supplementary materials


hk2429 scheme

Acta Cryst. (2008). E64, o681    [ doi:10.1107/S160053680800603X ]

9-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-3,4,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-xanthene-1,8(5H,9H)-dione

M. Odabasoglu, M. Kaya, Y. Yildirir and O. Büyükgüngör

Abstract top

In the molecule of the title compound, C24H28O4, the three six-membered rings of the xanthene system are not planar, having envelope, boat and envelope conformations. In the crystal structure, C-H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules, generating centrosymmetric R22(12), R44(28) and R22(16) ring motifs and forming a three-dimensional network.

Comment top

Xanthenes are an important class of organic compounds that find use as dyes, fluorescent materials for visualization of biomolecules and in laser technologies, due to their useful spectroscopic properties (Menchen et al., 2003; Banerjee & Mukherjee, 1981). Oxidation of these compounds can be converted to the corresponding xanthylium salts, which are also effective as dyes and fluorescent materials (Nogradi, 2003; Kamel & Shoeb, 1964). Xanthenes have also received considerable attention from many pharmaceuticals and organic chemists, actually because of the broad spectrum of their biological and pharmaceutical properties such as agricultural bactericide effects (Hideo, 1981), photodynamic therapy, anti-inflammatory activities (Poupelin et al., 1978) and antiviral effects (Lambert et al., 1997). In view of the importance of the title compound, (I), we report herein its crystal structure.

In the molecule of (I), (Fig. 1), rings A (C1—C6), B (C1/C6/O2/C13/C14/C17) and C (C9—C14) are not planar, having total puckering amplitudes, QT, of 0.463 (3), 0.194 (3) and 0.459 (2) Å, respectively. They adopt envelope [φ = -2.43 (2)° and θ = 121.76 (3)°], boat [φ = 139.80 (3)° and θ = 88.77 (3)°] and envelope [φ = 176.89 (4)° and θ = 56.53 (3)°] conformations (Cremer & Pople, 1975). In rings A and C, atoms C4 and C12 displaced by -0.645 (3) and -0.641 (4) Å from the plane of the other ring atoms, respectively. Ring D (C18—C23) is, of course, planar.

In the crystal structure, intermolecular C—H···O hydrogen bonds (Table 1) link the molecules, generating centrosymmetric R22(12), R44(28) (Fig. 2) and R22(16) (Fig. 3) ring motifs (Bernstein et al., 1995; Etter, 1990), to form a three-dimensional network, in which they may be effective in the stabilization of the structure.

Related literature top

For general background, see: Menchen et al. (2003); Banerjee & Mukherjee (1981); Nogradi (2003); Kamel & Shoeb (1964); Hideo (1981); Poupelin et al. (1978); Lambert et al. (1997). For ring puckering parameters, see: Cremer & Pople (1975). For ring motif details, see: Bernstein et al. (1995); Etter (1990). For related literature, see: Horning & Horning (1946).

Experimental top

The syntheses of 2,2'-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methylene]bis(5,5-dimethylcyclohexane- 1,3-dione), (II), was achieved according to the procedure described in the literature (Horning & Horning, 1946). A mixture of (II) (5 mmol) and acetic acid (20 ml) was refluxed for 2 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and poured into crushed ice. The solid obtained was filtered off, dried and crystallized from EtOH-H2O (8:2) (yield: 92%, m.p. 515–517 K).

Refinement top

H atoms were positioned geometrically, with C—H = 0.93, 0.96, 0.97 and 0.98 Å for aromatic, methyl, methylene and methine H, respectively, and constrained to ride on their parent atoms with Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C).

Computing details top

Data collection: X-AREA (Stoe & Cie, 2002); cell refinement: X-AREA (Stoe & Cie, 2002); data reduction: X-RED32 (Stoe & Cie, 2002); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997); software used to prepare material for publication: WinGX (Farrugia, 1999).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. The molecular structure of the title molecule, with the atom-numbering scheme. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level.
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. A partial packing diagram of (I), showing the formation of R22(12) and R44(28) ring motifs. Hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines [symmetry codes: (i) x, 2 - y, z; (ii) -x, 1 - y, 1 - z]. H atoms not involved in hydrogen bondings have been omitted for clarity.
[Figure 3] Fig. 3. A packing diagram of (I). Hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines [symmetry codes: (i) -x, 1 - y, 1 - z; (ii) x + 1, y, z; (iii) x + 1, y + 1, z; (iv) -x, 2 - y, 1 - z; (v) x, y, z + 1]. H atoms not involved in hydrogen bondings have been omitted for clarity.
9-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-3,4,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-xanthene- 1,8(5H,9H)-dione top
Crystal data top
C24H28O4Z = 2
Mr = 380.46F000 = 408
Triclinic, P1Dx = 1.232 Mg m3
Hall symbol: -P 1Mo Kα radiation
λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 9.346 (5) ÅCell parameters from 17059 reflections
b = 10.314 (5) Åθ = 1.8–28.0º
c = 11.733 (5) ŵ = 0.08 mm1
α = 71.089 (5)ºT = 296 K
β = 84.253 (5)ºPrism, colorless
γ = 73.386 (5)º0.66 × 0.54 × 0.41 mm
V = 1025.2 (9) Å3
Data collection top
Stoe IPDSII
diffractometer
4035 independent reflections
Monochromator: plane graphite3450 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Detector resolution: 6.67 pixels mm-1Rint = 0.033
T = 296 Kθmax = 26.0º
ω–scan rotation methodθmin = 2.2º
Absorption correction: integration
(X-RED32; Stoe & Cie, 2002)
h = 11→11
Tmin = 0.947, Tmax = 0.975k = 12→12
17059 measured reflectionsl = 14→14
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
Least-squares matrix: fullHydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.041H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F2) = 0.109  w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0512P)2 + 0.165P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.04(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
4035 reflectionsΔρmax = 0.16 e Å3
253 parametersΔρmin = 0.17 e Å3
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methodsExtinction correction: none
Crystal data top
C24H28O4γ = 73.386 (5)º
Mr = 380.46V = 1025.2 (9) Å3
Triclinic, P1Z = 2
a = 9.346 (5) ÅMo Kα
b = 10.314 (5) ŵ = 0.08 mm1
c = 11.733 (5) ÅT = 296 K
α = 71.089 (5)º0.66 × 0.54 × 0.41 mm
β = 84.253 (5)º
Data collection top
Stoe IPDSII
diffractometer
4035 independent reflections
Absorption correction: integration
(X-RED32; Stoe & Cie, 2002)
3450 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Tmin = 0.947, Tmax = 0.975Rint = 0.033
17059 measured reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.041253 parameters
wR(F2) = 0.109H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.04Δρmax = 0.16 e Å3
4035 reflectionsΔρmin = 0.17 e Å3
Special details top

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
O10.32183 (13)0.81707 (14)0.08171 (10)0.0796 (4)
O20.55478 (9)0.45682 (9)0.26047 (8)0.0459 (2)
O30.03418 (11)0.52647 (13)0.26037 (11)0.0718 (3)
O40.02323 (12)1.09853 (11)0.34873 (10)0.0672 (3)
C10.42493 (13)0.64720 (13)0.09685 (11)0.0431 (3)
C20.43421 (15)0.74638 (14)0.02413 (12)0.0509 (3)
C30.58637 (16)0.75273 (16)0.07685 (12)0.0551 (3)
H3A0.57990.84910.12850.066*
H3B0.61490.69090.12710.066*
C40.70957 (15)0.70997 (14)0.01517 (12)0.0471 (3)
C50.70551 (13)0.56537 (13)0.10549 (12)0.0452 (3)
H5A0.74430.49210.06690.054*
H5B0.76990.54440.17270.054*
C60.55218 (13)0.56175 (12)0.15160 (11)0.0407 (3)
C70.68441 (19)0.82180 (16)0.07936 (15)0.0632 (4)
H7A0.76140.79330.13780.076*
H7B0.58880.83090.11910.076*
H7C0.68720.91160.02150.076*
C80.86223 (17)0.69525 (18)0.04741 (15)0.0649 (4)
H8A0.87820.62520.08820.078*
H8B0.93880.66620.01150.078*
H8C0.86560.78510.10480.078*
C90.28957 (13)0.50728 (13)0.25682 (12)0.0436 (3)
C100.15563 (14)0.46043 (16)0.30671 (13)0.0532 (3)
C110.17414 (17)0.32686 (18)0.41176 (15)0.0659 (4)
H11A0.18440.24770.38130.079*
H11B0.08390.33530.46060.079*
C120.30751 (16)0.29219 (16)0.49231 (13)0.0558 (3)
C130.44636 (15)0.29653 (14)0.41151 (13)0.0516 (3)
H13A0.52850.29210.45830.062*
H13B0.47430.21360.38380.062*
C140.42175 (13)0.42701 (13)0.30557 (11)0.0422 (3)
C150.2821 (2)0.4017 (2)0.55902 (16)0.0745 (5)
H15A0.26860.49500.50170.089*
H15B0.36720.38020.60820.089*
H15C0.19460.39880.60910.089*
C160.3294 (2)0.1439 (2)0.58349 (18)0.0846 (6)
H16A0.41540.12200.63170.102*
H16B0.34380.07510.54160.102*
H16C0.24260.14130.63450.102*
C170.27361 (13)0.64451 (13)0.15483 (12)0.0452 (3)
H170.20640.64700.09470.054*
C180.20586 (13)0.77091 (13)0.20118 (12)0.0443 (3)
C190.27809 (16)0.79386 (16)0.28732 (15)0.0641 (4)
H190.37170.73380.31380.077*
C200.21497 (18)0.90297 (17)0.33441 (15)0.0662 (4)
H200.26590.91630.39200.079*
C210.07566 (15)0.99328 (13)0.29641 (12)0.0486 (3)
C220.00317 (14)0.97443 (13)0.20907 (13)0.0490 (3)
H220.08961.03550.18150.059*
C230.06918 (13)0.86400 (14)0.16245 (12)0.0473 (3)
H230.01970.85230.10310.057*
C240.12136 (18)1.19079 (18)0.31659 (19)0.0738 (5)
H24A0.19321.13630.33660.089*
H24B0.12401.23950.23150.089*
H24C0.14481.25900.35980.089*
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
O10.0601 (7)0.0888 (8)0.0657 (7)0.0011 (6)0.0250 (5)0.0010 (6)
O20.0324 (4)0.0461 (5)0.0500 (5)0.0061 (3)0.0027 (3)0.0058 (4)
O30.0375 (5)0.0919 (8)0.0881 (8)0.0172 (5)0.0057 (5)0.0291 (7)
O40.0681 (7)0.0516 (6)0.0810 (7)0.0021 (5)0.0087 (5)0.0331 (5)
C10.0391 (6)0.0435 (6)0.0477 (7)0.0058 (5)0.0068 (5)0.0183 (5)
C20.0514 (7)0.0497 (7)0.0486 (7)0.0032 (6)0.0126 (6)0.0166 (6)
C30.0613 (8)0.0545 (8)0.0429 (7)0.0093 (6)0.0030 (6)0.0111 (6)
C40.0473 (7)0.0454 (7)0.0463 (7)0.0117 (5)0.0010 (5)0.0123 (5)
C50.0368 (6)0.0444 (7)0.0490 (7)0.0054 (5)0.0006 (5)0.0120 (5)
C60.0385 (6)0.0386 (6)0.0441 (6)0.0068 (5)0.0025 (5)0.0141 (5)
C70.0657 (9)0.0573 (9)0.0751 (10)0.0215 (7)0.0006 (7)0.0278 (7)
C80.0572 (9)0.0680 (10)0.0608 (9)0.0195 (7)0.0102 (7)0.0090 (7)
C90.0363 (6)0.0461 (7)0.0539 (7)0.0085 (5)0.0008 (5)0.0248 (6)
C100.0391 (7)0.0654 (8)0.0660 (9)0.0161 (6)0.0009 (6)0.0332 (7)
C110.0534 (9)0.0766 (10)0.0753 (10)0.0318 (8)0.0059 (7)0.0232 (8)
C120.0480 (7)0.0623 (8)0.0571 (8)0.0193 (6)0.0078 (6)0.0171 (7)
C130.0450 (7)0.0470 (7)0.0575 (8)0.0089 (6)0.0049 (6)0.0138 (6)
C140.0357 (6)0.0432 (6)0.0507 (7)0.0095 (5)0.0026 (5)0.0203 (5)
C150.0671 (10)0.0969 (13)0.0628 (10)0.0153 (9)0.0069 (8)0.0372 (9)
C160.0777 (12)0.0837 (12)0.0802 (12)0.0335 (10)0.0134 (9)0.0029 (10)
C170.0341 (6)0.0495 (7)0.0537 (7)0.0034 (5)0.0102 (5)0.0222 (6)
C180.0347 (6)0.0447 (7)0.0520 (7)0.0040 (5)0.0077 (5)0.0168 (5)
C190.0501 (8)0.0606 (9)0.0794 (10)0.0128 (6)0.0310 (7)0.0339 (8)
C200.0646 (9)0.0612 (9)0.0744 (10)0.0057 (7)0.0304 (8)0.0341 (8)
C210.0481 (7)0.0390 (6)0.0544 (7)0.0054 (5)0.0017 (6)0.0140 (5)
C220.0335 (6)0.0427 (7)0.0641 (8)0.0013 (5)0.0076 (5)0.0134 (6)
C230.0358 (6)0.0490 (7)0.0563 (7)0.0060 (5)0.0113 (5)0.0167 (6)
C240.0550 (9)0.0597 (9)0.1074 (14)0.0030 (7)0.0101 (9)0.0406 (9)
Geometric parameters (Å, °) top
C1—C61.3380 (17)C12—C161.527 (2)
C1—C21.4676 (19)C12—C131.531 (2)
C1—C171.5103 (19)C13—C141.4849 (19)
C2—O11.2149 (17)C13—H13A0.9700
C2—C31.503 (2)C13—H13B0.9700
C3—C41.528 (2)C14—O21.3790 (16)
C3—H3A0.9700C15—H15A0.9600
C3—H3B0.9700C15—H15B0.9600
C4—C71.525 (2)C15—H15C0.9600
C4—C81.529 (2)C16—H16A0.9600
C4—C51.5325 (18)C16—H16B0.9600
C5—C61.4866 (18)C16—H16C0.9600
C5—H5A0.9700C17—C181.5214 (17)
C5—H5B0.9700C17—H170.9800
C6—O21.3779 (15)C18—C231.3756 (17)
C7—H7A0.9600C18—C191.3843 (19)
C7—H7B0.9600C19—C201.370 (2)
C7—H7C0.9600C19—H190.9300
C8—H8A0.9600C20—C211.384 (2)
C8—H8B0.9600C20—H200.9300
C8—H8C0.9600C21—O41.3649 (16)
C9—C141.3373 (18)C21—C221.3749 (19)
C9—C101.4693 (19)C22—C231.3826 (19)
C9—C171.5083 (19)C22—H220.9300
C10—O31.2205 (17)C23—H230.9300
C10—C111.501 (2)C24—O41.4170 (19)
C11—C121.529 (2)C24—H24A0.9600
C11—H11A0.9700C24—H24B0.9600
C11—H11B0.9700C24—H24C0.9600
C12—C151.525 (2)
C6—C1—C2118.25 (12)C16—C12—C13109.43 (13)
C6—C1—C17122.42 (12)C11—C12—C13107.83 (13)
C2—C1—C17119.33 (11)C14—C13—C12112.37 (11)
O1—C2—C1120.64 (14)C14—C13—H13A109.1
O1—C2—C3121.08 (13)C12—C13—H13A109.1
C1—C2—C3118.22 (11)C14—C13—H13B109.1
C2—C3—C4115.16 (12)C12—C13—H13B109.1
C2—C3—H3A108.5H13A—C13—H13B107.9
C4—C3—H3A108.5C9—C14—O2122.76 (12)
C2—C3—H3B108.5C9—C14—C13125.86 (12)
C4—C3—H3B108.5O2—C14—C13111.38 (10)
H3A—C3—H3B107.5C12—C15—H15A109.5
C7—C4—C3110.09 (12)C12—C15—H15B109.5
C7—C4—C8109.28 (12)H15A—C15—H15B109.5
C3—C4—C8110.25 (12)C12—C15—H15C109.5
C7—C4—C5110.58 (12)H15A—C15—H15C109.5
C3—C4—C5107.82 (11)H15B—C15—H15C109.5
C8—C4—C5108.82 (11)C12—C16—H16A109.5
C6—C5—C4112.35 (10)C12—C16—H16B109.5
C6—C5—H5A109.1H16A—C16—H16B109.5
C4—C5—H5A109.1C12—C16—H16C109.5
C6—C5—H5B109.1H16A—C16—H16C109.5
C4—C5—H5B109.1H16B—C16—H16C109.5
H5A—C5—H5B107.9C9—C17—C1108.73 (10)
C1—C6—O2122.58 (11)C9—C17—C18110.10 (11)
C1—C6—C5125.87 (12)C1—C17—C18112.24 (10)
O2—C6—C5111.55 (10)C9—C17—H17108.6
C4—C7—H7A109.5C1—C17—H17108.6
C4—C7—H7B109.5C18—C17—H17108.6
H7A—C7—H7B109.5C23—C18—C19117.39 (12)
C4—C7—H7C109.5C23—C18—C17121.70 (11)
H7A—C7—H7C109.5C19—C18—C17120.88 (11)
H7B—C7—H7C109.5C20—C19—C18121.55 (12)
C4—C8—H8A109.5C20—C19—H19119.2
C4—C8—H8B109.5C18—C19—H19119.2
H8A—C8—H8B109.5C19—C20—C21120.15 (13)
C4—C8—H8C109.5C19—C20—H20119.9
H8A—C8—H8C109.5C21—C20—H20119.9
H8B—C8—H8C109.5O4—C21—C22125.20 (12)
C14—C9—C10118.31 (13)O4—C21—C20115.43 (12)
C14—C9—C17122.32 (11)C22—C21—C20119.34 (12)
C10—C9—C17119.36 (11)C21—C22—C23119.53 (12)
O3—C10—C9120.22 (14)C21—C22—H22120.2
O3—C10—C11121.56 (13)C23—C22—H22120.2
C9—C10—C11118.17 (12)C18—C23—C22122.01 (12)
C10—C11—C12115.00 (12)C18—C23—H23119.0
C10—C11—H11A108.5C22—C23—H23119.0
C12—C11—H11A108.5O4—C24—H24A109.5
C10—C11—H11B108.5O4—C24—H24B109.5
C12—C11—H11B108.5H24A—C24—H24B109.5
H11A—C11—H11B107.5O4—C24—H24C109.5
C15—C12—C16109.43 (15)H24A—C24—H24C109.5
C15—C12—C11110.00 (13)H24B—C24—H24C109.5
C16—C12—C11110.23 (14)C6—O2—C14117.94 (9)
C15—C12—C13109.89 (13)C21—O4—C24117.83 (12)
C6—C1—C2—O1173.50 (13)C10—C9—C14—C133.52 (19)
C17—C1—C2—O16.3 (2)C17—C9—C14—C13175.26 (12)
C6—C1—C2—C33.61 (18)C12—C13—C14—C923.36 (19)
C17—C1—C2—C3176.58 (11)C12—C13—C14—O2157.27 (11)
O1—C2—C3—C4156.50 (14)C14—C9—C17—C117.55 (16)
C1—C2—C3—C426.40 (18)C10—C9—C17—C1163.68 (10)
C2—C3—C4—C769.32 (16)C14—C9—C17—C18105.79 (13)
C2—C3—C4—C8170.04 (12)C10—C9—C17—C1872.98 (14)
C2—C3—C4—C551.38 (15)C6—C1—C17—C917.61 (16)
C7—C4—C5—C672.00 (14)C2—C1—C17—C9162.18 (11)
C3—C4—C5—C648.39 (14)C6—C1—C17—C18104.44 (14)
C8—C4—C5—C6167.96 (12)C2—C1—C17—C1875.76 (14)
C2—C1—C6—O2174.28 (11)C9—C17—C18—C23116.51 (13)
C17—C1—C6—O25.52 (18)C1—C17—C18—C23122.23 (13)
C2—C1—C6—C55.41 (19)C9—C17—C18—C1961.45 (17)
C17—C1—C6—C5174.79 (11)C1—C17—C18—C1959.82 (17)
C4—C5—C6—C122.49 (18)C23—C18—C19—C201.4 (2)
C4—C5—C6—O2157.79 (10)C17—C18—C19—C20176.62 (16)
C14—C9—C10—O3175.89 (13)C18—C19—C20—C210.2 (3)
C17—C9—C10—O35.29 (19)C19—C20—C21—O4179.83 (16)
C14—C9—C10—C111.51 (18)C19—C20—C21—C221.5 (2)
C17—C9—C10—C11177.32 (12)O4—C21—C22—C23179.39 (13)
O3—C10—C11—C12154.88 (14)C20—C21—C22—C231.3 (2)
C9—C10—C11—C1227.76 (19)C19—C18—C23—C221.7 (2)
C10—C11—C12—C1568.08 (18)C17—C18—C23—C22176.34 (13)
C10—C11—C12—C16171.16 (14)C21—C22—C23—C180.3 (2)
C10—C11—C12—C1351.75 (17)C1—C6—O2—C149.04 (17)
C15—C12—C13—C1471.43 (16)C5—C6—O2—C14170.69 (10)
C16—C12—C13—C14168.39 (13)C9—C14—O2—C69.10 (17)
C11—C12—C13—C1448.47 (16)C13—C14—O2—C6170.29 (10)
C10—C9—C14—O2175.78 (11)C22—C21—O4—C244.2 (2)
C17—C9—C14—O25.43 (18)C20—C21—O4—C24177.63 (15)
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C11—H11A···O4i0.972.573.364 (2)139
C15—H15C···O3ii0.962.583.506 (2)161
C22—H22···O1iii0.932.423.343 (2)171
Symmetry codes: (i) x, y−1, z; (ii) −x, −y+1, −z+1; (iii) −x, −y+2, −z.
Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)
top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C11—H11A···O4i0.972.573.364 (2)139
C15—H15C···O3ii0.962.583.506 (2)161
C22—H22···O1iii0.932.423.343 (2)171
Symmetry codes: (i) x, y−1, z; (ii) −x, −y+1, −z+1; (iii) −x, −y+2, −z.
Acknowledgements top

The authors acknowledge the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey, for the use of the Stoe IPDSII diffractometer (purchased under grant F.279 of the University Research Fund).

references
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