Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, m328-m329 [ doi:10.1107/S1600536809005947 ]
3-nicotinato-hemi-
4-oxalato-hemi-
2-oxalato-neodymium(III)silver(I)] dihydrate]The asymmetric unit of the title compound, {[AgNd(C6H4NO2)2(C2O4)]·2H2O}n, contains one NdIII atom, one AgI atom, one oxalate ligand, two nicotinate ligands and two uncoordinated water molecules. The NdIII atom is eight-coordinated in a distorted square-antiprismatic coordination geometry by four O atoms from two oxalate ligands and four O atoms from four nicotinate ligands. The AgI atom has a T-shaped configuration, defined by two N atoms from two nicotinate ligands and one O atom from one oxalate ligand. The nicotinate and oxalate ligands link the Nd and Ag atoms into a three-dimensional coordination framework. O-H
O and O-H
N hydrogen bonds donated by water molecules are observed in the crystal.
A mixture of Nd2O3 (0.168 g, 0.5 mmol), AgNO3 (0.169 g, 1 mmol), nicotinic acid (0.123 g, 1 mmol), oxalic acid (0.090 g, 1 mmol), HNO3 (0.12 ml) and H2O (10 ml) was placed in a 23 ml Teflon-lined reactor, which was heated to 433 K for 3 d and then cooled to room temperature at a rate of 10 K h-1. The pale-purple plate crystals obtained were washed with water and dried in air (yield 46% based on Nd).
Carbon-bound H atoms were positioned geometrically and treated as riding on the parent C atoms with C—H = 0.93 Å, and with Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C). Water H atoms were tentatively located in difference Fourier maps and were fixed with distance of O—H = 0.84 Å and Uiso(H) = 1.5Ueq(O). The hightest peak is located 0.92 Å from Nd1 and the deepest hole is located 0.81 Å from Ag1.
Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2007); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 2007); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2007); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg & Putz, 1999); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).
| [AgNd(C6H4NO2)2(C2O4)]·2H2O | F(000) = 1188 |
| Mr = 620.37 | Dx = 2.301 Mg m−3 |
| Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
| Hall symbol: -P 2ybc | Cell parameters from 5837 reflections |
| a = 9.7441 (1) Å | θ = 2.8–27.9° |
| b = 22.4015 (4) Å | µ = 4.02 mm−1 |
| c = 9.2050 (1) Å | T = 296 K |
| β = 116.992 (1)° | Block, pale-purple |
| V = 1790.42 (4) Å3 | 0.30 × 0.25 × 0.21 mm |
| Z = 4 |
| Bruker APEXII CCD diffractometer | 3202 independent reflections |
| Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 2645 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
| graphite | Rint = 0.058 |
| φ and ω scans | θmax = 25.2°, θmin = 2.4° |
| Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) | h = −11→11 |
| Tmin = 0.317, Tmax = 0.439 | k = −26→26 |
| 13299 measured reflections | l = −11→11 |
| Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
| Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
| R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.031 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
| wR(F2) = 0.072 | H-atom parameters constrained |
| S = 1.05 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0246P)2 + 1.8836P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
| 3202 reflections | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
| 253 parameters | Δρmax = 1.05 e Å−3 |
| 6 restraints | Δρmin = −0.74 e Å−3 |
| [AgNd(C6H4NO2)2(C2O4)]·2H2O | V = 1790.42 (4) Å3 |
| Mr = 620.37 | Z = 4 |
| Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation |
| a = 9.7441 (1) Å | µ = 4.02 mm−1 |
| b = 22.4015 (4) Å | T = 296 K |
| c = 9.2050 (1) Å | 0.30 × 0.25 × 0.21 mm |
| β = 116.992 (1)° |
| Bruker APEXII CCD diffractometer | 3202 independent reflections |
| Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) | 2645 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
| Tmin = 0.317, Tmax = 0.439 | Rint = 0.058 |
| 13299 measured reflections | θmax = 25.2° |
| R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.031 | H-atom parameters constrained |
| wR(F2) = 0.072 | Δρmax = 1.05 e Å−3 |
| S = 1.05 | Δρmin = −0.74 e Å−3 |
| 3202 reflections | Absolute structure: ? |
| 253 parameters | Flack parameter: ? |
| 6 restraints | Rogers parameter: ? |
| x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
| Ag1 | 0.17888 (6) | 0.14737 (2) | 0.01878 (7) | 0.05145 (17) | |
| C1 | 0.3858 (6) | −0.0646 (2) | 0.9171 (6) | 0.0253 (11) | |
| N1 | 0.6264 (5) | −0.1161 (2) | 1.0156 (6) | 0.0364 (11) | |
| Nd1 | 0.14173 (3) | 0.008872 (12) | 0.38289 (3) | 0.01977 (10) | |
| O1 | 0.2914 (4) | −0.00473 (16) | 0.6779 (4) | 0.0309 (9) | |
| O1W | 0.3918 (8) | 0.1959 (3) | 0.4391 (7) | 0.098 (2) | |
| H1W | 0.4095 | 0.2081 | 0.3629 | 0.147* | |
| H2W | 0.3907 | 0.1585 | 0.4384 | 0.147* | |
| C2 | 0.5159 (6) | −0.0809 (2) | 0.9055 (7) | 0.0320 (13) | |
| H2 | 0.5286 | −0.0671 | 0.8172 | 0.038* | |
| N2 | 0.0364 (5) | 0.2168 (2) | 0.0474 (6) | 0.0367 (11) | |
| O2 | 0.1337 (4) | −0.02728 (19) | 0.7871 (4) | 0.0361 (9) | |
| O2W | 0.4855 (9) | 0.7657 (3) | 0.7785 (9) | 0.119 (3) | |
| H4W | 0.5387 | 0.7427 | 0.8560 | 0.178* | |
| H3W | 0.4683 | 0.7974 | 0.8159 | 0.178* | |
| C3 | 0.6065 (7) | −0.1347 (3) | 1.1434 (7) | 0.0426 (15) | |
| H3 | 0.6804 | −0.1597 | 1.2194 | 0.051* | |
| O3 | 0.1134 (4) | 0.38638 (16) | −0.0591 (5) | 0.0368 (10) | |
| C4 | 0.4824 (7) | −0.1187 (3) | 1.1673 (7) | 0.0402 (15) | |
| H4 | 0.4745 | −0.1310 | 1.2597 | 0.048* | |
| O4 | −0.0282 (5) | 0.42752 (17) | 0.0429 (5) | 0.0371 (9) | |
| C5 | 0.3706 (7) | −0.0841 (3) | 1.0515 (7) | 0.0339 (13) | |
| H5 | 0.2838 | −0.0736 | 1.0633 | 0.041* | |
| O5 | 0.1169 (4) | 0.05546 (16) | 0.1296 (4) | 0.0315 (9) | |
| C6 | 0.2600 (6) | −0.0288 (2) | 0.7832 (6) | 0.0278 (12) | |
| O6 | −0.0401 (4) | 0.05896 (15) | −0.1370 (4) | 0.0278 (8) | |
| C7 | −0.0146 (6) | 0.3216 (2) | 0.0401 (6) | 0.0276 (12) | |
| O7 | 0.3853 (4) | 0.06386 (16) | 0.4497 (4) | 0.0278 (8) | |
| C8 | 0.0645 (6) | 0.2733 (2) | 0.0224 (7) | 0.0305 (13) | |
| H8 | 0.1414 | 0.2804 | −0.0087 | 0.037* | |
| O8 | 0.6416 (4) | 0.05526 (16) | 0.5788 (4) | 0.0298 (9) | |
| C9 | −0.0735 (7) | 0.2077 (3) | 0.0938 (8) | 0.0465 (16) | |
| H9 | −0.0935 | 0.1687 | 0.1131 | 0.056* | |
| C10 | −0.1580 (8) | 0.2526 (3) | 0.1142 (9) | 0.0530 (18) | |
| H10 | −0.2342 | 0.2441 | 0.1455 | 0.064* | |
| C11 | −0.1288 (7) | 0.3105 (3) | 0.0878 (7) | 0.0409 (15) | |
| H11 | −0.1844 | 0.3419 | 0.1017 | 0.049* | |
| C12 | 0.0257 (6) | 0.3829 (2) | 0.0058 (6) | 0.0265 (12) | |
| C13 | 0.0207 (6) | 0.0329 (2) | −0.0029 (6) | 0.0246 (11) | |
| C14 | 0.5076 (6) | 0.0349 (2) | 0.5090 (6) | 0.0224 (11) |
| U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
| Ag1 | 0.0384 (3) | 0.0263 (3) | 0.0940 (4) | 0.0076 (2) | 0.0339 (3) | 0.0094 (2) |
| C1 | 0.021 (3) | 0.024 (3) | 0.028 (3) | 0.002 (2) | 0.008 (2) | −0.002 (2) |
| N1 | 0.028 (3) | 0.034 (3) | 0.046 (3) | 0.005 (2) | 0.016 (2) | 0.006 (2) |
| Nd1 | 0.01772 (16) | 0.02063 (17) | 0.02011 (15) | 0.00101 (11) | 0.00786 (12) | 0.00165 (11) |
| O1 | 0.028 (2) | 0.038 (2) | 0.0226 (19) | 0.0006 (17) | 0.0074 (17) | 0.0061 (16) |
| O1W | 0.122 (6) | 0.076 (4) | 0.107 (5) | −0.015 (4) | 0.060 (5) | 0.011 (4) |
| C2 | 0.032 (3) | 0.030 (3) | 0.039 (3) | 0.006 (3) | 0.020 (3) | 0.010 (3) |
| N2 | 0.033 (3) | 0.023 (3) | 0.053 (3) | 0.000 (2) | 0.019 (3) | 0.004 (2) |
| O2 | 0.021 (2) | 0.056 (3) | 0.029 (2) | 0.0094 (19) | 0.0094 (18) | 0.0049 (18) |
| O2W | 0.162 (7) | 0.076 (5) | 0.122 (6) | −0.005 (5) | 0.067 (6) | −0.004 (4) |
| C3 | 0.037 (4) | 0.041 (4) | 0.038 (4) | 0.011 (3) | 0.007 (3) | 0.015 (3) |
| O3 | 0.038 (2) | 0.025 (2) | 0.059 (3) | −0.0018 (18) | 0.031 (2) | 0.0047 (18) |
| C4 | 0.054 (4) | 0.041 (4) | 0.025 (3) | 0.007 (3) | 0.017 (3) | 0.009 (3) |
| O4 | 0.045 (2) | 0.026 (2) | 0.037 (2) | 0.0057 (19) | 0.015 (2) | −0.0050 (17) |
| C5 | 0.031 (3) | 0.040 (4) | 0.034 (3) | 0.003 (3) | 0.018 (3) | 0.000 (3) |
| O5 | 0.035 (2) | 0.033 (2) | 0.0225 (19) | −0.0102 (18) | 0.0096 (18) | −0.0002 (16) |
| C6 | 0.022 (3) | 0.027 (3) | 0.028 (3) | 0.003 (2) | 0.005 (3) | −0.005 (2) |
| O6 | 0.031 (2) | 0.024 (2) | 0.0236 (19) | 0.0007 (16) | 0.0081 (17) | 0.0009 (15) |
| C7 | 0.028 (3) | 0.022 (3) | 0.036 (3) | −0.002 (2) | 0.017 (3) | −0.001 (2) |
| O7 | 0.022 (2) | 0.025 (2) | 0.036 (2) | 0.0043 (16) | 0.0123 (18) | 0.0038 (16) |
| C8 | 0.025 (3) | 0.026 (3) | 0.045 (3) | 0.001 (2) | 0.019 (3) | 0.003 (2) |
| O8 | 0.017 (2) | 0.030 (2) | 0.037 (2) | −0.0010 (16) | 0.0078 (18) | −0.0072 (16) |
| C9 | 0.047 (4) | 0.030 (4) | 0.068 (5) | −0.009 (3) | 0.031 (4) | 0.009 (3) |
| C10 | 0.052 (4) | 0.048 (4) | 0.077 (5) | −0.001 (3) | 0.046 (4) | 0.011 (4) |
| C11 | 0.039 (4) | 0.037 (4) | 0.054 (4) | 0.004 (3) | 0.028 (3) | 0.003 (3) |
| C12 | 0.024 (3) | 0.024 (3) | 0.025 (3) | 0.006 (2) | 0.006 (3) | 0.000 (2) |
| C13 | 0.025 (3) | 0.026 (3) | 0.027 (3) | 0.001 (2) | 0.015 (3) | −0.002 (2) |
| C14 | 0.024 (3) | 0.032 (3) | 0.016 (2) | 0.003 (2) | 0.012 (2) | 0.001 (2) |
| Ag1—N1i | 2.176 (5) | O2W—H3W | 0.8400 |
| Ag1—N2 | 2.180 (5) | C3—C4 | 1.371 (8) |
| Ag1—O5 | 2.491 (3) | C3—H3 | 0.9300 |
| C1—C2 | 1.369 (7) | O3—C12 | 1.247 (6) |
| C1—C5 | 1.382 (7) | C4—C5 | 1.368 (8) |
| C1—C6 | 1.514 (7) | C4—H4 | 0.9300 |
| N1—C3 | 1.343 (7) | O4—C12 | 1.247 (6) |
| N1—C2 | 1.348 (7) | C5—H5 | 0.9300 |
| Nd1—O4ii | 2.387 (4) | O5—C13 | 1.259 (6) |
| Nd1—O8i | 2.443 (3) | O6—C13 | 1.246 (6) |
| Nd1—O1 | 2.449 (4) | C7—C8 | 1.382 (7) |
| Nd1—O3iii | 2.450 (4) | C7—C11 | 1.391 (7) |
| Nd1—O2iv | 2.451 (4) | C7—C12 | 1.501 (7) |
| Nd1—O5 | 2.464 (3) | O7—C14 | 1.244 (6) |
| Nd1—O7 | 2.491 (3) | C8—H8 | 0.9300 |
| Nd1—O6v | 2.525 (3) | O8—C14 | 1.251 (6) |
| O1—C6 | 1.262 (6) | C9—C10 | 1.366 (9) |
| O1W—H1W | 0.8400 | C9—H9 | 0.9300 |
| O1W—H2W | 0.8400 | C10—C11 | 1.374 (9) |
| C2—H2 | 0.9300 | C10—H10 | 0.9300 |
| N2—C9 | 1.336 (7) | C11—H11 | 0.9300 |
| N2—C8 | 1.336 (7) | C13—C13v | 1.536 (11) |
| O2—C6 | 1.248 (6) | C14—C14i | 1.572 (11) |
| O2W—H4W | 0.8400 | ||
| N1i—Ag1—N2 | 153.22 (18) | H4W—O2W—H3W | 109.4 |
| N1i—Ag1—O5 | 100.53 (15) | N1—C3—C4 | 123.2 (5) |
| N2—Ag1—O5 | 104.74 (15) | N1—C3—H3 | 118.4 |
| C2—C1—C5 | 117.7 (5) | C4—C3—H3 | 118.4 |
| C2—C1—C6 | 120.9 (5) | C12—O3—Nd1vi | 109.5 (3) |
| C5—C1—C6 | 121.3 (5) | C5—C4—C3 | 118.2 (5) |
| C3—N1—C2 | 117.2 (5) | C5—C4—H4 | 120.9 |
| C3—N1—Ag1i | 120.6 (4) | C3—C4—H4 | 120.9 |
| C2—N1—Ag1i | 122.1 (4) | C12—O4—Nd1vii | 176.5 (4) |
| O4ii—Nd1—O8i | 89.54 (13) | C4—C5—C1 | 120.3 (5) |
| O4ii—Nd1—O1 | 73.01 (13) | C4—C5—H5 | 119.8 |
| O8i—Nd1—O1 | 74.10 (12) | C1—C5—H5 | 119.8 |
| O4ii—Nd1—O3iii | 123.80 (13) | C13—O5—Nd1 | 117.2 (3) |
| O8i—Nd1—O3iii | 135.02 (12) | C13—O5—Ag1 | 98.5 (3) |
| O1—Nd1—O3iii | 86.96 (13) | Nd1—O5—Ag1 | 143.11 (15) |
| O4ii—Nd1—O2iv | 78.22 (13) | O2—C6—O1 | 126.6 (5) |
| O8i—Nd1—O2iv | 144.59 (13) | O2—C6—C1 | 115.8 (5) |
| O1—Nd1—O2iv | 131.08 (12) | O1—C6—C1 | 117.5 (5) |
| O3iii—Nd1—O2iv | 77.22 (14) | C13—O6—Nd1v | 115.0 (3) |
| O4ii—Nd1—O5 | 137.30 (12) | C8—C7—C11 | 117.8 (5) |
| O8i—Nd1—O5 | 95.33 (12) | C8—C7—C12 | 118.6 (5) |
| O1—Nd1—O5 | 148.77 (12) | C11—C7—C12 | 123.6 (5) |
| O3iii—Nd1—O5 | 80.10 (13) | C14—O7—Nd1 | 117.7 (3) |
| O2iv—Nd1—O5 | 73.50 (12) | N2—C8—C7 | 123.6 (5) |
| O4ii—Nd1—O7 | 145.13 (12) | N2—C8—H8 | 118.2 |
| O8i—Nd1—O7 | 65.86 (12) | C7—C8—H8 | 118.2 |
| O1—Nd1—O7 | 76.51 (12) | C14—O8—Nd1i | 119.5 (3) |
| O3iii—Nd1—O7 | 70.23 (12) | N2—C9—C10 | 123.5 (6) |
| O2iv—Nd1—O7 | 135.96 (12) | N2—C9—H9 | 118.3 |
| O5—Nd1—O7 | 72.38 (12) | C10—C9—H9 | 118.3 |
| O4ii—Nd1—O6v | 75.69 (12) | C9—C10—C11 | 119.0 (6) |
| O8i—Nd1—O6v | 74.76 (11) | C9—C10—H10 | 120.5 |
| O1—Nd1—O6v | 135.45 (12) | C11—C10—H10 | 120.5 |
| O3iii—Nd1—O6v | 137.26 (12) | C10—C11—C7 | 119.0 (6) |
| O2iv—Nd1—O6v | 70.06 (12) | C10—C11—H11 | 120.5 |
| O5—Nd1—O6v | 64.96 (11) | C7—C11—H11 | 120.5 |
| O7—Nd1—O6v | 117.43 (11) | O4—C12—O3 | 123.2 (5) |
| C6—O1—Nd1 | 132.4 (3) | O4—C12—C7 | 119.5 (5) |
| H1W—O1W—H2W | 109.0 | O3—C12—C7 | 117.4 (5) |
| N1—C2—C1 | 123.4 (5) | O6—C13—O5 | 125.6 (5) |
| N1—C2—H2 | 118.3 | O6—C13—C13v | 118.0 (6) |
| C1—C2—H2 | 118.3 | O5—C13—C13v | 116.3 (6) |
| C9—N2—C8 | 117.2 (5) | O7—C14—O8 | 127.1 (5) |
| C9—N2—Ag1 | 125.2 (4) | O7—C14—C14i | 116.6 (5) |
| C8—N2—Ag1 | 117.6 (4) | O8—C14—C14i | 116.3 (5) |
| C6—O2—Nd1iv | 142.6 (3) |
| Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, −y, −z+1; (ii) −x, y−1/2, −z+1/2; (iii) x, −y+1/2, z+1/2; (iv) −x, −y, −z+1; (v) −x, −y, −z; (vi) x, −y+1/2, z−1/2; (vii) −x, y+1/2, −z+1/2. |
| D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
| O2W—H3W···N1viii | 0.84 | 2.63 | 3.308 (9) | 138 |
| O2W—H4W···O1Wix | 0.84 | 1.99 | 2.794 (10) | 160 |
| O1W—H2W···O7 | 0.84 | 2.12 | 2.962 (7) | 176 |
| O1W—H1W···O2Wx | 0.84 | 2.07 | 2.890 (9) | 164 |
| Symmetry codes: (viii) x, y+1, z; (ix) −x+1, y+1/2, −z+3/2; (x) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1. |
| Ag1—N1i | 2.176 (5) | Nd1—O3iii | 2.450 (4) |
| Ag1—N2 | 2.180 (5) | Nd1—O2iv | 2.451 (4) |
| Ag1—O5 | 2.491 (3) | Nd1—O5 | 2.464 (3) |
| Nd1—O4ii | 2.387 (4) | Nd1—O7 | 2.491 (3) |
| Nd1—O8i | 2.443 (3) | Nd1—O6v | 2.525 (3) |
| Nd1—O1 | 2.449 (4) |
| Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, −y, −z+1; (ii) −x, y−1/2, −z+1/2; (iii) x, −y+1/2, z+1/2; (iv) −x, −y, −z+1; (v) −x, −y, −z. |
| D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
| O2W—H3W···N1vi | 0.84 | 2.63 | 3.308 (9) | 138 |
| O2W—H4W···O1Wvii | 0.84 | 1.99 | 2.794 (10) | 160 |
| O1W—H2W···O7 | 0.84 | 2.12 | 2.962 (7) | 176 |
| O1W—H1W···O2Wviii | 0.84 | 2.07 | 2.890 (9) | 164 |
| Symmetry codes: (vi) x, y+1, z; (vii) −x+1, y+1/2, −z+3/2; (viii) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1. |
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The design and construction of transition–lanthanide metal complexes have gained great recognition over the last decade because of their intriguing network topologies and potential applications, and because of their magnetic properties, capacity for gas storage, luminescent properties and so on (Barbour, 2006; Kepert, 2006; Kong et al., 2008; Rao et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2005). Nicotinic acid is a multifunctional bridging ligand possessing of O and N donors, which can thus be utilized to construct transition–lanthanide heterometallic complexes via the carboxyl O atoms binding to lanthanides and N atoms bonding to transition metal ions such as AgI or CuI (Cheng et al., 2007a,b; Luo et al., 2006, 2007). On the basis of above considerations, a new three-dimensional 4d-4f coordination framework was obtained from the hydrothermal treatment of Nd2O3, AgNO3, oxalic acid, nicotinic acid and nitric acid in water.
As depicted in Fig. 1, the title compound contains one NdIII atom, one AgI atom, one oxalate (1/2 + 1/2) ligand, two nicotinate ligands and two uncoordinated water molecules in the asymmetric unit. The NdIII atom is eight-coordinated in a distorted square-antiprismatic coordination geometry by four O atoms from two oxalate ligands and four O atoms from four nicotinate ligands (Table 1), with Nd—O bond lengths and O—Nd—O bond angles ranging from 2.387 (4) to 2.525 (3) Å and 64.96 (11) to 148.77 (12)°, respectively, all of which are within the range of those observed for other eight-coordinated NdIII complexes with O donor ligands (Song & Mao, 2005). The AgI atom is located in a T-shaped configuration, defined by two N atoms from two nicotinate lignads and one O atom from one oxalate lignad. The Ag—N and Ag—O bond distances and the N—Ag—N angle are similar to those of other AgI structures with T-shaped configuration (Hartshorn & Steel, 1996; Arnold et al., 1997).
In the crystal structure, the Nd and Ag atoms are linked by the carboxylate groups of nicotinate ligands and the oxalate ligands, forming a two-dimensional layer in the ac plane. The shortest Nd···Nd distance is 4.224 (3) Å. The layers are further constructed into a three-dimensional coordination framework through bridging nicotinate ligands (Fig. 2). O—H···O and O—H···N hydrogen bonds donated by water molecules are observed (Table 2).