystallographic data for the title compound were collected from a single-crystal sample, which was mounted on a loop fiber. Data were collected using a Bruker microstar diffractometer equiped with a Platinum 135 CCD Detector, a Montel 200 optics and a Kappa goniometer. The crystal-to-detector distance was 4.0 cm, and the data collection was carried out in 512 x 512 pixel mode. The initial unit-cell parameters were determined by a least-squares fit of the angular setting of strong reflections, collected by a 10.0 degree scan in 33 frames over three different parts of the reciprocal space (99 frames total). One complete sphere of data was collected.

Due to geometrical constraints of the instrument and the use of copper radiation, we obtain consistently a data completeness lower than 100% in dependence of the crystal system and the orientation of the mounted crystal, even with appropriate data collection routines. Typical values for data completeness range from 83–92% for triclinic, 85–97% for monoclinic and 85–98% for all other crystal systems.

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/UeqOcc. (<1)
N10.2061 (2)0.1514 (2)0.99344 (7)0.0346 (4)
N20.1772 (2)0.0302 (2)0.94668 (7)0.0346 (4)
N30.1139 (2)0.4124 (2)0.84843 (8)0.0355 (4)0.50
C10.0294 (2)0.1780 (3)0.95437 (8)0.0319 (4)
C20.0639 (2)0.3820 (3)0.90237 (8)0.0318 (4)
C30.2726 (2)0.5426 (3)0.90769 (8)0.0351 (4)
H30.39710.51850.94430.042*
C40.2969 (3)0.7360 (3)0.85966 (9)0.0368 (4)
H40.43730.84710.86340.044*
C50.1164 (3)0.7682 (3)0.80592 (9)0.0360 (4)
H50.13080.90110.77250.043*
C60.0864 (3)0.6023 (3)0.80185 (9)0.0370 (4)
H60.21010.62360.76490.044*
C70.1139 (2)0.4124 (2)0.84843 (8)0.0355 (4)0.50
H70.25400.30110.84410.043*0.50
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
N10.0242 (6)0.0391 (7)0.0406 (8)0.0021 (5)0.0014 (5)0.0054 (5)
N20.0236 (6)0.0393 (7)0.0411 (8)0.0036 (5)0.0029 (5)0.0052 (5)
N30.0255 (6)0.0338 (7)0.0467 (9)0.0002 (5)0.0060 (6)0.0032 (6)
C10.0204 (6)0.0357 (8)0.0397 (9)0.0008 (5)0.0025 (6)0.0113 (6)
C20.0217 (6)0.0335 (7)0.0403 (10)0.0025 (5)0.0027 (6)0.0096 (6)
C30.0223 (7)0.0429 (8)0.0402 (10)0.0016 (6)0.0008 (6)0.0072 (7)
C40.0239 (7)0.0385 (8)0.0483 (10)0.0029 (6)0.0044 (7)0.0087 (7)
C50.0290 (7)0.0334 (7)0.0456 (10)0.0030 (6)0.0043 (6)0.0018 (6)
C60.0286 (7)0.0375 (8)0.0445 (10)0.0016 (6)0.0067 (6)0.0013 (6)
C70.0255 (6)0.0338 (7)0.0467 (9)0.0002 (5)0.0060 (6)0.0032 (6)
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
N1—N21.3177 (18)C3—C41.376 (2)
N1—C1i1.3462 (19)C3—H30.9500
N2—C11.3514 (18)C4—C51.384 (2)
N3—C61.347 (2)C4—H40.9500
N3—C21.3758 (19)C5—C61.389 (2)
C1—N1i1.3462 (19)C5—H50.9500
C1—C21.475 (2)C6—H60.9500
C2—C31.398 (2)
N2—N1—C1i118.26 (12)C2—C3—H3120.1
N1—N2—C1117.52 (12)C3—C4—C5119.83 (13)
C6—N3—C2118.99 (12)C3—C4—H4120.1
N1i—C1—N2124.22 (15)C5—C4—H4120.1
N1i—C1—C2117.74 (12)C4—C5—C6118.68 (15)
N2—C1—C2118.04 (13)C4—C5—H5120.7
N3—C2—C3120.37 (14)C6—C5—H5120.7
N3—C2—C1118.80 (12)N3—C6—C5122.39 (13)
C3—C2—C1120.83 (13)N3—C6—H6118.8
C4—C3—C2119.73 (13)C5—C6—H6118.8
C4—C3—H3120.1
C1i—N1—N2—C10.0 (2)N2—C1—C2—C3179.51 (12)
N1—N2—C1—N1i0.0 (2)N3—C2—C3—C41.6 (2)
N1—N2—C1—C2180.00 (11)C1—C2—C3—C4178.19 (12)
C6—N3—C2—C31.4 (2)C2—C3—C4—C50.8 (2)
C6—N3—C2—C1178.37 (12)C3—C4—C5—C60.1 (2)
N1i—C1—C2—N3179.81 (12)C2—N3—C6—C50.5 (2)
N2—C1—C2—N30.2 (2)C4—C5—C6—N30.3 (2)
N1i—C1—C2—C30.4 (2)
Symmetry code: (i) x, y, z+2.

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaC13H9N5
Mr235.25
Crystal system, space groupMonoclinic, P21/n
Temperature (K)100
a, b, c (Å)5.3129 (3), 5.2867 (3), 18.9052 (12)
β (°) 91.940 (4)
V3)530.70 (5)
Z2
Radiation typeCu Kα
µ (mm1)0.77
Crystal size (mm)0.24 × 0.10 × 0.03
Data collection
DiffractometerBruker Microstar
Absorption correctionMulti-scan
(SADABS; Sheldrick,1996)
Tmin, Tmax0.784, 0.98
No. of measured, independent and
observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections
8349, 879, 842
Rint0.036
(sin θ/λ)max1)0.601
Refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S 0.041, 0.112, 1.17
No. of reflections879
No. of parameters82
H-atom treatmentH-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å3)0.15, 0.15

Computer programs: APEX2 (Bruker, 2006), SAINT (Bruker, 2006), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997), SHELXTL (Bruker, 1997), UdMX (local program).

Selected geometric parameters (Å, º) top
N1—N21.3177 (18)C1—C21.475 (2)
N1—C1i1.3462 (19)C2—C31.398 (2)
N2—C11.3514 (18)C3—C41.376 (2)
N3—C61.347 (2)C4—C51.384 (2)
N3—C21.3758 (19)C5—C61.389 (2)
C1—N1i1.3462 (19)
N2—N1—C1i118.26 (12)N3—C2—C1118.80 (12)
N1—N2—C1117.52 (12)C3—C2—C1120.83 (13)
C6—N3—C2118.99 (12)C4—C3—C2119.73 (13)
N1i—C1—N2124.22 (15)C3—C4—C5119.83 (13)
N1i—C1—C2117.74 (12)C4—C5—C6118.68 (15)
N2—C1—C2118.04 (13)N3—C6—C5122.39 (13)
N3—C2—C3120.37 (14)
N1i—C1—C2—N3179.81 (12)N1i—C1—C2—C30.4 (2)
N2—C1—C2—N30.2 (2)N2—C1—C2—C3179.51 (12)
Symmetry code: (i) x, y, z+2.
 

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Ministère de l'Education du Québec, the Centre for Self-Assembled Chemical Structures and the Université de Montréal for financial support.

References

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First citationBruker (1997). SHELXTL. Version 5.10. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.  Google Scholar
First citationBruker (2006). SAINT (Version 7.34A) and APEX2 (Version 2.1-0. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.  Google Scholar
First citationCooke, M. W. & Hanan, G. S. (2007). Chem. Soc. Rev. 36, 1466–1476.  Web of Science CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar
First citationDinolfo, P. H., Williams, M. E., Stern, C. L. & Hupp, J. T. (2004). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 12989–13001.  Web of Science CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar
First citationKlein, A., McInnes, E. J. L., Scheiringa, T. & Zalis, S. (1998). J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 94, 2979–2984.  Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
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First citationSheldrick, G. M. (1997). SHELXS97 and SHELXL97. University of Göttingen, Germany.  Google Scholar

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