supplementary materials


Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, o994    [ doi:10.1107/S1600536809012380 ]

3'-Benzyloxy-3-hydroxy-3,3'-bi-1H-indole-2,2'(3H,3'H)-dione monohydrate

P. Ramesh, S. S. Sundaresan, N. V. Lakshmi, P. T. Perumal and M. N. Ponnuswamy

Abstract top

In the title compound, C23H18N2O4·H2O, the two oxindole rings subtend a dihedral angle of 54.29 (5)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by intermolecular N-H...O, O-H...O and C-H...[pi] interactions.

Comment top

Indole derivatives are used as bioactive drugs (Stevenson et al., 2000) and they exibit anti-allergic, central nervous system depressant and muscle relaxant properties (Harris & Uhle 1960; Ho et al., 1986). Indoles have been proved to display high aldose reductase inhibitory activity (Rajeswaran et al., 1999). Against this background and to ascertain the molecular conformation, the structure determination of the title compound has been carried out.

The ORTEP plot of the molecule is shown in Fig. 1. The oxindole rings enclose a dihedral angle of 54.29 (5)°. In the benzene ring of the indole ring system, the endocyclic angels at C3 and C14 are contracted to 117.24 (25)° and 116.90 (14)°, while those at C2 and C13 are expanded to 122.20 (14)° and 122.69 (13)°, respectively. This would appear to be a real effect caused by the fusion of the pyrrole with benzene ring resulting in an angular distortion. The sum of the bond angles around the hetero nitrogen atom in the oxindole ring systems are equal to N1 [359.76 (11)°] and N12 [359.93 (10)°], is in accordance with the sp2 hybridization.

The packing of the molecules in the crystal structure is stabilized through N-H···O, O-H···O and C-H···π interactions. Atom N12 (x, y, z) donates a proton to O1 (-x+1, -y+1, -z+1) and forms a dimer with graph-set motif of R22(14) (Bernstein et al., 1995). The intermolecular N1-H1···O5 and O5-H5B···O3 hydrogen bonds form a one dimensional chain running along a-axis. The indole ring interacts with the other indole moiety through a weak intra C-H···π interaction involving atom C17, the separation between H17 and the centroid of the C2/C3/C4/C5/C6/C7 (Cg3) ring being 3.15Å.

Related literature top

For related literature, see: Harris & Uhle (1960); Ho et al. (1986); Rajeswaran et al. (1999); Stevenson et al. (2000). For description of hydrogen bonds, see Bernstein et al. (1995). Cg3 ids the centroid of the C2–C7 ring and Cg5 is the centroid of the C20–C25 ring.

Experimental top

To a refluxing solution of isatin (1 equivalent), Rh2(OAC)4 (0.01 equivalent) in dichloromethane, benzyl alcohol (1.2 equivalent) was added. After five minutes, 3-diazo-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one in dichloromethane was added dropwise through a syringe pump. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at 60°C for half-an-hour. The solid formed in the reaction was filtered and washed with methanol to obtain the pure product. The compound was recrystallized in ethanol.

Refinement top

H atoms bonded to nitrogen and oxygen H atoms were freely refined. H atoms bonded to carbon were positioned geometrically (C—H=0.93–0.97 Å) and allowed to ride on their parent atoms with 1.2Ueq(C).

Computing details top

Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2004); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 2004); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2004); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 (Farrugia, 1997); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008) and PLATON (Spek, 2009).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. Perspective view of the molecule with displacement ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level. The H atoms are shown as small circles of arbitrary radii.
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. The crystal packing of the molecules viewed down c axis. H atoms not involved in hydrogen bonding have been omitted for clarity.
3'-Benzyloxy-3-hydroxy-3,3'-bi-1H-indole-2,2'(3H,3'H)-\ dione monohydrate top
Crystal data top
C23H18N2O4·H2OZ = 2
Mr = 404.41F(000) = 424
Triclinic, P1Dx = 1.418 Mg m3
Hall symbol: -P 1Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 9.8243 (3) ÅCell parameters from 4635 reflections
b = 9.9304 (6) Åθ = 2.1–25.0°
c = 11.4460 (5) ŵ = 0.10 mm1
α = 107.517 (2)°T = 293 K
β = 114.227 (3)°Block, colourless
γ = 93.918 (2)°0.28 × 0.25 × 0.20 mm
V = 947.17 (8) Å3
Data collection top
Bruker Kappa APEXII area-detector
diffractometer
3335 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube3045 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
graphiteRint = 0.021
ω and φ scansθmax = 25.0°, θmin = 2.1°
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Sheldrick, 2001)
h = 1111
Tmin = 0.972, Tmax = 0.980k = 1111
16894 measured reflectionsl = 1313
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
Least-squares matrix: fullHydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.032H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
wR(F2) = 0.084 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.038P)2 + 0.3004P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.05(Δ/σ)max = 0.003
3335 reflectionsΔρmax = 0.23 e Å3
292 parametersΔρmin = 0.18 e Å3
0 restraintsExtinction correction: SHELXL, Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methodsExtinction coefficient: 0.038 (3)
Crystal data top
C23H18N2O4·H2Oγ = 93.918 (2)°
Mr = 404.41V = 947.17 (8) Å3
Triclinic, P1Z = 2
a = 9.8243 (3) ÅMo Kα radiation
b = 9.9304 (6) ŵ = 0.10 mm1
c = 11.4460 (5) ÅT = 293 K
α = 107.517 (2)°0.28 × 0.25 × 0.20 mm
β = 114.227 (3)°
Data collection top
Bruker Kappa APEXII area-detector
diffractometer
3335 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Sheldrick, 2001)
3045 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Tmin = 0.972, Tmax = 0.980Rint = 0.021
16894 measured reflectionsθmax = 25.0°
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.032H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
wR(F2) = 0.084Δρmax = 0.23 e Å3
S = 1.05Δρmin = 0.18 e Å3
3335 reflectionsAbsolute structure: ?
292 parametersFlack parameter: ?
0 restraintsRogers parameter: ?
Special details top

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
O10.33868 (11)0.37105 (9)0.58225 (10)0.0399 (2)
O20.38716 (10)0.07924 (10)0.53420 (9)0.0335 (2)
H20.381 (2)0.018 (2)0.504 (2)0.070 (6)*
O30.61939 (10)0.21310 (10)0.48237 (10)0.0374 (2)
O40.33920 (10)0.00510 (8)0.25071 (9)0.0302 (2)
O50.09912 (16)0.40448 (16)0.55511 (16)0.0632 (3)
H5B0.183 (4)0.346 (3)0.552 (3)0.129 (10)*
H5A0.064 (4)0.482 (4)0.622 (3)0.135 (12)*
N10.09503 (13)0.23295 (12)0.47470 (12)0.0349 (3)
H10.0522 (19)0.2945 (18)0.5098 (17)0.048 (4)*
C20.02036 (14)0.08934 (14)0.38791 (13)0.0320 (3)
C30.12940 (15)0.02332 (17)0.34058 (15)0.0435 (3)
H30.19610.07350.36470.052*
C40.17671 (17)0.12064 (19)0.25573 (16)0.0520 (4)
H40.27770.16810.22110.062*
C50.07767 (19)0.19539 (17)0.22128 (17)0.0521 (4)
H50.11290.29210.16320.062*
C60.07409 (17)0.12838 (15)0.27202 (14)0.0407 (3)
H60.14160.17940.25020.049*
C70.12222 (14)0.01554 (13)0.35540 (12)0.0288 (3)
C80.27766 (13)0.11694 (12)0.43061 (12)0.0262 (3)
C90.24378 (14)0.25831 (13)0.50590 (12)0.0286 (3)
C100.33824 (13)0.14368 (12)0.33172 (12)0.0255 (3)
C110.50226 (13)0.24303 (12)0.41187 (12)0.0273 (3)
N120.49318 (12)0.36457 (11)0.38326 (11)0.0305 (2)
H120.5721 (18)0.4358 (17)0.4159 (16)0.042 (4)*
C130.34446 (14)0.36220 (13)0.29098 (12)0.0289 (3)
C140.29438 (16)0.46934 (14)0.24218 (14)0.0382 (3)
H140.36020.55700.27010.046*
C150.14143 (18)0.44063 (16)0.14958 (15)0.0448 (4)
H150.10360.51080.11470.054*
C160.04399 (16)0.31071 (17)0.10790 (15)0.0443 (4)
H160.05800.29400.04470.053*
C170.09647 (15)0.20413 (15)0.15937 (13)0.0359 (3)
H170.03070.11640.13140.043*
C180.24816 (14)0.23153 (13)0.25278 (12)0.0277 (3)
C190.40617 (18)0.00789 (15)0.16166 (15)0.0418 (3)
H19A0.51600.04410.21510.050*
H19B0.36490.07190.11310.050*
C200.37193 (14)0.14144 (13)0.06125 (13)0.0315 (3)
C210.39451 (15)0.25784 (15)0.10387 (14)0.0370 (3)
H210.42910.24400.19630.044*
C220.36598 (19)0.39435 (16)0.00986 (17)0.0492 (4)
H220.38020.47250.03900.059*
C230.3165 (2)0.41584 (17)0.12678 (18)0.0573 (4)
H230.29850.50800.18970.069*
C240.2940 (2)0.30139 (19)0.16987 (16)0.0566 (4)
H240.26070.31570.26230.068*
C250.32036 (17)0.16459 (17)0.07653 (15)0.0440 (3)
H250.30330.08740.10670.053*
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
O10.0466 (6)0.0270 (5)0.0427 (5)0.0014 (4)0.0243 (5)0.0037 (4)
O20.0331 (5)0.0333 (5)0.0335 (5)0.0095 (4)0.0121 (4)0.0154 (4)
O30.0245 (5)0.0340 (5)0.0483 (6)0.0061 (4)0.0110 (4)0.0158 (4)
O40.0346 (5)0.0230 (4)0.0360 (5)0.0038 (3)0.0224 (4)0.0061 (4)
O50.0581 (8)0.0594 (8)0.0800 (9)0.0163 (6)0.0439 (7)0.0168 (7)
N10.0346 (6)0.0360 (6)0.0414 (6)0.0138 (5)0.0235 (5)0.0135 (5)
C20.0298 (6)0.0400 (7)0.0316 (6)0.0074 (5)0.0149 (5)0.0187 (6)
C30.0279 (7)0.0621 (9)0.0482 (8)0.0095 (6)0.0179 (6)0.0292 (7)
C40.0302 (7)0.0672 (11)0.0510 (9)0.0090 (7)0.0111 (7)0.0258 (8)
C50.0502 (9)0.0427 (8)0.0482 (9)0.0148 (7)0.0180 (7)0.0082 (7)
C60.0428 (8)0.0333 (7)0.0433 (8)0.0011 (6)0.0219 (7)0.0089 (6)
C70.0282 (6)0.0306 (6)0.0293 (6)0.0026 (5)0.0139 (5)0.0125 (5)
C80.0256 (6)0.0250 (6)0.0283 (6)0.0057 (5)0.0123 (5)0.0096 (5)
C90.0332 (7)0.0277 (6)0.0296 (6)0.0076 (5)0.0174 (5)0.0117 (5)
C100.0247 (6)0.0217 (6)0.0288 (6)0.0041 (4)0.0132 (5)0.0064 (5)
C110.0257 (6)0.0253 (6)0.0304 (6)0.0055 (5)0.0145 (5)0.0070 (5)
N120.0265 (5)0.0251 (5)0.0359 (6)0.0003 (4)0.0123 (5)0.0096 (4)
C130.0311 (6)0.0290 (6)0.0279 (6)0.0066 (5)0.0152 (5)0.0095 (5)
C140.0458 (8)0.0319 (7)0.0389 (7)0.0085 (6)0.0185 (6)0.0164 (6)
C150.0505 (9)0.0480 (8)0.0432 (8)0.0204 (7)0.0189 (7)0.0272 (7)
C160.0328 (7)0.0612 (9)0.0389 (8)0.0134 (7)0.0110 (6)0.0247 (7)
C170.0290 (7)0.0431 (7)0.0334 (7)0.0037 (6)0.0119 (5)0.0151 (6)
C180.0289 (6)0.0293 (6)0.0269 (6)0.0061 (5)0.0152 (5)0.0092 (5)
C190.0520 (8)0.0333 (7)0.0501 (8)0.0037 (6)0.0375 (7)0.0089 (6)
C200.0287 (6)0.0326 (7)0.0353 (7)0.0053 (5)0.0194 (5)0.0084 (5)
C210.0376 (7)0.0400 (7)0.0350 (7)0.0105 (6)0.0179 (6)0.0129 (6)
C220.0611 (10)0.0361 (8)0.0614 (10)0.0175 (7)0.0380 (8)0.0161 (7)
C230.0735 (11)0.0402 (8)0.0540 (10)0.0033 (8)0.0412 (9)0.0039 (7)
C240.0673 (11)0.0638 (11)0.0328 (8)0.0027 (8)0.0273 (8)0.0056 (7)
C250.0499 (9)0.0494 (8)0.0409 (8)0.0117 (7)0.0253 (7)0.0201 (7)
Geometric parameters (Å, °) top
O1—C91.2191 (15)N12—C131.4016 (16)
O2—C81.4066 (14)N12—H120.877 (16)
O2—H20.91 (2)C13—C141.3747 (18)
O3—C111.2218 (15)C13—C181.3861 (17)
O4—C101.4123 (14)C14—C151.384 (2)
O4—C191.4273 (15)C14—H140.9300
O5—H5B0.96 (3)C15—C161.376 (2)
O5—H5A0.83 (3)C15—H150.9300
N1—C91.3392 (17)C16—C171.391 (2)
N1—C21.4017 (17)C16—H160.9300
N1—H10.860 (18)C17—C181.3783 (18)
C2—C31.3742 (19)C17—H170.9300
C2—C71.3851 (18)C19—C201.4906 (18)
C3—C41.381 (2)C19—H19A0.9700
C3—H30.9300C19—H19B0.9700
C4—C51.375 (2)C20—C251.3808 (19)
C4—H40.9300C20—C211.3816 (19)
C5—C61.387 (2)C21—C221.377 (2)
C5—H50.9300C21—H210.9300
C6—C71.3759 (18)C22—C231.374 (2)
C6—H60.9300C22—H220.9300
C7—C81.5086 (16)C23—C241.366 (3)
C8—C91.5477 (16)C23—H230.9300
C8—C101.5551 (16)C24—C251.380 (2)
C10—C181.5114 (17)C24—H240.9300
C10—C111.5608 (16)C25—H250.9300
C11—N121.3418 (16)
C8—O2—H2110.3 (12)C13—N12—H12123.8 (10)
C10—O4—C19113.84 (9)C14—C13—C18122.68 (12)
H5B—O5—H5A112 (3)C14—C13—N12127.59 (12)
C9—N1—C2111.86 (11)C18—C13—N12109.73 (11)
C9—N1—H1124.2 (11)C13—C14—C15116.90 (13)
C2—N1—H1123.7 (11)C13—C14—H14121.5
C3—C2—C7122.20 (13)C15—C14—H14121.5
C3—C2—N1127.96 (13)C16—C15—C14121.59 (13)
C7—C2—N1109.82 (11)C16—C15—H15119.2
C2—C3—C4117.24 (14)C14—C15—H15119.2
C2—C3—H3121.4C15—C16—C17120.67 (13)
C4—C3—H3121.4C15—C16—H16119.7
C5—C4—C3121.41 (13)C17—C16—H16119.7
C5—C4—H4119.3C18—C17—C16118.49 (12)
C3—C4—H4119.3C18—C17—H17120.8
C4—C5—C6120.82 (14)C16—C17—H17120.8
C4—C5—H5119.6C17—C18—C13119.65 (12)
C6—C5—H5119.6C17—C18—C10131.70 (11)
C7—C6—C5118.33 (14)C13—C18—C10108.63 (10)
C7—C6—H6120.8O4—C19—C20109.22 (10)
C5—C6—H6120.8O4—C19—H19A109.8
C6—C7—C2119.98 (12)C20—C19—H19A109.8
C6—C7—C8131.53 (12)O4—C19—H19B109.8
C2—C7—C8108.41 (10)C20—C19—H19B109.8
O2—C8—C7114.09 (10)H19A—C19—H19B108.3
O2—C8—C9105.88 (9)C25—C20—C21118.92 (12)
C7—C8—C9101.76 (9)C25—C20—C19119.93 (13)
O2—C8—C10111.95 (9)C21—C20—C19121.13 (12)
C7—C8—C10112.73 (9)C22—C21—C20120.20 (13)
C9—C8—C10109.61 (9)C22—C21—H21119.9
O1—C9—N1126.95 (12)C20—C21—H21119.9
O1—C9—C8124.94 (11)C23—C22—C21120.39 (15)
N1—C9—C8108.10 (10)C23—C22—H22119.8
O4—C10—C18115.50 (9)C21—C22—H22119.8
O4—C10—C8105.35 (9)C24—C23—C22119.82 (14)
C18—C10—C8112.18 (9)C24—C23—H23120.1
O4—C10—C11110.65 (9)C22—C23—H23120.1
C18—C10—C11101.56 (9)C23—C24—C25120.11 (14)
C8—C10—C11111.77 (9)C23—C24—H24119.9
O3—C11—N12125.87 (11)C25—C24—H24119.9
O3—C11—C10126.42 (11)C24—C25—C20120.55 (14)
N12—C11—C10107.61 (10)C24—C25—H25119.7
C11—N12—C13112.33 (10)C20—C25—H25119.7
C11—N12—H12123.8 (10)
C9—N1—C2—C3176.59 (13)O4—C10—C11—O350.44 (16)
C9—N1—C2—C72.02 (15)C18—C10—C11—O3173.59 (12)
C7—C2—C3—C41.4 (2)C8—C10—C11—O366.64 (15)
N1—C2—C3—C4179.82 (13)O4—C10—C11—N12126.13 (10)
C2—C3—C4—C50.7 (2)C18—C10—C11—N122.99 (12)
C3—C4—C5—C60.6 (2)C8—C10—C11—N12116.79 (11)
C4—C5—C6—C71.3 (2)O3—C11—N12—C13175.33 (12)
C5—C6—C7—C20.7 (2)C10—C11—N12—C131.27 (13)
C5—C6—C7—C8177.20 (13)C11—N12—C13—C14178.62 (12)
C3—C2—C7—C60.65 (19)C11—N12—C13—C181.22 (14)
N1—C2—C7—C6179.35 (11)C18—C13—C14—C151.10 (19)
C3—C2—C7—C8176.58 (11)N12—C13—C14—C15179.07 (12)
N1—C2—C7—C82.12 (14)C13—C14—C15—C160.2 (2)
C6—C7—C8—O264.69 (17)C14—C15—C16—C170.8 (2)
C2—C7—C8—O2112.10 (11)C15—C16—C17—C180.1 (2)
C6—C7—C8—C9178.23 (13)C16—C17—C18—C131.14 (19)
C2—C7—C8—C91.44 (12)C16—C17—C18—C10176.85 (12)
C6—C7—C8—C1064.46 (17)C14—C13—C18—C171.79 (19)
C2—C7—C8—C10118.75 (11)N12—C13—C18—C17178.35 (11)
C2—N1—C9—O1177.54 (12)C14—C13—C18—C10176.62 (11)
C2—N1—C9—C81.01 (14)N12—C13—C18—C103.23 (13)
O2—C8—C9—O159.33 (15)O4—C10—C18—C1758.38 (17)
C7—C8—C9—O1178.85 (11)C8—C10—C18—C1762.37 (16)
C10—C8—C9—O161.60 (15)C11—C10—C18—C17178.15 (13)
O2—C8—C9—N1119.26 (10)O4—C10—C18—C13123.47 (11)
C7—C8—C9—N10.27 (12)C8—C10—C18—C13115.79 (11)
C10—C8—C9—N1119.82 (11)C11—C10—C18—C133.70 (12)
C19—O4—C10—C1861.51 (14)C10—O4—C19—C20168.10 (10)
C19—O4—C10—C8174.11 (10)O4—C19—C20—C25133.58 (13)
C19—O4—C10—C1153.14 (13)O4—C19—C20—C2148.07 (17)
O2—C8—C10—O473.14 (11)C25—C20—C21—C220.1 (2)
C7—C8—C10—O457.10 (12)C19—C20—C21—C22178.29 (13)
C9—C8—C10—O4169.68 (9)C20—C21—C22—C230.7 (2)
O2—C8—C10—C18160.41 (9)C21—C22—C23—C240.7 (3)
C7—C8—C10—C1869.34 (12)C22—C23—C24—C250.1 (3)
C9—C8—C10—C1843.23 (13)C23—C24—C25—C201.0 (3)
O2—C8—C10—C1147.09 (13)C21—C20—C25—C240.9 (2)
C7—C8—C10—C11177.34 (9)C19—C20—C25—C24177.44 (14)
C9—C8—C10—C1170.09 (12)
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
N1—H1···O5i0.860 (18)2.045 (18)2.8858 (17)165.6 (15)
O2—H2···O3ii0.91 (2)1.99 (2)2.8463 (13)155.9 (18)
O2—H2···O2ii0.91 (2)2.57 (2)3.0274 (18)111.9 (14)
O5—H5B···O3iii0.96 (3)1.97 (3)2.8969 (17)161 (3)
N12—H12···O1iv0.877 (16)2.044 (16)2.8329 (14)149.2 (14)
C17—H17···Cg30.933.153.8226 (17)131
C16—H16···Cg5v0.932.753.5140 (19)140
Symmetry codes: (i) −x, −y, −z; (ii) −x+1, −y, −z+1; (iii) −x+1, −y, −z; (iv) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1; (v) −x, −y, −z.
Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)
top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
N1—H1···O5i0.860 (18)2.045 (18)2.8858 (17)165.6 (15)
O2—H2···O3ii0.91 (2)1.99 (2)2.8463 (13)155.9 (18)
O2—H2···O2ii0.91 (2)2.57 (2)3.0274 (18)111.9 (14)
O5—H5B···O3iii0.96 (3)1.97 (3)2.8969 (17)161 (3)
N12—H12···O1iv0.877 (16)2.044 (16)2.8329 (14)149.2 (14)
C17—H17···Cg30.933.153.8226 (17)131
C16—H16···Cg5v0.932.753.5140 (19)140
Symmetry codes: (i) −x, −y, −z; (ii) −x+1, −y, −z+1; (iii) −x+1, −y, −z; (iv) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1; (v) −x, −y, −z.
Acknowledgements top

PR thanks Dr Babu Varghese, SAIF, IIT-Madras, India, for his help with the data collection.

references
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