organic compounds\(\def\hfill{\hskip 5em}\def\hfil{\hskip 3em}\def\eqno#1{\hfil {#1}}\)

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ISSN: 2056-9890

4,4′-Bi­pyridine–butane-1,2,3,4-tetra­carboxylic acid (1/1)

aDorna Institute of Science, No. 83 Padadshahr, 14 St. Ahwaz, Khozestan, Iran, and bFaculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 Joliot-Curie St, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
*Correspondence e-mail: mholynska@gmail.com

(Received 1 April 2008; accepted 23 April 2008; online 3 May 2008)

The title compound, C10H8N2·C8H10O8, is an example of a system with a short O⋯H⋯N hydrogen bond [O⋯N = 2.565 (3) Å]. The crystal structure comprises a 1:1 adduct between 4,4′-bipyridine and butane-1,2,3,4-tetra­carboxylic acid, where both components are centrosymmetric. The component mol­ecules are linked through strong O⋯H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming chains extending approximately along [[\overline{3}]11]. The chains are inter­connected by O⋯H⋯O hydrogen bonds and weak stacking inter­actions involving the pyridyl rings of the 4,4′-bipyridine mol­ecules [centroid–centroid distance = 3.73 (2) Å and inter­planar distance = 3.35 (1) Å]. The H atom of the short O⋯H⋯N hydrogen bond is disordered over two positions with site occupancy factors of ca 0.6 and 0.4. One methylene group is disordered over two positions; the site occupancy factors are ca 0.9 and 0.1.

Related literature

For related literature, see: Barnes & Barnes (1996[Barnes, H. A. & Barnes, J. C. (1996). Acta Cryst. C52, 731-736.]); Cowan et al. (2003[Cowan, J. A., Howard, J. A. K., McIntyre, G. J., Lo, S. M.-F. & Williams, I. D. (2003). Acta Cryst. B59, 794-801.]); Etter et al. (1990[Etter, M. C., MacDonald, J. C. & Bernstein, J. (1990). Acta Cryst. B46, 256-262.]); Majerz et al. (1997[Majerz, I., Malarski, Z. & Sobczyk, L. (1997). Chem. Phys. Lett. 274, 361-364.]); McKee & Najafpour (2007[McKee, V. & Najafpour, M. M. (2007). Acta Cryst. E63, o741-o743.]); Steiner et al. (2000[Steiner, T., Wilson, C. C. & Majerz, I. (2000). Chem. Commun. pp. 1231-1232.], 2001[Steiner, T., Majerz, I. & Wilson, C. C. (2001). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40, 2651-2654.]); Wang & Chen (2005[Wang, C.-C. & Chen, C.-C. (2005). Appl. Catal. A, 293, 171-179.]); Wang & Wei (2006[Wang, Z.-L. & Wei, L.-H. (2006). Acta Cryst. E62, o4014-o4016.]).

[Scheme 1]

Experimental

Crystal data
  • C10H8N2·C8H10O8

  • Mr = 390.34

  • Triclinic, [P \overline 1]

  • a = 5.642 (4) Å

  • b = 6.966 (4) Å

  • c = 11.680 (8) Å

  • α = 73.55 (5)°

  • β = 81.34 (5)°

  • γ = 73.85 (5)°

  • V = 421.6 (5) Å3

  • Z = 1

  • Mo Kα radiation

  • μ = 0.12 mm−1

  • T = 100 (2) K

  • 0.40 × 0.18 × 0.04 mm

Data collection
  • Oxford Diffraction KM-4-CCD diffractometer

  • Absorption correction: none

  • 3650 measured reflections

  • 1946 independent reflections

  • 1034 reflections with I > 2σ(I)

  • Rint = 0.030

Refinement
  • R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.045

  • wR(F2) = 0.083

  • S = 1.01

  • 1946 reflections

  • 135 parameters

  • 2 restraints

  • H-atom parameters constrained

  • Δρmax = 0.30 e Å−3

  • Δρmin = −0.19 e Å−3

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A D—H H⋯A DA D—H⋯A
O11—H1A⋯N1 0.84 1.73 2.565 (3) 173
N1—H1B⋯O11 0.88 1.69 2.565 (3) 177
O12—H12⋯O21iii 0.84 1.91 2.747 (3) 175
Symmetry code: (iii) -x+1, -y, -z+2.

Data collection: CrysAlis CCD (Oxford Diffraction, 2006[Oxford Diffraction (2006). CrysAlis RED and CrysAlis CCD. Oxford Diffraction Poland, Wrocław, Poland.]); cell refinement: CrysAlis RED (Oxford Diffraction, 2006[Oxford Diffraction (2006). CrysAlis RED and CrysAlis CCD. Oxford Diffraction Poland, Wrocław, Poland.]); data reduction: CrysAlis RED; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97.

Supporting information


Comment top

Systems with short O···H···N hydrogen bonds have been widely studied. A correlation of the geometric parameters defining the O···H···N bridge for amine - phenol complexes and the pKa values has been established (Majerz et al., 1997 and references therein). It was shown that the shortest O···N distances of about 2.52 Å are realised when the proton is near the centre of the O···H···N bridge. The first example of a crystal structure of this type to be investigated using neutron diffraction was the adduct of 2–methylpyridine and pentachlorophenol (Steiner et al., 2000). Also, temperature-dependent neutron diffraction studies have been performed, for example, on the 1:2 co–crystal of benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylic acid and 4,4'-bipyridine (Cowan et al., 2003). One of the shortest known O···H···N hydrogen bonds was observed in the crystal structure of 4–methylpyridine and pentachlorophenol (Steiner et al., 2001) with the O···N distance of 2.506 (3) Å at 20 K and the H atom essentially at the centre of the O and N atoms.

The title crystal is an example of a system with short O···H···N hydrogen bonds with the O···N distance being 2.565 (3) Å. It contains butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), which has been widely used as a cross-linking agent for cotton fabrics (Wang & Chen, 2005) and also in crystal engineering studies of hydrogen bonding arrays (Barnes & Barnes, 1996). Attempts to obtain the acid in crystalline form have so far been unsuccessful (Barnes & Barnes, 1996).

The crystal structure comprises 4,4'-bipyridine and butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid in a 1:1 ratio (Fig. 1 & Table 1). Both components are centrosymmetric. The carboxylic acid groups with C31 and C12 atoms are gauche with the C12—C11—C21A—C31 torsion angle being -48.6 (3)°. These groups are mutually twisted with the interplanar angle between the planes defined by O12, O22, C12, C11 and O11, O21, C31, C21A, respectively, being 73.7 (1)°.

There are only two reports of crystal structures containing anions of butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid: the structure of its ammonium (Barnes & Barnes, 1996) and guanidinium (McKee & Najafpour, 2007) salts. In both of these structures, the anions are centrosymmetric and not protonated. However, the conformation of the anion resembles that reported here with the torsion angles equivalent to C31—C21A—C11—C12 being -61.1 (2)° in the guanidinium salt (McKee & Najafpour, 2007), and -55.2 (2)° and -60.9 (2)° for the two symmetry independent anions in the ammonium salt (Barnes & Barnes, 1996).

The centrosymmetric 4,4'-bipyridine molecule is planar and its geometric parameters are comparable to other reported cases of planar molecule of this formula (e.g. Wang & Wei, 2006).

The butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid and 4,4'-bipyridine molecules are connected by short O···H···N hydrogen bonds (with H atom disordered over two positions - nearer to the O and nearer to the N atom with the occupancy factors of 0.59 (3) and 0.41, respectively) to form chains extending approximately along [311] (Fig. 2). In each such hydrogen bond the O···N distance is 2.565 (3) Å (Table 2). The chains are interconnected by the O—H···O hydrogen bonds where the O12 atom from one of the carboxylic groups participates as the donor and the O21 atom from the other carboxylic group as acceptor (Table 2). Thus, R22(14) motifs are formed (Etter et al., 1990). The chains also interact through weak stacking interactions between the pyridyl rings (Fig. 2) with the distance between the rings centroids of 3.73 (2) Å. The interplanar distance between the planes of interacting rings is 3.35 (1) Å.

Related literature top

For related literature, see: Barnes & Barnes (1996); Cowan et al. (2003); Etter et al. (1990); Majerz et al. (1997); McKee & Najafpour (2007); Steiner et al. (2000, 2001); Wang & Chen (2005); Wang & Wei (2006).

Experimental top

4,4'-Bipyridine and butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid were purchased from Merck. A solution of butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid (1.5 mmol) in hot water (250 ml) was added dropwise to a vigorously stirred suspension of 4,4'-bipyridine (2.5 mmol) in water (25 ml) over a period of 5 min. and was heated to obtain a homogeneous solution. The solution was slowly cooled to room temperature. The resulting crystals in form of colourless plates were filtered and recrystallized from water.

The presence of short O···H···N hydrogen bond is confirmed by the IR spectrum collected in KBr pellet, which shows presence of broad bands ascribed to O···H···N vibrations.

Refinement top

All H atoms were localized from difference Fourier maps. Subsequently, the H atoms bonded to C atoms were included in the model using the riding model approximation with Uiso set at 1.2 Ueq(parent atom). The H12 atom bonded to the O12 atom was kept using AFIX 147 restraint with Uiso set at 1.2 Ueq (parent atom). The H1 atom (participating in strong O···H···N hydrogen bond) Ueq was refined isotropically and was localized at the centre of the O···N distance. On an examination of a difference Fourier map, the structure was re-refined with this H1 atom disordered over two positions (H1A and H1B): one position nearer to the O11 atom and one position nearer to the N1 atom. For both components the standard O—H and N—H distances were fixed accordingly. The final refined occupancy factors are 0.59 (3) and 0.41 for the major (H1A) and for the minor (H1B) component, respectively. An examination of the resulting difference Fourier map showed that the highest peak of 0.48 e Å-3 was located 1 Å from the C21A atom. This was interpreted as slight disorder of the methylene moiety, i.e. over two positions. The disorder was modelled imposing soft SADI restraints (with the allowed deviation of 0.02) on the C–C bond lengths in both components. The positions of the C31 and C11 atoms, bonded to the higher–occupancy C21A component and to the lower–occupancy C21B component were assumed to be the same for both components. The final refined occupancy factors are 0.940 (6) and 0.060 for the higher- and lower-occupancy components, respectively.

Computing details top

Data collection: CrysAlis CCD (Oxford Diffraction, 2006); cell refinement: CrysAlis RED (Oxford Diffraction, 2006); data reduction: CrysAlis RED (Oxford Diffraction, 2006); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. Component molecules showing atom labelling scheme and displacement ellipsoids at the 30% probability level. Symmetry codes: [i] -x + 3, -y, -z + 1; [ii] -x, -y + 1, -z + 2; . The minor component of the disordered BTCA molecule is shown as dotted lines. The minor component of the disordered H atom is shown with a dashed bond.
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. Chains formed by 4,4'-bipyridine and butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid molecules approximately along [311]. The hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines. The stacking interaction between the 4,4'-bipyridine molecules from the neighbouring chains is denoted with dotted line. The centroids of the interacting rings are denoted with the Cg symbol. Graph symbol (Etter et al., 1990) is given for the described ring motif. Symmetry codes: [iii] -x + 1, -y, -z + 2; [iv] -x + 2, -y, -z + 1; [v] x + 1, y, z; [vi] -x + 3, -y, -z + 1. The disordered part of the BTCA acid molecule as well as H atoms not involved in hydrogen bonds are omitted for clarity.
4,4'-Bipyridine–butane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid (1/1) top
Crystal data top
C10H8N2·C8H10O8Z = 1
Mr = 390.34F(000) = 204
Triclinic, P1Dx = 1.537 Mg m3
Hall symbol: -P 1Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 5.642 (4) ÅCell parameters from 3002 reflections
b = 6.966 (4) Åθ = 2–35°
c = 11.680 (8) ŵ = 0.12 mm1
α = 73.55 (5)°T = 100 K
β = 81.34 (5)°Plate, colourless
γ = 73.85 (5)°0.40 × 0.18 × 0.04 mm
V = 421.6 (5) Å3
Data collection top
Oxford Diffraction KM-4-CCD
diffractometer
1034 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tubeRint = 0.030
Graphite monochromatorθmax = 28.4°, θmin = 3.2°
ω scansh = 77
3650 measured reflectionsk = 79
1946 independent reflectionsl = 1515
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: fullSecondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.045Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.083H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.01 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.027P)2]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
1946 reflections(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
135 parametersΔρmax = 0.30 e Å3
2 restraintsΔρmin = 0.19 e Å3
Crystal data top
C10H8N2·C8H10O8γ = 73.85 (5)°
Mr = 390.34V = 421.6 (5) Å3
Triclinic, P1Z = 1
a = 5.642 (4) ÅMo Kα radiation
b = 6.966 (4) ŵ = 0.12 mm1
c = 11.680 (8) ÅT = 100 K
α = 73.55 (5)°0.40 × 0.18 × 0.04 mm
β = 81.34 (5)°
Data collection top
Oxford Diffraction KM-4-CCD
diffractometer
1034 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
3650 measured reflectionsRint = 0.030
1946 independent reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.0452 restraints
wR(F2) = 0.083H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.01Δρmax = 0.30 e Å3
1946 reflectionsΔρmin = 0.19 e Å3
135 parameters
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/UeqOcc. (<1)
O110.4836 (2)0.4390 (2)0.68732 (11)0.0338 (4)
H1A0.62750.37640.66760.051*0.59 (3)
N10.9093 (3)0.2488 (2)0.61058 (14)0.0231 (4)
H1B0.76250.31050.63810.035*0.41 (3)
C21.0784 (3)0.1253 (3)0.68554 (17)0.0265 (5)
H21.03780.10510.76930.032*
C31.3105 (3)0.0261 (3)0.64525 (16)0.0272 (5)
H31.42600.06080.70120.033*
C41.3754 (3)0.0531 (3)0.52342 (16)0.0208 (4)
C51.1967 (3)0.1826 (3)0.44570 (16)0.0232 (5)
H51.23180.20590.36150.028*
C60.9677 (3)0.2764 (3)0.49322 (16)0.0237 (5)
H60.84750.36400.43980.028*
C110.1384 (3)0.4629 (3)0.97960 (16)0.0276 (5)
H110.22870.55061.00160.033*
C21A0.1846 (4)0.4914 (3)0.84558 (17)0.0250 (7)0.940 (6)
H21A0.14160.64120.80620.030*0.940 (6)
H21B0.07190.42850.81930.030*0.940 (6)
C310.4490 (4)0.3983 (3)0.80273 (18)0.0271 (5)
O210.6106 (2)0.29297 (19)0.87162 (11)0.0272 (3)
C120.2377 (3)0.2422 (3)1.05080 (18)0.0262 (5)
O120.1933 (2)0.1051 (2)1.00261 (12)0.0316 (4)
H120.24790.01481.04500.047*
O220.3354 (2)0.1971 (2)1.14272 (12)0.0387 (4)
C21B0.290 (6)0.552 (3)0.875 (2)0.014 (9)*0.060 (6)
H21C0.40140.61440.90280.017*0.060 (6)
H21D0.17850.66550.82070.017*0.060 (6)
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
O110.0236 (8)0.0379 (10)0.0249 (9)0.0087 (7)0.0034 (6)0.0030 (7)
N10.0167 (9)0.0238 (10)0.0249 (10)0.0016 (7)0.0005 (7)0.0074 (8)
C20.0243 (11)0.0321 (12)0.0190 (11)0.0009 (10)0.0012 (9)0.0073 (9)
C30.0207 (11)0.0308 (12)0.0233 (12)0.0025 (9)0.0028 (9)0.0042 (10)
C40.0178 (10)0.0214 (11)0.0220 (11)0.0027 (8)0.0003 (9)0.0066 (9)
C50.0242 (11)0.0228 (11)0.0191 (11)0.0023 (9)0.0016 (9)0.0051 (9)
C60.0226 (11)0.0224 (11)0.0202 (11)0.0001 (9)0.0043 (9)0.0006 (9)
C110.0227 (11)0.0240 (12)0.0251 (11)0.0066 (9)0.0032 (9)0.0036 (9)
C21A0.0237 (13)0.0196 (13)0.0236 (13)0.0035 (10)0.0008 (10)0.0021 (10)
C310.0285 (12)0.0209 (12)0.0264 (12)0.0009 (10)0.0038 (10)0.0056 (10)
O210.0232 (7)0.0243 (8)0.0267 (8)0.0026 (6)0.0017 (7)0.0035 (7)
C120.0179 (11)0.0265 (12)0.0268 (12)0.0039 (9)0.0072 (9)0.0088 (10)
O120.0290 (8)0.0227 (8)0.0353 (9)0.0008 (7)0.0042 (7)0.0015 (7)
O220.0421 (9)0.0361 (9)0.0264 (8)0.0121 (7)0.0098 (7)0.0076 (7)
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
N1—C61.332 (2)C4—C51.400 (3)
N1—C21.336 (2)C4—C4i1.497 (4)
C31—O111.293 (3)C5—C61.387 (3)
C31—O211.237 (2)C5—H50.95
C12—O121.331 (2)C6—H60.95
C12—O221.202 (2)C11—C21A1.512 (3)
O11—C311.293 (2)C11—C121.519 (3)
O11—H1A0.84C11—C11ii1.549 (4)
N1—H1B0.88C11—H111.00
C2—C31.382 (3)C21A—C311.523 (3)
C2—H20.95C21A—H21A0.99
C3—C41.387 (3)C21A—H21B0.99
C3—H30.95O12—H120.84
C6—N1—C2118.6 (2)C4—C5—H5120.4
C21A—C11—C12113.4 (2)N1—C6—C5122.73 (17)
C21A—C11—C11ii113.0 (2)N1—C6—H6118.6
O21—C31—O11124.2 (2)C5—C6—H6118.6
O22—C12—O12124.0 (2)C12—C11—C11ii109.00 (19)
C31—O11—H1A109.5C21A—C11—H11107.0
C6—N1—H1B120.7C12—C11—H11107.0
C2—N1—H1B120.7C11ii—C11—H11107.0
N1—C2—C3122.18 (18)C11—C21A—C31114.83 (18)
N1—C2—H2118.9C11—C21A—H21A108.6
C3—C2—H2118.9C31—C21A—H21A108.6
C2—C3—C4120.20 (18)C11—C21A—H21B108.6
C2—C3—H3119.9C31—C21A—H21B108.6
C4—C3—H3119.9H21A—C21A—H21B107.5
C3—C4—C5117.12 (17)O21—C31—C21A123.24 (18)
C3—C4—C4i121.7 (2)O11—C31—C21A112.54 (18)
C5—C4—C4i121.2 (2)O22—C12—C11123.9 (2)
C6—C5—C4119.19 (17)O12—C12—C11112.07 (18)
C6—C5—H5120.4C12—O12—H12109.5
C6—N1—C2—C30.0 (3)C11ii—C11—C21A—C31173.3 (2)
N1—C2—C3—C40.1 (3)C11—C21A—C31—O215.5 (3)
C2—C3—C4—C50.2 (3)C11—C21A—C31—O11175.45 (18)
C2—C3—C4—C4i179.6 (2)C21A—C11—C12—O22141.0 (2)
C3—C4—C5—C60.1 (3)C11ii—C11—C12—O2292.2 (3)
C4i—C4—C5—C6179.53 (19)C21A—C11—C12—O1242.0 (2)
C2—N1—C6—C50.1 (3)C11ii—C11—C12—O1284.8 (2)
C4—C5—C6—N10.0 (3)C5—C4—C4i—C3i0.6 (4)
C12—C11—C21A—C3148.6 (3)
Symmetry codes: (i) x+3, y, z+1; (ii) x, y+1, z+2.
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
O11—H1A···N10.841.732.565 (3)173
N1—H1B···O110.881.692.565 (3)177
O12—H12···O21iii0.841.912.747 (3)175
Symmetry code: (iii) x+1, y, z+2.

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaC10H8N2·C8H10O8
Mr390.34
Crystal system, space groupTriclinic, P1
Temperature (K)100
a, b, c (Å)5.642 (4), 6.966 (4), 11.680 (8)
α, β, γ (°)73.55 (5), 81.34 (5), 73.85 (5)
V3)421.6 (5)
Z1
Radiation typeMo Kα
µ (mm1)0.12
Crystal size (mm)0.40 × 0.18 × 0.04
Data collection
DiffractometerOxford Diffraction KM-4-CCD
diffractometer
Absorption correction
No. of measured, independent and
observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections
3650, 1946, 1034
Rint0.030
(sin θ/λ)max1)0.670
Refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S 0.045, 0.083, 1.01
No. of reflections1946
No. of parameters135
No. of restraints2
H-atom treatmentH-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å3)0.30, 0.19

Computer programs: CrysAlis CCD (Oxford Diffraction, 2006), CrysAlis RED (Oxford Diffraction, 2006), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).

Selected geometric parameters (Å, º) top
N1—C61.332 (2)C31—O211.237 (2)
N1—C21.336 (2)C12—O121.331 (2)
C31—O111.293 (3)C12—O221.202 (2)
C6—N1—C2118.6 (2)O21—C31—O11124.2 (2)
C21A—C11—C12113.4 (2)O22—C12—O12124.0 (2)
C21A—C11—C11i113.0 (2)
C12—C11—C21A—C3148.6 (3)
Symmetry code: (i) x, y+1, z+2.
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
O11—H1A···N10.841.732.565 (3)173
N1—H1B···O110.881.692.565 (3)177
O12—H12···O21ii0.841.912.747 (3)174.7
Symmetry code: (ii) x+1, y, z+2.
 

References

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