supplementary materials


hb2971 scheme

Acta Cryst. (2009). E65, o1308    [ doi:10.1107/S1600536809017498 ]

2-Phenyl-1H-1,3,7,8-tetraazacyclopenta[l]phenanthrene

D.-M. Liu, X.-Y. Li, X.-C. Wang, C.-X. Li and C.-B. Liu

Abstract top

There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H12N4, with dihedral angles of 2.41 (10) and 10.53 (12)° between the fused ring system and the pendant phenyl ring. In the crystal, molecules are linked into chains by N-H...N hydrogen bonds and aromatic [pi]-[pi] stacking interactions [shortest centroid-centroid distance = 3.6176 (16) Å] complete the structure.

Comment top

1,10-Phenanthroline (phen) or its derivatives, as an important chelating ligands with excellent coordinating abilities and fruitful aromatic systems, have been extensively used to build supramolecular architectures (Che, Liu et al., 2008; Stephenson, Hardie et al., 2006). We report here the synthesis and structure of the title compound, namely, C19H12N4 (I), using the phen derivative 2-Phenyl-1H-1,3,7,8-tetraazacyclopenta- [l]phenanthrene (L).

The asymmetric unit of (I) consists of two independent L molecules (Fig.1). The two phenyl rings are slightly twisted with respect to the fused-ring system [dihedral angles = 1.34 and 1.54 °], which is different from a related compound that has been reported (Xi, 2008). In the crystal structure, N—H···N hydrogen bonds (Table 1) link the molecules into chains along the b axis. The neighbouring chains interact through π-π contact between two L ligands [centroid separation = 3.541 Å], leading to the ultimate supramolecular structure (Fig. 2).

Related literature top

For the synthesis, see: Steck & Day (1943); For related structures, see: Che et al. (2008); Stephenson & Hardie (2006); Xi (2008).

Experimental top

The L ligand was synthesized according to the literature method of Steck & Day (1943): a mixture of L, MnCl2 and water in a molar ratio of 2:1:5000 was sealed in a Teflon-lined autoclave and heated to 413 K for 3 d. Upon cooling and opening the bomb, accidentally, pale yellow blocks of (I) were obtained.

Refinement top

The H atoms were positioned geometrically (C—H = 0.93 Å, N—H = 0.86Å) and refined as riding, with Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(carrier).

Computing details top

Data collection: PROCESS-AUTO (Rigaku, 1998); cell refinement: PROCESS-AUTO (Rigaku, 1998); data reduction: PROCESS-AUTO (Rigaku, 1998); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. The structure of (I). Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level (arbitrary spheres for the H atoms).
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. A view of the crystal packing, showing the N—H···N hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking interactions. H atoms have been omitted.
2-Phenyl-1H-1,3,7,8-tetraazacyclopenta[l]phenanthrene top
Crystal data top
C19H12N4Z = 4
Mr = 296.33F000 = 616
Triclinic, P1Dx = 1.354 Mg m3
Hall symbol: -P 1Mo Kα radiation
λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 10.016 (2) ÅCell parameters from 3449 reflections
b = 12.210 (2) Åθ = 3.0–27.5º
c = 12.415 (3) ŵ = 0.08 mm1
α = 89.90 (3)ºT = 292 K
β = 78.44 (3)ºBlock, pale yellow
γ = 77.96 (3)º0.30 × 0.25 × 0.20 mm
V = 1453.7 (5) Å3
Data collection top
Rigaku R-AXIS RAPID
diffractometer
6587 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube3657 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Monochromator: graphiteRint = 0.048
Detector resolution: 10.0 pixels mm-1θmax = 27.5º
T = 292 Kθmin = 3.0º
ω scansh = 12→12
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(ABSCOR; Higashi, 1995)
k = 15→15
Tmin = 0.975, Tmax = 0.984l = 16→16
14453 measured reflections
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
Least-squares matrix: fullHydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.059H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F2) = 0.156  w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0719P)2 + 0.0624P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
S = 1.01(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
6587 reflectionsΔρmax = 0.41 e Å3
415 parametersΔρmin = 0.20 e Å3
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methodsExtinction correction: none
Crystal data top
C19H12N4γ = 77.96 (3)º
Mr = 296.33V = 1453.7 (5) Å3
Triclinic, P1Z = 4
a = 10.016 (2) ÅMo Kα
b = 12.210 (2) ŵ = 0.08 mm1
c = 12.415 (3) ÅT = 292 K
α = 89.90 (3)º0.30 × 0.25 × 0.20 mm
β = 78.44 (3)º
Data collection top
Rigaku R-AXIS RAPID
diffractometer
6587 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(ABSCOR; Higashi, 1995)
3657 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Tmin = 0.975, Tmax = 0.984Rint = 0.048
14453 measured reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.059415 parameters
wR(F2) = 0.156H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.01Δρmax = 0.41 e Å3
6587 reflectionsΔρmin = 0.20 e Å3
Special details top

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
C10.0622 (2)0.23344 (19)0.81330 (18)0.0490 (6)
H10.12210.28010.86970.059*
C20.0895 (2)0.12895 (19)0.79496 (18)0.0484 (6)
H20.16580.10680.83800.058*
C30.0027 (2)0.05936 (18)0.71295 (17)0.0450 (5)
H3A0.01820.01150.70010.054*
C40.1104 (2)0.09578 (17)0.64798 (15)0.0372 (5)
C50.2049 (2)0.03323 (16)0.55681 (16)0.0389 (5)
C60.3066 (2)0.07524 (17)0.48872 (16)0.0399 (5)
C70.3291 (2)0.18394 (18)0.51052 (16)0.0411 (5)
C80.4316 (2)0.2316 (2)0.44514 (19)0.0511 (6)
H80.49160.19180.38430.061*
C90.4418 (3)0.3372 (2)0.4723 (2)0.0620 (7)
H90.50880.37070.43000.074*
C100.3510 (3)0.3944 (2)0.5639 (2)0.0602 (7)
H100.35900.46650.58080.072*
C110.2416 (2)0.24813 (17)0.60234 (16)0.0396 (5)
C120.1303 (2)0.20394 (17)0.67106 (15)0.0376 (5)
C130.3167 (2)0.08769 (19)0.42188 (16)0.0441 (5)
C140.3576 (2)0.1902 (2)0.35036 (18)0.0471 (6)
C150.3037 (3)0.2845 (2)0.3759 (2)0.0621 (7)
H150.24080.28520.44190.075*
C160.3416 (3)0.3775 (2)0.3051 (2)0.0745 (8)
H160.30360.44010.32310.089*
C170.4350 (3)0.3777 (3)0.2086 (3)0.0802 (10)
H170.46130.44060.16090.096*
C180.4895 (3)0.2857 (3)0.1823 (2)0.0781 (9)
H180.55290.28610.11630.094*
C190.4521 (3)0.1917 (2)0.2523 (2)0.0631 (7)
H190.49040.12950.23350.076*
C200.0061 (2)0.71983 (19)0.57979 (18)0.0495 (6)
H200.03840.76050.52330.059*
C210.0429 (2)0.61739 (19)0.60084 (18)0.0485 (6)
H210.09890.59100.56000.058*
C220.0046 (2)0.55589 (18)0.68273 (17)0.0455 (5)
H220.01690.48620.69760.055*
C230.0864 (2)0.59938 (17)0.74404 (16)0.0382 (5)
C240.1393 (2)0.54495 (17)0.83266 (16)0.0379 (5)
C250.2102 (2)0.59356 (18)0.89767 (16)0.0406 (5)
C260.2425 (2)0.70078 (18)0.87370 (16)0.0405 (5)
C270.3175 (2)0.7535 (2)0.93361 (18)0.0510 (6)
H270.34980.71920.99310.061*
C280.3424 (3)0.8564 (2)0.9033 (2)0.0599 (7)
H280.39100.89360.94230.072*
C290.2938 (3)0.9040 (2)0.8131 (2)0.0611 (7)
H290.31190.97370.79310.073*
C300.1977 (2)0.75555 (17)0.78341 (16)0.0404 (5)
C310.1167 (2)0.70490 (17)0.71880 (16)0.0384 (5)
C320.1928 (2)0.43446 (18)0.96433 (16)0.0415 (5)
C330.2076 (2)0.33528 (19)1.03149 (17)0.0447 (5)
C340.1535 (3)0.2436 (2)1.0129 (2)0.0654 (7)
H340.10450.24430.95660.078*
C350.1709 (3)0.1517 (3)1.0762 (2)0.0797 (9)
H350.13320.09081.06270.096*
C360.2433 (3)0.1487 (3)1.1591 (2)0.0751 (8)
H360.25580.08591.20150.090*
C370.2964 (3)0.2383 (3)1.1787 (2)0.0709 (8)
H370.34470.23711.23550.085*
C380.2797 (3)0.3312 (2)1.11548 (19)0.0603 (7)
H380.31740.39181.12970.072*
N10.04442 (19)0.27076 (14)0.75517 (14)0.0444 (5)
N20.2540 (2)0.35239 (16)0.62830 (15)0.0488 (5)
N30.21246 (18)0.07178 (14)0.51377 (13)0.0429 (4)
H30.16170.11840.53950.052*
N40.37586 (19)0.00010 (16)0.40376 (14)0.0461 (5)
N50.0722 (2)0.76364 (15)0.63503 (14)0.0460 (5)
N60.2236 (2)0.85701 (16)0.75407 (15)0.0505 (5)
N70.12911 (18)0.44362 (14)0.87635 (13)0.0403 (4)
H70.08990.39470.85290.048*
N80.24317 (19)0.52409 (15)0.98030 (14)0.0441 (4)
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
C10.0537 (14)0.0477 (14)0.0407 (12)0.0078 (11)0.0015 (11)0.0058 (11)
C20.0496 (13)0.0490 (14)0.0437 (12)0.0115 (11)0.0017 (11)0.0028 (11)
C30.0518 (13)0.0392 (12)0.0451 (12)0.0118 (10)0.0098 (11)0.0036 (10)
C40.0449 (12)0.0340 (11)0.0327 (10)0.0070 (9)0.0098 (9)0.0033 (9)
C50.0489 (12)0.0327 (11)0.0346 (11)0.0057 (10)0.0103 (10)0.0025 (9)
C60.0452 (12)0.0406 (12)0.0347 (11)0.0076 (10)0.0118 (10)0.0055 (9)
C70.0446 (12)0.0435 (13)0.0382 (11)0.0108 (10)0.0140 (10)0.0070 (10)
C80.0479 (14)0.0620 (16)0.0468 (13)0.0183 (12)0.0106 (11)0.0090 (11)
C90.0588 (16)0.0709 (18)0.0647 (16)0.0337 (14)0.0118 (13)0.0143 (14)
C100.0650 (17)0.0540 (16)0.0692 (17)0.0279 (13)0.0156 (14)0.0053 (13)
C110.0452 (12)0.0385 (12)0.0385 (11)0.0092 (10)0.0162 (10)0.0054 (9)
C120.0446 (12)0.0364 (11)0.0328 (10)0.0066 (9)0.0121 (9)0.0031 (9)
C130.0481 (13)0.0463 (13)0.0351 (11)0.0030 (11)0.0094 (10)0.0002 (10)
C140.0477 (13)0.0498 (14)0.0415 (12)0.0009 (11)0.0139 (10)0.0055 (11)
C150.0723 (17)0.0529 (16)0.0540 (15)0.0022 (13)0.0077 (13)0.0143 (13)
C160.086 (2)0.0588 (18)0.0757 (19)0.0058 (15)0.0186 (17)0.0197 (15)
C170.0701 (19)0.081 (2)0.082 (2)0.0056 (17)0.0209 (17)0.0417 (18)
C180.0578 (17)0.103 (3)0.0629 (17)0.0055 (17)0.0007 (14)0.0354 (18)
C190.0541 (15)0.0762 (18)0.0535 (15)0.0076 (13)0.0047 (12)0.0152 (14)
C200.0639 (15)0.0469 (14)0.0419 (12)0.0100 (12)0.0224 (11)0.0082 (10)
C210.0564 (14)0.0453 (14)0.0483 (13)0.0087 (11)0.0235 (11)0.0018 (11)
C220.0580 (14)0.0366 (12)0.0465 (12)0.0103 (11)0.0209 (11)0.0018 (10)
C230.0429 (12)0.0340 (12)0.0366 (11)0.0050 (9)0.0092 (9)0.0008 (9)
C240.0468 (12)0.0322 (11)0.0343 (10)0.0053 (9)0.0103 (9)0.0005 (9)
C250.0449 (12)0.0423 (12)0.0330 (11)0.0043 (10)0.0094 (9)0.0003 (9)
C260.0414 (12)0.0431 (13)0.0361 (11)0.0079 (10)0.0069 (9)0.0017 (9)
C270.0543 (14)0.0593 (16)0.0434 (13)0.0175 (12)0.0142 (11)0.0027 (11)
C280.0663 (16)0.0649 (17)0.0567 (15)0.0290 (14)0.0160 (13)0.0051 (13)
C290.0739 (18)0.0540 (16)0.0648 (16)0.0317 (14)0.0175 (14)0.0048 (13)
C300.0456 (12)0.0366 (12)0.0393 (11)0.0104 (10)0.0073 (10)0.0009 (9)
C310.0434 (12)0.0368 (12)0.0337 (11)0.0052 (9)0.0087 (9)0.0003 (9)
C320.0459 (13)0.0442 (13)0.0321 (10)0.0027 (10)0.0095 (9)0.0022 (9)
C330.0474 (13)0.0467 (13)0.0350 (11)0.0013 (10)0.0059 (10)0.0067 (10)
C340.085 (2)0.0583 (17)0.0612 (16)0.0206 (15)0.0298 (14)0.0237 (13)
C350.103 (2)0.0656 (19)0.079 (2)0.0267 (17)0.0296 (18)0.0329 (16)
C360.080 (2)0.070 (2)0.0656 (18)0.0016 (16)0.0087 (16)0.0328 (15)
C370.0715 (19)0.088 (2)0.0504 (15)0.0020 (17)0.0226 (14)0.0220 (15)
C380.0646 (17)0.0678 (18)0.0473 (14)0.0062 (14)0.0167 (12)0.0108 (13)
N10.0540 (11)0.0385 (10)0.0400 (10)0.0086 (9)0.0094 (9)0.0009 (8)
N20.0573 (12)0.0411 (11)0.0536 (11)0.0171 (9)0.0179 (9)0.0032 (9)
N30.0521 (11)0.0370 (10)0.0377 (10)0.0091 (8)0.0049 (9)0.0007 (8)
N40.0486 (11)0.0494 (12)0.0369 (9)0.0057 (9)0.0052 (8)0.0018 (9)
N50.0581 (12)0.0423 (11)0.0408 (10)0.0114 (9)0.0165 (9)0.0046 (8)
N60.0622 (13)0.0431 (11)0.0516 (11)0.0204 (10)0.0146 (10)0.0027 (9)
N70.0514 (11)0.0349 (10)0.0373 (9)0.0093 (8)0.0149 (8)0.0042 (8)
N80.0496 (11)0.0466 (11)0.0369 (9)0.0079 (9)0.0134 (8)0.0042 (8)
Geometric parameters (Å, °) top
C1—N11.327 (3)C20—C211.386 (3)
C1—C21.388 (3)C20—H200.9300
C1—H10.9300C21—C221.366 (3)
C2—C31.362 (3)C21—H210.9300
C2—H20.9300C22—C231.402 (3)
C3—C41.405 (3)C22—H220.9300
C3—H3A0.9300C23—C311.405 (3)
C4—C121.414 (3)C23—C241.420 (3)
C4—C51.426 (3)C24—N71.365 (3)
C5—N31.371 (2)C24—C251.384 (3)
C5—C61.374 (3)C25—N81.377 (3)
C6—N41.371 (3)C25—C261.430 (3)
C6—C71.427 (3)C26—C271.399 (3)
C7—C81.402 (3)C26—C301.407 (3)
C7—C111.414 (3)C27—C281.369 (3)
C8—C91.363 (3)C27—H270.9300
C8—H80.9300C28—C291.388 (4)
C9—C101.390 (3)C28—H280.9300
C9—H90.9300C29—N61.319 (3)
C10—N21.320 (3)C29—H290.9300
C10—H100.9300C30—N61.352 (3)
C11—N21.350 (3)C30—C311.468 (3)
C11—C121.459 (3)C31—N51.358 (3)
C12—N11.359 (3)C32—N81.327 (3)
C13—N41.327 (3)C32—N71.365 (3)
C13—N31.367 (3)C32—C331.468 (3)
C13—C141.472 (3)C33—C381.377 (3)
C14—C191.381 (3)C33—C341.380 (3)
C14—C151.381 (3)C34—C351.371 (4)
C15—C161.377 (3)C34—H340.9300
C15—H150.9300C35—C361.370 (4)
C16—C171.364 (4)C35—H350.9300
C16—H160.9300C36—C371.354 (4)
C17—C181.360 (4)C36—H360.9300
C17—H170.9300C37—C381.380 (4)
C18—C191.381 (3)C37—H370.9300
C18—H180.9300C38—H380.9300
C19—H190.9300N3—H30.8600
C20—N51.328 (3)N7—H70.8600
N1—C1—C2123.9 (2)C21—C22—C23119.0 (2)
N1—C1—H1118.1C21—C22—H22120.5
C2—C1—H1118.1C23—C22—H22120.5
C3—C2—C1118.9 (2)C22—C23—C31118.7 (2)
C3—C2—H2120.5C22—C23—C24124.4 (2)
C1—C2—H2120.5C31—C23—C24116.91 (18)
C2—C3—C4119.3 (2)N7—C24—C25105.51 (18)
C2—C3—H3A120.3N7—C24—C23131.11 (18)
C4—C3—H3A120.3C25—C24—C23123.3 (2)
C3—C4—C12118.36 (18)N8—C25—C24110.69 (19)
C3—C4—C5124.80 (19)N8—C25—C26128.53 (19)
C12—C4—C5116.80 (18)C24—C25—C26120.8 (2)
N3—C5—C6105.81 (17)C27—C26—C30118.2 (2)
N3—C5—C4130.73 (19)C27—C26—C25124.0 (2)
C6—C5—C4123.36 (19)C30—C26—C25117.79 (19)
N4—C6—C5110.98 (18)C28—C27—C26119.0 (2)
N4—C6—C7128.25 (19)C28—C27—H27120.5
C5—C6—C7120.76 (18)C26—C27—H27120.5
C8—C7—C11118.0 (2)C27—C28—C29118.6 (2)
C8—C7—C6123.79 (19)C27—C28—H28120.7
C11—C7—C6118.21 (19)C29—C28—H28120.7
C9—C8—C7118.9 (2)N6—C29—C28124.3 (2)
C9—C8—H8120.6N6—C29—H29117.8
C7—C8—H8120.6C28—C29—H29117.8
C8—C9—C10119.2 (2)N6—C30—C26122.15 (19)
C8—C9—H9120.4N6—C30—C31117.3 (2)
C10—C9—H9120.4C26—C30—C31120.52 (19)
N2—C10—C9124.0 (2)N5—C31—C23121.66 (18)
N2—C10—H10118.0N5—C31—C30117.79 (19)
C9—C10—H10118.0C23—C31—C30120.55 (19)
N2—C11—C7122.30 (19)N8—C32—N7112.31 (19)
N2—C11—C12117.46 (19)N8—C32—C33123.9 (2)
C7—C11—C12120.21 (18)N7—C32—C33123.74 (19)
N1—C12—C4121.24 (19)C38—C33—C34117.9 (2)
N1—C12—C11118.20 (18)C38—C33—C32119.7 (2)
C4—C12—C11120.53 (18)C34—C33—C32122.4 (2)
N4—C13—N3112.41 (17)C35—C34—C33120.9 (3)
N4—C13—C14123.79 (19)C35—C34—H34119.5
N3—C13—C14123.8 (2)C33—C34—H34119.5
C19—C14—C15118.4 (2)C36—C35—C34120.5 (3)
C19—C14—C13118.8 (2)C36—C35—H35119.7
C15—C14—C13122.9 (2)C34—C35—H35119.7
C16—C15—C14121.1 (3)C37—C36—C35119.2 (3)
C16—C15—H15119.5C37—C36—H36120.4
C14—C15—H15119.5C35—C36—H36120.4
C17—C16—C15119.8 (3)C36—C37—C38120.8 (3)
C17—C16—H16120.1C36—C37—H37119.6
C15—C16—H16120.1C38—C37—H37119.6
C18—C17—C16119.9 (2)C33—C38—C37120.7 (3)
C18—C17—H17120.1C33—C38—H38119.7
C16—C17—H17120.1C37—C38—H38119.7
C17—C18—C19120.9 (3)C1—N1—C12118.24 (18)
C17—C18—H18119.6C10—N2—C11117.7 (2)
C19—C18—H18119.6C13—N3—C5106.42 (18)
C14—C19—C18120.0 (3)C13—N3—H3126.8
C14—C19—H19120.0C5—N3—H3126.8
C18—C19—H19120.0C13—N4—C6104.37 (17)
N5—C20—C21124.2 (2)C20—N5—C31117.64 (19)
N5—C20—H20117.9C29—N6—C30117.6 (2)
C21—C20—H20117.9C24—N7—C32107.11 (17)
C22—C21—C20118.7 (2)C24—N7—H7126.4
C22—C21—H21120.6C32—N7—H7126.4
C20—C21—H21120.6C32—N8—C25104.37 (17)
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
N3—H3···N5i0.862.102.932 (3)164
N7—H7···N10.862.122.951 (2)163
Symmetry codes: (i) x, y−1, z.
Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)
top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
N3—H3···N5i0.862.102.932 (3)164
N7—H7···N10.862.122.951 (2)163
Symmetry codes: (i) x, y−1, z.
Acknowledgements top

The authors thank the Postdoctoral Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. 0801010B) for support.

references
References top

Che, G.-B., Liu, C.-B., Liu, B., Wang, Q.-W. & Xu, Z.-L. (2008). CrystEngComm, 10, 184–191.

Higashi, T. (1995). ABSCOR. Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.

Rigaku (1998). PROCESS-AUTO. Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.

Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112–122.

Steck, E. A. & Day, A. R. (1943). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 65, 452–456.

Stephenson, M. D. & Hardie, M. J. (2006). Cryst. Growth Des. 6, 423–432.

Xi, H.-M. (2008). Acta Cryst. E64, o1981.