organic compounds\(\def\hfill{\hskip 5em}\def\hfil{\hskip 3em}\def\eqno#1{\hfil {#1}}\)

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ISSN: 2056-9890

Chloranilic acid: a redetermination at 100 K

aDepartment of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznań, Poland, bDepartment of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore 570 006, India, and cDepartment of Studies in Chemistry, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri 574 199, India
*Correspondence e-mail: mkubicki@amu.edu.pl

(Received 9 January 2010; accepted 27 January 2010; online 30 January 2010)

The crystal structure of chloranilic acid, C6H2Cl2O4, was first described by Andersen in 1967 [Andersen, E. K. (1967). Acta Cryst. 22, 188–191] at room temperature using visually estimated intensities. Taking into account the importance of the title compound, we have redetermined the structure at 100 (1) K. The approximately planar mol­ecule [the maximum deviation from the mean plane through the ring is 0.0014 (9) Å for the ring atoms and 0.029 (3) Å for the other atoms] occupies a special position, lying across the center of symmetry. In the crystal structure, a two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network sustained by O—H⋯O inter­actions runs approximately parallel to [101]. The two-dimensional layers are further packed in a parallel fashion, stabilized by Cl⋯Cl inter­actions [Cl⋯Cl = 3.2838 (8) Å, C—Cl⋯Cl = 152.96 (6)°].

Related literature

For charge-transfer complexes of chloranilic acid, see: Gotoh et al. (2006[Gotoh, K., Ishikawa, R. & Ishida, H. (2006). Acta Cryst. E62, o4738-o4740.], 2007[Gotoh, K., Asaji, T. & Ishida, H. (2007). Acta Cryst. C63, o17-o20.], 2008[Gotoh, K., Asaji, T. & Ishida, H. (2008). Acta Cryst. C64, o550-o553.]); Gotoh & Ishida (2009[Gotoh, K. & Ishida, H. (2009). Acta Cryst. E65, o2467.]); Ishida (2004[Ishida, H. (2004). Acta Cryst. E60, o1900-o1901.]); Ishida & Kashino (1999[Ishida, H. & Kashino, S. (1999). Acta Cryst. C55, 1923-1926.]). For a recent study of the formation of either salts or co-crystals by chloranilic acid with different organic bases, see: Molčanov & Kojić-Prodić (2010[Molčanov, K. & Kojić-Prodić, B. (2010). CrystEngComm. In the press. doi: 10.1039/b908492d.]). For the previous determination of the title structure, see: Andersen (1967a[Andersen, E. K. (1967a). Acta Cryst. 22, 188-191.]) and of its hydrate, see: Andersen (1967b[Andersen, E. K. (1967b). Acta Cryst. 22, 191-196.]). For hydrogen-bond motifs, see: Bernstein et al. (1995[Bernstein, J., Davis, R. E., Shimoni, L. & Chang, N.-L. (1995). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 34, 1555-1573.]). For a description of the Cambridge Structural Database, see: (Allen, 2002[Allen, F. H. (2002). Acta Cryst. B58, 380-388.]).

[Scheme 1]

Experimental

Crystal data
  • C6H2Cl2O4

  • Mr = 208.98

  • Monoclinic, P 21 /n

  • a = 7.5338 (12) Å

  • b = 5.5225 (10) Å

  • c = 8.5720 (12) Å

  • β = 104.868 (11)°

  • V = 344.70 (10) Å3

  • Z = 2

  • Mo Kα radiation

  • μ = 0.90 mm−1

  • T = 100 K

  • 0.3 × 0.1 × 0.1 mm

Data collection
  • Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur Eos diffractometer

  • Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Oxford Diffraction (2009[Oxford Diffraction (2009). CrysAlis PRO. Oxford Diffraction Ltd, Yarnton, England.])) Tmin = 0.857, Tmax = 1.000

  • 6154 measured reflections

  • 774 independent reflections

  • 698 reflections with I > 2σ(I)

  • Rint = 0.032

Refinement
  • R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.025

  • wR(F2) = 0.056

  • S = 1.09

  • 774 reflections

  • 59 parameters

  • All H-atom parameters refined

  • Δρmax = 0.37 e Å−3

  • Δρmin = −0.27 e Å−3

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A D—H H⋯A DA D—H⋯A
O2—H2⋯O3i 0.82 (2) 2.00 (2) 2.7516 (15) 152 (2)
Symmetry code: (i) [-x+{\script{5\over 2}}, y-{\script{1\over 2}}, -z+{\script{1\over 2}}].

Data collection: CrysAlis PRO (Oxford Diffraction, 2009[Oxford Diffraction (2009). CrysAlis PRO. Oxford Diffraction Ltd, Yarnton, England.]); cell refinement: CrysAlis PRO; data reduction: CrysAlis PRO program(s) used to solve structure: SIR92 (Altomare et al., 1993[Altomare, A., Cascarano, G., Giacovazzo, C. & Guagliardi, A. (1993). J. Appl. Cryst. 26, 343-350.]); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); molecular graphics: Stereochemical Workstation Operation Manual (Siemens, 1989[Siemens (1989). Stereochemical Workstation Operation Manual. Siemens Analytical X-ray Instruments Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.]); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97.

Supporting information


Comment top

The crystal structures of various charge-transfer complexes of chloranilic acid have been reported (Gotoh, Asaji et al., 2008; Gotoh, Asaji et al., 2007; Gotoh & Ishida, 2009; Gotoh, Ishikawa, et al., 2006; Ishida, 2004; Ishida & Kashino, 1999). Very recently, a study on the formation of either salts or co-crystals by chloranilic acid with the different organic bases was published (Molčanov & Kojić-Prodić, 2010).

There is a number of structures in the Cambridge Database (Allen, 2002) that contain the chloranilic acid (2,5-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione, I - Scheme 1), either as a neutral molecule or as an anion (mono- or di-). Interestingly, the only determination of the structure of the acid itself dates back to 1967 (Andersen, 1967a; hereinafter referred to as KA67). The structure was refined based on the visually estimated intensities of the diffraction spots obtained by means of the Weissenberg equi-inclination method. The quality of this structure is excellent taking into account the technology involved, but - having in mind the importance of this small molecule - thanks to the advancement of the methodology it might be desirable to get the more accurate results. Here we report the results of the structure determination of (I) at 100 (1) K. The unit cell parameters of the accompanying room temperature experiment are in an excellent agreement with the data of KA67, but the model is much better, for instance in terms of R factors (8.9% in 1967, with 22 reflections omitted vs. 2.5% in the present determination), the only symmetry independent hydrogen atom was found in the difference Fourier map in KA67 and left in the position found, while now it was isotropicaly refined, etc. Nevertheless, the basic features of the structure are similar, and both the precision and depth of the analysis in KA67 and accompanying paper on the hydrate (Andersen, 1967b) are really remarkable.

We have chosen to describe the structure in the P21/n space group instead of P21/a used in KA67, in order to have smaller β angle (104.87° instead of 122.77°); the transformation matrix is {-1 0 -1 0 1 0 1 0 0}. The molecule of I lies in the special position, across the center of symmetry (Z'=1/2). The whole molecule is planar (Fig. 1); the maximum deviation form the mean plane through 6 ring atom is 0.0014 (9) Å for the ring atom and 0.029 (3)Å for the other atoms. The bond length pattern confirms the dominant double-bond character for the bonds C3—O3 (1.224 (2) Å) and C1—C2 (1.349 (2) Å) and single-bond for C2—C3 (1.507 (2) Å) and - to the lesser extent - for C1—C3' (1.450 (2) Å).

In the crystal structure the main packing motif arises as the result of relatively strong intermolecular O—H···O hydrogen bonds, which make the antiparallel chains of molecules related by the 21 screw along y direction; using the graph-set notation (Bernstein et al., 1995), these first-order chains will be described as C(5). The neighboring chains are interconnected to give the centrosymmetric second-order rings R44(22) - cf. Fig. 2. These structures produce the one-molecule thick layers of molecules which expand along [101] direction, and the neighboring chains are connected by means of van der Waals interactions and probably also by weak halogen bonds, with Cl···Cl distance of 3.2838 (8)Å and C—Cl···Cl angle of 152.96 (6)° - Fig. 3.

Related literature top

For charge-transfer complexes of chloranilic acid, see: Gotoh et al. (2006, 2007, 2008); Gotoh & Ishida (2009); Ishida (2004); Ishida & Kashino (1999). For a recent study of the formation of either salts or co-crystals by chloranilic acid with different organic bases, see: Molčanov & Kojić-Prodić (2010). For the previous determination fo the title structure, see: Andersen (1967a) and of its hydrate, see: Andersen (1967b). For hydrogen-bond motifs, see: Bernstein et al. (1995). For a description of the Cambridge Structural Database, see: (Allen, 2002). For related literature [on what subject?], see: Al-Attas et al. (2009).

Experimental top

Chloranilic acid was purchased from Loba Chemie, Mumbai, India. X-ray quality crystals were obtained from methanol solution after slow evaporation.

Refinement top

The position of the hydrogen atom was found in the difference Fourier map and both the positional and isotropic thermal parameters weres freely refined.

Structure description top

The crystal structures of various charge-transfer complexes of chloranilic acid have been reported (Gotoh, Asaji et al., 2008; Gotoh, Asaji et al., 2007; Gotoh & Ishida, 2009; Gotoh, Ishikawa, et al., 2006; Ishida, 2004; Ishida & Kashino, 1999). Very recently, a study on the formation of either salts or co-crystals by chloranilic acid with the different organic bases was published (Molčanov & Kojić-Prodić, 2010).

There is a number of structures in the Cambridge Database (Allen, 2002) that contain the chloranilic acid (2,5-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione, I - Scheme 1), either as a neutral molecule or as an anion (mono- or di-). Interestingly, the only determination of the structure of the acid itself dates back to 1967 (Andersen, 1967a; hereinafter referred to as KA67). The structure was refined based on the visually estimated intensities of the diffraction spots obtained by means of the Weissenberg equi-inclination method. The quality of this structure is excellent taking into account the technology involved, but - having in mind the importance of this small molecule - thanks to the advancement of the methodology it might be desirable to get the more accurate results. Here we report the results of the structure determination of (I) at 100 (1) K. The unit cell parameters of the accompanying room temperature experiment are in an excellent agreement with the data of KA67, but the model is much better, for instance in terms of R factors (8.9% in 1967, with 22 reflections omitted vs. 2.5% in the present determination), the only symmetry independent hydrogen atom was found in the difference Fourier map in KA67 and left in the position found, while now it was isotropicaly refined, etc. Nevertheless, the basic features of the structure are similar, and both the precision and depth of the analysis in KA67 and accompanying paper on the hydrate (Andersen, 1967b) are really remarkable.

We have chosen to describe the structure in the P21/n space group instead of P21/a used in KA67, in order to have smaller β angle (104.87° instead of 122.77°); the transformation matrix is {-1 0 -1 0 1 0 1 0 0}. The molecule of I lies in the special position, across the center of symmetry (Z'=1/2). The whole molecule is planar (Fig. 1); the maximum deviation form the mean plane through 6 ring atom is 0.0014 (9) Å for the ring atom and 0.029 (3)Å for the other atoms. The bond length pattern confirms the dominant double-bond character for the bonds C3—O3 (1.224 (2) Å) and C1—C2 (1.349 (2) Å) and single-bond for C2—C3 (1.507 (2) Å) and - to the lesser extent - for C1—C3' (1.450 (2) Å).

In the crystal structure the main packing motif arises as the result of relatively strong intermolecular O—H···O hydrogen bonds, which make the antiparallel chains of molecules related by the 21 screw along y direction; using the graph-set notation (Bernstein et al., 1995), these first-order chains will be described as C(5). The neighboring chains are interconnected to give the centrosymmetric second-order rings R44(22) - cf. Fig. 2. These structures produce the one-molecule thick layers of molecules which expand along [101] direction, and the neighboring chains are connected by means of van der Waals interactions and probably also by weak halogen bonds, with Cl···Cl distance of 3.2838 (8)Å and C—Cl···Cl angle of 152.96 (6)° - Fig. 3.

For charge-transfer complexes of chloranilic acid, see: Gotoh et al. (2006, 2007, 2008); Gotoh & Ishida (2009); Ishida (2004); Ishida & Kashino (1999). For a recent study of the formation of either salts or co-crystals by chloranilic acid with different organic bases, see: Molčanov & Kojić-Prodić (2010). For the previous determination fo the title structure, see: Andersen (1967a) and of its hydrate, see: Andersen (1967b). For hydrogen-bond motifs, see: Bernstein et al. (1995). For a description of the Cambridge Structural Database, see: (Allen, 2002). For related literature [on what subject?], see: Al-Attas et al. (2009).

Computing details top

Data collection: CrysAlis PRO (Oxford Diffraction, 2009); cell refinement: CrysAlis PRO (Oxford Diffraction, 2009); data reduction: CrysAlis PRO (Oxford Diffraction, 2009); program(s) used to solve structure: SIR92 (Altomare et al., 1993); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: Stereochemical Workstation Operation Manual (Siemens, 1989); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. Anisotropic ellipsoid representation of the compound I together with atom labelling scheme. The ellipsoids are drawn at 50% probability level, hydrogen atoms are depicted as spheres with arbitrary radii.
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. The hydrogen bonded motifs in the crystal structure of I. Hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines. (a) the N—H···N chain. Symmetry codex: (i) x,y,z; (ii) x,-3/2+y,3/2-z; (iii) 2-x,1/2+y,3/2-z; (iv) 2-x,-1/2+y,3/2-z; (v) 2-x,-3/2+y,3.2-z. (b) the N—H···O chains and rings. Symetry codes: (i) x,y,z; (ii) 1-x,1/2+y,3/2-z; (iii) 1-x,-1/2+y,3/2-z.
[Figure 3] Fig. 3. Crystal packing as seen along y-direction. Hydrogen bonds and Cl···Cl contacts are shown as dashed lines.
Chloranilic acid top
Crystal data top
C6H2Cl2O4F(000) = 208
Mr = 208.98Dx = 2.014 Mg m3
Monoclinic, P21/nMo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Hall symbol: -P 2ynCell parameters from 4539 reflections
a = 7.5338 (12) Åθ = 2.8–27.8°
b = 5.5225 (10) ŵ = 0.90 mm1
c = 8.5720 (12) ÅT = 100 K
β = 104.868 (11)°Prism, red
V = 344.70 (10) Å30.3 × 0.1 × 0.1 mm
Z = 2
Data collection top
Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur Eos
diffractometer
774 independent reflections
Radiation source: Enhance (Mo) X-ray Source698 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Graphite monochromatorRint = 0.032
Detector resolution: 16.1544 pixels mm-1θmax = 27.9°, θmin = 3.2°
ω–scanh = 99
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(CrysAlis PRO; Oxford Diffraction (2009))
k = 77
Tmin = 0.857, Tmax = 1.000l = 1110
6154 measured reflections
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: fullSecondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.025Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.056All H-atom parameters refined
S = 1.09 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0204P)2 + 0.3502P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
774 reflections(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
59 parametersΔρmax = 0.37 e Å3
0 restraintsΔρmin = 0.27 e Å3
Crystal data top
C6H2Cl2O4V = 344.70 (10) Å3
Mr = 208.98Z = 2
Monoclinic, P21/nMo Kα radiation
a = 7.5338 (12) ŵ = 0.90 mm1
b = 5.5225 (10) ÅT = 100 K
c = 8.5720 (12) Å0.3 × 0.1 × 0.1 mm
β = 104.868 (11)°
Data collection top
Oxford Diffraction Xcalibur Eos
diffractometer
774 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(CrysAlis PRO; Oxford Diffraction (2009))
698 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Tmin = 0.857, Tmax = 1.000Rint = 0.032
6154 measured reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.0250 restraints
wR(F2) = 0.056All H-atom parameters refined
S = 1.09Δρmax = 0.37 e Å3
774 reflectionsΔρmin = 0.27 e Å3
59 parameters
Special details top

Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
C10.8496 (2)0.1699 (3)0.47066 (18)0.0102 (3)
Cl10.66487 (5)0.36207 (7)0.44138 (4)0.01295 (13)
C20.9798 (2)0.1990 (3)0.38967 (18)0.0101 (3)
O20.97189 (15)0.3741 (2)0.28296 (13)0.0132 (3)
H21.064 (3)0.381 (4)0.249 (3)0.034 (7)*
C31.14042 (19)0.0274 (3)0.41584 (17)0.0095 (3)
O31.25301 (15)0.0641 (2)0.33789 (13)0.0126 (2)
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
C10.0081 (7)0.0100 (8)0.0122 (7)0.0022 (6)0.0020 (6)0.0014 (6)
Cl10.01094 (19)0.0138 (2)0.0150 (2)0.00495 (14)0.00488 (13)0.00150 (14)
C20.0113 (7)0.0081 (7)0.0102 (7)0.0005 (6)0.0016 (6)0.0013 (6)
O20.0121 (5)0.0133 (6)0.0163 (6)0.0014 (4)0.0075 (5)0.0045 (4)
C30.0084 (7)0.0103 (7)0.0098 (7)0.0010 (6)0.0021 (6)0.0041 (6)
O30.0121 (5)0.0131 (6)0.0147 (5)0.0003 (4)0.0072 (4)0.0008 (4)
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
C1—C21.349 (2)C2—C31.508 (2)
C1—C3i1.450 (2)O2—H20.82 (2)
C1—Cl11.7164 (15)C3—O31.2240 (18)
C2—O21.3217 (19)
C2—C1—C3i121.02 (14)C1—C2—C3120.71 (14)
C2—C1—Cl1121.38 (12)C2—O2—H2112.9 (17)
C3i—C1—Cl1117.59 (11)O3—C3—C1i124.53 (14)
O2—C2—C1122.23 (14)O3—C3—C2117.19 (14)
O2—C2—C3117.05 (13)C1i—C3—C2118.27 (13)
C3i—C1—C2—O2178.48 (14)O2—C2—C3—O30.8 (2)
Cl1—C1—C2—O20.7 (2)C1—C2—C3—O3179.74 (14)
C3i—C1—C2—C30.4 (2)O2—C2—C3—C1i178.55 (13)
Cl1—C1—C2—C3179.51 (11)C1—C2—C3—C1i0.4 (2)
Symmetry code: (i) x+2, y, z+1.
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
O2—H2···O3ii0.82 (2)2.00 (2)2.7516 (15)152 (2)
Symmetry code: (ii) x+5/2, y1/2, z+1/2.

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaC6H2Cl2O4
Mr208.98
Crystal system, space groupMonoclinic, P21/n
Temperature (K)100
a, b, c (Å)7.5338 (12), 5.5225 (10), 8.5720 (12)
β (°) 104.868 (11)
V3)344.70 (10)
Z2
Radiation typeMo Kα
µ (mm1)0.90
Crystal size (mm)0.3 × 0.1 × 0.1
Data collection
DiffractometerOxford Diffraction Xcalibur Eos
Absorption correctionMulti-scan
(CrysAlis PRO; Oxford Diffraction (2009))
Tmin, Tmax0.857, 1.000
No. of measured, independent and
observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections
6154, 774, 698
Rint0.032
(sin θ/λ)max1)0.657
Refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S 0.025, 0.056, 1.09
No. of reflections774
No. of parameters59
H-atom treatmentAll H-atom parameters refined
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å3)0.37, 0.27

Computer programs: CrysAlis PRO (Oxford Diffraction, 2009), SIR92 (Altomare et al., 1993), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), Stereochemical Workstation Operation Manual (Siemens, 1989).

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
O2—H2···O3i0.82 (2)2.00 (2)2.7516 (15)152 (2)
Symmetry code: (i) x+5/2, y1/2, z+1/2.
 

Acknowledgements

QNMHA thanks the University of Mysore for research facilities.

References

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