organic compounds\(\def\hfill{\hskip 5em}\def\hfil{\hskip 3em}\def\eqno#1{\hfil {#1}}\)

Journal logoCRYSTALLOGRAPHIC
COMMUNICATIONS
ISSN: 2056-9890
Volume 67| Part 6| June 2011| Pages o1296-o1297

N,N′-Bis(4-chloro­benzyl­­idene)-3,3′-dimeth­­oxy­bi­phenyl-4,4′-di­amine

aCrystal Growth and Thin Film Laboratory, School of Physics, Bharathidasan, University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620 024, India, and bInstitute of Physics, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
*Correspondence e-mail: krmurthin@yahoo.co.in,helen.stoeckli-evans@unine.ch

(Received 9 April 2011; accepted 24 April 2011; online 7 May 2011)

The title compound, C28H22Cl2N2O2, crystallized with two independent mol­ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. The two mol­ecules differ essentially in the orientation of the outer aromatic rings. These dihedral angles are 56.07 (13) and 27.62 (15) Å for mol­ecules A and B, respectively. In the crystal, A mol­ecules are related as centrosymmetric pairs through a weak ππ inter­action [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6959 (15) Å]. There are also a number of inter­molecular C—H⋯O, C—H⋯N and C—H⋯π inter­actions present.

Related literature

For early work on the synthesis of multidentate Schiff base ligands, see: Weber (1967[Weber, J. H. (1967). Inorg. Chem. 6, 258-262.]); Lesser et al. (1975[Lesser, D. P., de Vries, A., Reed, J. W. & Brown, G. H. (1975). Acta Cryst. B31, 653-658.]); Munro & Camp (2003[Munro, O. Q. & Camp, G. L. (2003). Acta Cryst. C59, o672-o675.]). For examples of Schiff base metal complexes exhibiting biological properties, see: Golcu et al. (2005[Golcu, A., Tumer, M., Demirelli, H. & Wheatley, R. A. (2005). Inorg. Chim. Acta, 358, 1785-1797.]); Liu & Yang (2010[Liu, Y.-C. & Yang, Z.-Y. (2010). J. Biochem. 147, 381-391.]). For examples of Schiff base metal complexes exhibiting catalytic properties, see: Daier et al. (2004[Daier, V., Biava, H., Palopoli, C., Shove, S., Tuchagues, J. P. & Signorella, S. (2004). J. Inorg. Biochem. 98, 1806-1817.]). For details of photochromic properties of some Schiff base complexes, see: Zgierski & Grabowska (2000[Zgierski, M. Z. & Grabowska, A. (2000). J. Chem. Phys. 113, 7845-7852.]). For examples of some similar 4,4′-biphenyl diamine Schiff bases, see: Lesser et al. (1975[Lesser, D. P., de Vries, A., Reed, J. W. & Brown, G. H. (1975). Acta Cryst. B31, 653-658.]); Aygun et al. (2004[Aygun, M., Gokce, A. G., Akkus, N. & Ozbey, S. (2004). J. Chem. Crystallogr. 34, 73-77.]); Hou et al. (2006[Hou, Z.-Y., Zhu, D.-M. & Ng, S. W. (2006). Acta Cryst. E62, o1901-o1902.]). For details of the Cambridge Structural Database, see: Allen (2002[Allen, F. H. (2002). Acta Cryst. B58, 380-388.]).

[Scheme 1]

Experimental

Crystal data
  • C28H22Cl2N2O2

  • Mr = 489.38

  • Triclinic, [P \overline 1]

  • a = 9.2358 (5) Å

  • b = 11.8559 (6) Å

  • c = 23.5218 (12) Å

  • α = 75.810 (4)°

  • β = 80.326 (4)°

  • γ = 79.288 (4)°

  • V = 2433.1 (2) Å3

  • Z = 4

  • Mo Kα radiation

  • μ = 0.30 mm−1

  • T = 173 K

  • 0.45 × 0.18 × 0.12 mm

Data collection
  • Stoe IPDS 2 diffractometer

  • Absorption correction: multi-scan (MULscanABS in PLATON; Spek, 2009[Spek, A. L. (2009). Acta Cryst. D65, 148-155.]) Tmin = 0.772, Tmax = 1.000

  • 29251 measured reflections

  • 9183 independent reflections

  • 5705 reflections with I > 2σ(I)

  • Rint = 0.071

Refinement
  • R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.053

  • wR(F2) = 0.125

  • S = 0.98

  • 9183 reflections

  • 617 parameters

  • H-atom parameters constrained

  • Δρmax = 0.26 e Å−3

  • Δρmin = −0.30 e Å−3

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

Cg2, Cg5 and Cg7 are the centroids of the C8–C13, C29–C34 and C42–C47 rings, respectively.

D—H⋯A D—H H⋯A DA D—H⋯A
C23—H23⋯O4i 0.95 2.48 3.348 (4) 152
C31—H31⋯N1ii 0.95 2.57 3.498 (4) 166
C3—H3⋯Cg5iii 0.95 2.75 3.642 (3) 156
C30—H30⋯Cg2ii 0.95 2.90 3.641 (3) 136
C33—H33⋯Cg7iv 0.95 2.97 3.850 (3) 154
Symmetry codes: (i) x+1, y-1, z; (ii) x, y, z+1; (iii) x-1, y, z-1; (iv) -x+1, -y+1, -z+1.

Data collection: X-AREA (Stoe & Cie, 2009[Stoe & Cie. (2009). X-AREA and X-RED32. Stoe & Cie GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.]); cell refinement: X-AREA; data reduction: X-RED32 (Stoe & Cie, 2009[Stoe & Cie. (2009). X-AREA and X-RED32. Stoe & Cie GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany.]); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); molecular graphics: PLATON (Spek, 2009[Spek, A. L. (2009). Acta Cryst. D65, 148-155.]) and Mercury (Macrae et al., 2006[Macrae, C. F., Edgington, P. R., McCabe, P., Pidcock, E., Shields, G. P., Taylor, R., Towler, M. & van de Streek, J. (2006). J. Appl. Cryst. 39, 453-457.]); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97, PLATON and publCIF (Westrip, 2010[Westrip, S. P. (2010). J. Appl. Cryst. 43, 920-925.]).

Supporting information


Comment top

Multidentate Schiff base ligands have been studied for many years (Weber, 1967; Lesser et al., 1975; Munro & Camp, 2003). Metal complexes of multidentate Schiff base ligands play an important role in the development of coordination chemistry and possess important properties, such as biological activity (Golcu et al., 2005; Liu & Yang, 2010), catalytic activity (Daier et al., 2004) and photochromic properties (Zgierski & Grabowska, 2000). Because of the structural characteristics of the Schiff base products (i.e. electron donor and acceptor groups connected to a π-conjugated chain), they will have potential as NLO or electro-optical materials. We present here the synthesis and crystal structure of the title 4,4'-biphenyl diamine Schiff base compound, prepared by the condensation reaction of 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine with two equivalents of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde. There are a number of examples of similar Schiff bases in the Cambridge Structural Database (Allen, 2002); for example, 2,2'-Dibromo-4,4'-bis(p-methoxybenzilideneamine)biphenyl (Lesser et al., 1975), 3,3'Dimethoxybenzidene(2-hydroxybnzilidene)amino)biphenyl (Aygun et al., 2004) and 4,4'-bis(2,6-Dichlorobenzilideneamino)biphenyl (Hou et al., 2006).

The title compound crystallized with two independent molecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit, Fig. 1. The 3,3'-dimethoxybiphenyl moieties in the two molecules have similar conformations, with the aromatic rings being inclined to one another by 36.12 (13) ° in molecule A and by 38.09 (13) ° in molecule B. A view of the Auto-fit figure (Fig. 2; Spek, 2009) of inverted molecule B on molecule A illustrates the difference in the conformation of the two molecules. The outer aromatic rings, Ring-1 (C1—C6) and Ring-4 (C21—C26), are inclined to one another by 56.05 (13) ° in molecule A, while in molecule B Ring-5 (C29—C34) and Ring-8 (49-C54) are inclined to one another by 27.62 (15) °. In molecule A Ring-1 (C1—C6) is inclined to Ring-2 (C14—C19) and Ring-3 (C21—C26) by 10.26 (13) and 56.07 (13) °, respectively. This is different to the situation in molecule B where Ring-5 (C29—C34) is inclined to Ring-7 (C42—C47) and Ring-8 (C49—C54) by 85.70 (13) and 27.62 (15) °, respectively.

In the crystal the A molecules stack head-to-tail with a separation of the Cl atoms, Cl1···Cl2i, of 3.5048 (12) Å (symmetry code (i) = x - 1, x + 2, x - 1). The B molecules stack head-to-head with a shorter separation of the Cl atoms; the distance Cl4···Cl4ii being 3.3173 (18) Å (symmetry code (ii) = -x - 1, -y + 3, -z). The crystal structure is further stabilized by intermolecular C–H···O and C–H···N hydrogen bonds (Table 1 and Fig. 3). The A molecules are related as centrosymmetric pairs through a weak ππ interaction [Cg2···Cg2i = 3.6959 (15) Å; Cg2 is the centroid of Ring-2 (C8—C13); Symmetry code: (i) -x, 1 - y, -z].

Footnote to Table 1: Cg2 is the centroid of Ring-2 (C8—C13); Cg5 is the centroid of Ring-5 (C29—C34); Cg7 is the centroid of Ring-7 (C42—C47).

Related literature top

For early work on the synthesis of multidentate Schiff base ligands, see: Weber (1967); Lesser et al. (1975); Munro & Camp (2003). For examples of Schiff base metal complexes exhibiting biological properties, see: Golcu et al. (2005); Liu & Yang (2010). For examples of Schiff base metal complexes exhibiting catalytic properties, see: Daier et al. (2004). For details of photochromic properties of some Schiff base complexes, see: Zgierski & Grabowska (2000). For examples of some similar 4,4'-biphenyl diamine Schiff bases, see: Lesser et al. (1975); Aygun et al. (2004); Hou et al. (2006). For details of the Cambridge Structural Database, see: Allen (2002).

Experimental top

The title compound was synthesized by mixing 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (molar ratio 1:2) in methanol at 343 K for 1 h. The mixture was then allowed to cool to RT giving a brown solid. Recrystallization from methanol gave brown rod-shaped crystals of the title compound suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis.

Refinement top

The C-bound H-atoms were included in calculated positions and treated as riding atoms: C—H = 0.95 and 0.98 Å for CH(aromatic) and CH3, respectively, with Uiso(H) = k × Ueq(parent C-atom), where k = 1.5 for CH3 H-atoms and k = 1.2 for all other H-atoms.

Computing details top

Data collection: X-AREA (Stoe & Cie, 2009); cell refinement: X-AREA (Stoe & Cie, 2009); data reduction: X-RED32 (Stoe & Cie, 2009); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: PLATON (Spek, 2009) and Mercury (Macrae et al., 2006); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), PLATON (Spek, 2009) and publCIF (Westrip, 2010).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. A view of the molecular structure of the two independent molecules (A and B) of the title compound with the atom numbering. The displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. Hydrogen atoms are shown as spheres of arbitrary radii.
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. A view of the auto-fit of molecule B (red) inverted on molecule A (black); the best weighted and unit weight RMS-fit parameters are 0.843 and 1.065 Å, for 34 fitted atoms [Auto-fit routine in PLATON (Spek, 2009)].
[Figure 3] Fig. 3. A view along the b axis of the crystal packing of the title compound. The intermolecular C–H..O and C–H..N interactions, and the short Cl1···Cl2i interactions [3.5048 (12) Å; symmetry code (i) = x - 1, x + 2, x - 1], are shown as dashed cyan lines. H-atoms not involved in these interactions have been omitted for clarity.
N,N'-Bis(4-chlorobenzylidene)-3,3'-dimethoxybiphenyl-4,4'- diamine top
Crystal data top
C28H22Cl2N2O2Z = 4
Mr = 489.38F(000) = 1016
Triclinic, P1Dx = 1.336 Mg m3
Hall symbol: -P 1Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 9.2358 (5) ÅCell parameters from 16478 reflections
b = 11.8559 (6) Åθ = 1.8–26.0°
c = 23.5218 (12) ŵ = 0.30 mm1
α = 75.810 (4)°T = 173 K
β = 80.326 (4)°Rod, brown
γ = 79.288 (4)°0.45 × 0.18 × 0.12 mm
V = 2433.1 (2) Å3
Data collection top
Stoe IPDS 2
diffractometer
9183 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube5705 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Graphite monochromatorRint = 0.071
ϕ and ω scansθmax = 25.6°, θmin = 1.8°
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(MULscanABS in PLATON; Spek, 2009)
h = 1111
Tmin = 0.772, Tmax = 1.000k = 1414
29251 measured reflectionsl = 2828
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: fullSecondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.053Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.125H-atom parameters constrained
S = 0.98 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0607P)2]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
9183 reflections(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
617 parametersΔρmax = 0.26 e Å3
0 restraintsΔρmin = 0.30 e Å3
Crystal data top
C28H22Cl2N2O2γ = 79.288 (4)°
Mr = 489.38V = 2433.1 (2) Å3
Triclinic, P1Z = 4
a = 9.2358 (5) ÅMo Kα radiation
b = 11.8559 (6) ŵ = 0.30 mm1
c = 23.5218 (12) ÅT = 173 K
α = 75.810 (4)°0.45 × 0.18 × 0.12 mm
β = 80.326 (4)°
Data collection top
Stoe IPDS 2
diffractometer
9183 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(MULscanABS in PLATON; Spek, 2009)
5705 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Tmin = 0.772, Tmax = 1.000Rint = 0.071
29251 measured reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.0530 restraints
wR(F2) = 0.125H-atom parameters constrained
S = 0.98Δρmax = 0.26 e Å3
9183 reflectionsΔρmin = 0.30 e Å3
617 parameters
Special details top

Geometry. Bond distances, angles etc. have been calculated using the rounded fractional coordinates. All su's are estimated from the variances of the (full) variance-covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account in the estimation of distances, angles and torsion angles

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
Cl10.16693 (10)0.73278 (7)0.42605 (3)0.0557 (3)
Cl20.76750 (12)0.00726 (7)0.47655 (4)0.0700 (3)
O10.1449 (2)0.70175 (15)0.09211 (8)0.0440 (7)
O20.2304 (2)0.10960 (15)0.19381 (8)0.0423 (6)
N10.0777 (3)0.57226 (18)0.15956 (9)0.0379 (7)
N20.4364 (3)0.19921 (19)0.22848 (9)0.0399 (8)
C10.1290 (3)0.6770 (2)0.35318 (11)0.0402 (9)
C20.2099 (4)0.5962 (3)0.31557 (13)0.0497 (11)
C30.1785 (3)0.5547 (3)0.25790 (13)0.0478 (10)
C40.0646 (3)0.5919 (2)0.23855 (11)0.0393 (9)
C50.0142 (3)0.6737 (2)0.27775 (12)0.0461 (10)
C60.0169 (3)0.7171 (2)0.33514 (12)0.0473 (10)
C70.0298 (3)0.5443 (2)0.17770 (12)0.0425 (9)
C80.1164 (3)0.5157 (2)0.10280 (11)0.0348 (8)
C90.1611 (3)0.5830 (2)0.06896 (11)0.0352 (8)
C100.2146 (3)0.5283 (2)0.01568 (11)0.0361 (9)
C110.2278 (3)0.4060 (2)0.00542 (11)0.0352 (8)
C120.1835 (3)0.3401 (2)0.02828 (11)0.0395 (9)
C130.1285 (3)0.3946 (2)0.08133 (11)0.0398 (9)
C140.2887 (3)0.3500 (2)0.06174 (11)0.0352 (8)
C150.4010 (3)0.3933 (2)0.07895 (12)0.0447 (9)
C160.4541 (3)0.3410 (2)0.13245 (12)0.0454 (10)
C170.3966 (3)0.2461 (2)0.17100 (11)0.0378 (9)
C180.2828 (3)0.2025 (2)0.15388 (11)0.0359 (8)
C190.2320 (3)0.2536 (2)0.09986 (11)0.0359 (8)
C200.5723 (4)0.1773 (2)0.23557 (12)0.0470 (10)
C210.6195 (3)0.1368 (2)0.29511 (12)0.0409 (9)
C220.7661 (3)0.0873 (3)0.30185 (14)0.0519 (11)
C230.8113 (4)0.0469 (2)0.35752 (15)0.0529 (11)
C240.7101 (4)0.0574 (2)0.40639 (13)0.0466 (10)
C250.5640 (3)0.1055 (2)0.40128 (12)0.0449 (10)
C260.5199 (3)0.1443 (2)0.34562 (12)0.0417 (9)
C270.1841 (4)0.7738 (2)0.05816 (14)0.0552 (10)
C280.1111 (3)0.0658 (3)0.17929 (13)0.0509 (10)
Cl30.72546 (11)0.22366 (9)0.91179 (4)0.0780 (4)
Cl40.40375 (15)0.99270 (9)0.05465 (5)0.1072 (5)
O30.4123 (2)0.30306 (14)0.58097 (8)0.0405 (6)
O40.1571 (2)0.91381 (15)0.32380 (8)0.0416 (6)
N30.4599 (3)0.43315 (19)0.65042 (9)0.0392 (8)
N40.0211 (3)0.79885 (18)0.28786 (9)0.0371 (7)
C290.6336 (3)0.2908 (3)0.85004 (12)0.0470 (10)
C300.5040 (3)0.3671 (3)0.85675 (12)0.0533 (11)
C310.4329 (3)0.4206 (3)0.80728 (12)0.0509 (10)
C320.4907 (3)0.3992 (2)0.75239 (11)0.0373 (9)
C330.6227 (3)0.3212 (2)0.74676 (12)0.0411 (9)
C340.6943 (3)0.2663 (3)0.79566 (13)0.0490 (10)
C350.4114 (3)0.4551 (2)0.70078 (12)0.0413 (9)
C360.3826 (3)0.4902 (2)0.60174 (10)0.0338 (8)
C370.3332 (3)0.6105 (2)0.58768 (11)0.0415 (9)
C380.2646 (3)0.6615 (2)0.53740 (11)0.0410 (9)
C390.2441 (3)0.5941 (2)0.49943 (10)0.0330 (8)
C400.2939 (3)0.4727 (2)0.51341 (10)0.0331 (8)
C410.3628 (3)0.4211 (2)0.56359 (11)0.0329 (8)
C420.1699 (3)0.6476 (2)0.44576 (10)0.0324 (8)
C430.0753 (3)0.5893 (2)0.42723 (11)0.0371 (8)
C440.0071 (3)0.6402 (2)0.37685 (11)0.0363 (8)
C450.0340 (3)0.7494 (2)0.34255 (10)0.0333 (8)
C460.1313 (3)0.8083 (2)0.36068 (11)0.0332 (8)
C470.1964 (3)0.7585 (2)0.41185 (10)0.0333 (8)
C480.1580 (3)0.7995 (2)0.28454 (12)0.0419 (9)
C490.2182 (3)0.8436 (2)0.22789 (13)0.0410 (9)
C500.3700 (4)0.8773 (3)0.22698 (16)0.0584 (12)
C510.4283 (4)0.9242 (3)0.17360 (19)0.0694 (14)
C520.3328 (5)0.9342 (3)0.12174 (17)0.0634 (13)
C530.1824 (4)0.8986 (3)0.12114 (14)0.0577 (13)
C540.1256 (4)0.8540 (2)0.17442 (12)0.0464 (10)
C550.3890 (4)0.2297 (2)0.54500 (13)0.0507 (10)
C560.2591 (4)0.9755 (2)0.33901 (13)0.0493 (10)
H20.286000.569200.328900.0600*
H30.235300.500200.231200.0570*
H50.091200.700500.264900.0550*
H60.037600.773400.361700.0570*
H70.089300.491400.151300.0510*
H100.243000.574800.007000.0430*
H120.191000.257100.014900.0470*
H130.098300.347900.103500.0480*
H150.441300.459100.053900.0540*
H160.531900.370900.143100.0540*
H190.156600.222200.088500.0430*
H200.645600.187100.201900.0570*
H220.836200.081000.267800.0620*
H230.911400.012300.361700.0630*
H250.494600.111800.435500.0540*
H260.419000.176900.341900.0500*
H27A0.288800.749700.052100.0830*
H27B0.121700.764800.019800.0830*
H27C0.168800.856400.079400.0830*
H28A0.143600.036000.143100.0760*
H28B0.026900.129300.173000.0760*
H28C0.080700.001900.211800.0760*
H300.463800.383000.894400.0640*
H310.342500.473000.811400.0610*
H330.663700.305800.709100.0490*
H340.783600.212500.792000.0590*
H350.322300.508700.705400.0500*
H370.346600.658400.612800.0500*
H380.231100.743800.528700.0490*
H400.280200.425000.488200.0400*
H430.057000.513600.449400.0450*
H440.059200.599600.365600.0440*
H470.259800.800100.424100.0400*
H480.221700.770900.319200.0500*
H500.435100.868500.263100.0700*
H510.532100.948800.173200.0830*
H530.118300.904500.084800.0690*
H540.021600.830100.174400.0560*
H55A0.437700.255500.504700.0760*
H55B0.282200.234800.544300.0760*
H55C0.431000.148100.561200.0760*
H56A0.354900.924200.342900.0740*
H56B0.219500.998300.376600.0740*
H56C0.272801.046100.307900.0740*
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
Cl10.0751 (6)0.0561 (4)0.0355 (4)0.0003 (4)0.0251 (4)0.0043 (3)
Cl20.1128 (8)0.0452 (4)0.0613 (5)0.0069 (4)0.0571 (5)0.0019 (4)
O10.0574 (13)0.0350 (10)0.0411 (11)0.0066 (9)0.0244 (10)0.0007 (8)
O20.0463 (12)0.0427 (10)0.0345 (10)0.0121 (9)0.0138 (9)0.0079 (8)
N10.0447 (14)0.0417 (12)0.0265 (11)0.0009 (10)0.0120 (10)0.0053 (9)
N20.0458 (15)0.0419 (13)0.0308 (12)0.0064 (11)0.0136 (10)0.0001 (9)
C10.0523 (18)0.0380 (15)0.0290 (14)0.0033 (13)0.0152 (13)0.0058 (11)
C20.056 (2)0.0555 (18)0.0438 (17)0.0151 (15)0.0209 (15)0.0079 (14)
C30.0536 (19)0.0512 (17)0.0400 (16)0.0161 (14)0.0134 (14)0.0018 (13)
C40.0450 (17)0.0403 (15)0.0322 (14)0.0010 (13)0.0106 (12)0.0074 (12)
C50.0530 (19)0.0478 (16)0.0387 (16)0.0128 (14)0.0154 (14)0.0015 (13)
C60.0537 (19)0.0493 (17)0.0371 (15)0.0098 (14)0.0142 (14)0.0010 (13)
C70.0498 (19)0.0425 (15)0.0345 (15)0.0039 (13)0.0087 (13)0.0071 (12)
C80.0323 (15)0.0419 (15)0.0265 (13)0.0035 (11)0.0034 (11)0.0024 (11)
C90.0360 (16)0.0360 (14)0.0313 (14)0.0024 (11)0.0082 (12)0.0030 (11)
C100.0366 (16)0.0421 (15)0.0297 (14)0.0057 (12)0.0096 (12)0.0045 (11)
C110.0342 (15)0.0410 (15)0.0254 (13)0.0025 (12)0.0023 (11)0.0012 (11)
C120.0502 (18)0.0356 (14)0.0306 (14)0.0043 (12)0.0080 (13)0.0030 (11)
C130.0477 (18)0.0420 (15)0.0313 (14)0.0075 (13)0.0096 (13)0.0073 (12)
C140.0337 (15)0.0418 (15)0.0271 (13)0.0016 (12)0.0061 (11)0.0035 (11)
C150.0465 (18)0.0499 (16)0.0339 (15)0.0136 (14)0.0115 (13)0.0068 (12)
C160.0463 (18)0.0521 (17)0.0379 (15)0.0154 (14)0.0150 (13)0.0024 (13)
C170.0418 (17)0.0409 (15)0.0283 (13)0.0030 (13)0.0102 (12)0.0020 (11)
C180.0374 (16)0.0362 (14)0.0305 (14)0.0039 (12)0.0046 (12)0.0020 (11)
C190.0385 (16)0.0404 (15)0.0274 (13)0.0037 (12)0.0072 (12)0.0044 (11)
C200.053 (2)0.0515 (17)0.0338 (15)0.0104 (15)0.0049 (14)0.0029 (13)
C210.0422 (17)0.0395 (15)0.0409 (16)0.0059 (13)0.0133 (13)0.0034 (12)
C220.0463 (19)0.0580 (18)0.0496 (18)0.0049 (15)0.0097 (15)0.0082 (15)
C230.0469 (19)0.0454 (17)0.068 (2)0.0007 (14)0.0264 (17)0.0087 (15)
C240.067 (2)0.0296 (14)0.0500 (18)0.0074 (14)0.0317 (16)0.0055 (12)
C250.060 (2)0.0396 (15)0.0369 (15)0.0075 (14)0.0129 (14)0.0074 (12)
C260.0441 (17)0.0384 (15)0.0421 (16)0.0027 (13)0.0133 (14)0.0056 (12)
C270.076 (2)0.0361 (15)0.0582 (19)0.0058 (15)0.0318 (17)0.0055 (14)
C280.0522 (19)0.0506 (17)0.0459 (17)0.0179 (15)0.0138 (15)0.0093 (14)
Cl30.0771 (7)0.1085 (7)0.0427 (5)0.0008 (5)0.0327 (4)0.0004 (4)
Cl40.1606 (12)0.0747 (6)0.1045 (8)0.0176 (7)0.1093 (9)0.0083 (6)
O30.0538 (12)0.0333 (9)0.0357 (10)0.0049 (8)0.0204 (9)0.0017 (8)
O40.0491 (12)0.0377 (10)0.0373 (10)0.0147 (9)0.0171 (9)0.0067 (8)
N30.0441 (14)0.0452 (13)0.0307 (12)0.0057 (11)0.0137 (10)0.0077 (10)
N40.0399 (14)0.0415 (12)0.0297 (12)0.0051 (10)0.0137 (10)0.0020 (9)
C290.0462 (19)0.0621 (19)0.0322 (15)0.0102 (15)0.0160 (13)0.0007 (13)
C300.053 (2)0.078 (2)0.0290 (15)0.0047 (17)0.0087 (14)0.0137 (14)
C310.0435 (18)0.070 (2)0.0372 (16)0.0045 (15)0.0077 (13)0.0160 (14)
C320.0368 (16)0.0468 (16)0.0291 (14)0.0058 (13)0.0075 (12)0.0080 (11)
C330.0407 (17)0.0527 (16)0.0313 (14)0.0064 (13)0.0069 (12)0.0107 (12)
C340.0433 (18)0.0587 (18)0.0442 (17)0.0001 (14)0.0134 (14)0.0102 (14)
C350.0384 (16)0.0477 (16)0.0358 (15)0.0021 (13)0.0077 (12)0.0066 (12)
C360.0362 (15)0.0407 (14)0.0251 (13)0.0085 (12)0.0086 (11)0.0033 (11)
C370.0567 (19)0.0382 (15)0.0330 (14)0.0079 (13)0.0136 (13)0.0087 (11)
C380.0583 (19)0.0315 (13)0.0331 (14)0.0056 (13)0.0140 (13)0.0026 (11)
C390.0347 (15)0.0357 (14)0.0275 (13)0.0070 (11)0.0066 (11)0.0018 (11)
C400.0367 (15)0.0358 (14)0.0280 (13)0.0096 (11)0.0082 (11)0.0035 (11)
C410.0357 (15)0.0314 (13)0.0304 (13)0.0061 (11)0.0080 (11)0.0011 (10)
C420.0327 (15)0.0369 (14)0.0265 (13)0.0039 (11)0.0049 (11)0.0055 (11)
C430.0419 (16)0.0361 (14)0.0324 (14)0.0082 (12)0.0089 (12)0.0013 (11)
C440.0347 (15)0.0431 (15)0.0324 (14)0.0119 (12)0.0095 (12)0.0026 (11)
C450.0298 (15)0.0396 (14)0.0289 (13)0.0028 (11)0.0071 (11)0.0044 (11)
C460.0328 (15)0.0361 (14)0.0287 (13)0.0053 (11)0.0041 (11)0.0030 (11)
C470.0341 (15)0.0365 (14)0.0299 (13)0.0067 (11)0.0077 (11)0.0052 (11)
C480.0429 (18)0.0457 (16)0.0367 (15)0.0068 (13)0.0102 (13)0.0050 (12)
C490.0414 (17)0.0377 (15)0.0481 (17)0.0052 (12)0.0200 (14)0.0085 (12)
C500.047 (2)0.062 (2)0.073 (2)0.0036 (16)0.0259 (17)0.0189 (17)
C510.060 (2)0.057 (2)0.102 (3)0.0044 (17)0.052 (2)0.020 (2)
C520.090 (3)0.0412 (17)0.072 (2)0.0083 (17)0.060 (2)0.0046 (16)
C530.084 (3)0.0481 (17)0.0472 (18)0.0153 (17)0.0320 (18)0.0025 (14)
C540.0548 (19)0.0441 (16)0.0435 (17)0.0075 (14)0.0236 (15)0.0042 (13)
C550.074 (2)0.0327 (15)0.0489 (17)0.0053 (14)0.0258 (16)0.0059 (13)
C560.060 (2)0.0463 (16)0.0423 (16)0.0218 (15)0.0163 (14)0.0056 (13)
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
Cl1—C11.749 (3)C22—H220.9500
Cl2—C241.748 (3)C23—H230.9500
Cl3—C291.749 (3)C25—H250.9500
Cl4—C521.744 (4)C26—H260.9500
O1—C91.369 (3)C27—H27C0.9800
O1—C271.430 (3)C27—H27B0.9800
O2—C281.424 (4)C27—H27A0.9800
O2—C181.367 (3)C28—H28A0.9800
O3—C411.371 (3)C28—H28B0.9800
O3—C551.418 (3)C28—H28C0.9800
O4—C461.372 (3)C29—C301.371 (5)
O4—C561.431 (4)C29—C341.384 (4)
N1—C71.270 (4)C30—C311.388 (4)
N1—C81.412 (3)C31—C321.377 (4)
N2—C171.412 (3)C32—C331.395 (4)
N2—C201.264 (5)C32—C351.474 (4)
N3—C351.265 (3)C33—C341.383 (4)
N3—C361.412 (3)C36—C371.389 (3)
N4—C451.413 (3)C36—C411.408 (3)
N4—C481.278 (4)C37—C381.387 (4)
C1—C21.374 (4)C38—C391.391 (3)
C1—C61.381 (4)C39—C401.401 (3)
C2—C31.385 (4)C39—C421.484 (3)
C3—C41.393 (4)C40—C411.388 (4)
C4—C71.470 (4)C42—C431.390 (4)
C4—C51.385 (4)C42—C471.402 (3)
C5—C61.380 (4)C43—C441.387 (4)
C8—C91.409 (4)C44—C451.389 (3)
C8—C131.390 (3)C45—C461.409 (4)
C9—C101.388 (4)C46—C471.386 (4)
C10—C111.402 (3)C48—C491.469 (4)
C11—C141.481 (4)C49—C501.387 (5)
C11—C121.392 (4)C49—C541.389 (4)
C12—C131.389 (4)C50—C511.396 (6)
C14—C151.394 (4)C51—C521.374 (6)
C14—C191.395 (4)C52—C531.373 (6)
C15—C161.386 (4)C53—C541.385 (4)
C16—C171.389 (4)C30—H300.9500
C17—C181.407 (4)C31—H310.9500
C18—C191.385 (4)C33—H330.9500
C20—C211.476 (4)C34—H340.9500
C21—C221.391 (4)C35—H350.9500
C21—C261.386 (4)C37—H370.9500
C22—C231.386 (5)C38—H380.9500
C23—C241.370 (5)C40—H400.9500
C24—C251.377 (5)C43—H430.9500
C25—C261.381 (4)C44—H440.9500
C2—H20.9500C47—H470.9500
C3—H30.9500C48—H480.9500
C5—H50.9500C50—H500.9500
C6—H60.9500C51—H510.9500
C7—H70.9500C53—H530.9500
C10—H100.9500C54—H540.9500
C12—H120.9500C55—H55A0.9800
C13—H130.9500C55—H55B0.9800
C15—H150.9500C55—H55C0.9800
C16—H160.9500C56—H56A0.9800
C19—H190.9500C56—H56B0.9800
C20—H200.9500C56—H56C0.9800
Cl1···Cl2i3.5048 (12)Cl4···Cl4ii3.3173 (18)
C9—O1—C27117.1 (2)H28A—C28—H28B110.00
C18—O2—C28117.0 (2)O2—C28—H28A109.00
C41—O3—C55116.9 (2)O2—C28—H28B109.00
C46—O4—C56117.7 (2)O2—C28—H28C109.00
C7—N1—C8119.7 (2)Cl3—C29—C30119.1 (2)
C17—N2—C20119.2 (2)Cl3—C29—C34119.2 (2)
C35—N3—C36119.7 (2)C30—C29—C34121.8 (3)
C45—N4—C48119.0 (2)C29—C30—C31118.5 (3)
Cl1—C1—C6118.0 (2)C30—C31—C32121.4 (3)
C2—C1—C6121.8 (3)C31—C32—C33119.0 (3)
Cl1—C1—C2120.2 (2)C31—C32—C35120.3 (2)
C1—C2—C3118.9 (3)C33—C32—C35120.6 (2)
C2—C3—C4120.8 (3)C32—C33—C34120.4 (3)
C3—C4—C5118.6 (2)C29—C34—C33119.0 (3)
C3—C4—C7120.1 (2)N3—C35—C32121.2 (2)
C5—C4—C7121.3 (2)N3—C36—C37123.9 (2)
C4—C5—C6121.4 (3)N3—C36—C41117.4 (2)
C1—C6—C5118.6 (2)C37—C36—C41118.6 (2)
N1—C7—C4121.6 (2)C36—C37—C38120.8 (2)
N1—C8—C9118.5 (2)C37—C38—C39121.1 (2)
N1—C8—C13123.1 (2)C38—C39—C40118.3 (2)
C9—C8—C13118.1 (2)C38—C39—C42121.6 (2)
C8—C9—C10120.1 (2)C40—C39—C42120.2 (2)
O1—C9—C8115.3 (2)C39—C40—C41120.9 (2)
O1—C9—C10124.6 (2)O3—C41—C36115.1 (2)
C9—C10—C11121.5 (2)O3—C41—C40124.6 (2)
C10—C11—C12118.1 (2)C36—C41—C40120.3 (2)
C10—C11—C14120.2 (2)C39—C42—C43121.5 (2)
C12—C11—C14121.7 (2)C39—C42—C47120.1 (2)
C11—C12—C13120.6 (2)C43—C42—C47118.4 (2)
C8—C13—C12121.7 (2)C42—C43—C44120.9 (2)
C11—C14—C19120.5 (2)C43—C44—C45121.2 (2)
C15—C14—C19118.1 (2)N4—C45—C44122.9 (2)
C11—C14—C15121.4 (2)N4—C45—C46118.6 (2)
C14—C15—C16120.4 (2)C44—C45—C46118.2 (2)
C15—C16—C17121.8 (3)O4—C46—C45115.3 (2)
N2—C17—C18118.6 (2)O4—C46—C47124.3 (2)
C16—C17—C18118.0 (2)C45—C46—C47120.5 (2)
N2—C17—C16123.2 (2)C42—C47—C46120.9 (2)
C17—C18—C19120.0 (2)N4—C48—C49120.9 (2)
O2—C18—C19124.8 (2)C48—C49—C50120.1 (3)
O2—C18—C17115.2 (2)C48—C49—C54121.3 (3)
C14—C19—C18121.7 (3)C50—C49—C54118.6 (3)
N2—C20—C21121.4 (3)C49—C50—C51120.8 (3)
C20—C21—C22120.3 (3)C50—C51—C52118.8 (4)
C20—C21—C26121.6 (3)Cl4—C52—C51119.4 (3)
C22—C21—C26118.1 (3)Cl4—C52—C53118.9 (3)
C21—C22—C23120.9 (3)C51—C52—C53121.8 (4)
C22—C23—C24119.3 (3)C52—C53—C54118.9 (3)
Cl2—C24—C25119.5 (2)C49—C54—C53121.1 (3)
C23—C24—C25121.3 (3)C29—C30—H30121.00
Cl2—C24—C23119.2 (3)C31—C30—H30121.00
C24—C25—C26118.9 (3)C30—C31—H31119.00
C21—C26—C25121.5 (3)C32—C31—H31119.00
C3—C2—H2121.00C32—C33—H33120.00
C1—C2—H2121.00C34—C33—H33120.00
C4—C3—H3120.00C29—C34—H34121.00
C2—C3—H3120.00C33—C34—H34121.00
C4—C5—H5119.00N3—C35—H35119.00
C6—C5—H5119.00C32—C35—H35119.00
C1—C6—H6121.00C36—C37—H37120.00
C5—C6—H6121.00C38—C37—H37120.00
N1—C7—H7119.00C37—C38—H38120.00
C4—C7—H7119.00C39—C38—H38119.00
C11—C10—H10119.00C39—C40—H40120.00
C9—C10—H10119.00C41—C40—H40120.00
C11—C12—H12120.00C42—C43—H43120.00
C13—C12—H12120.00C44—C43—H43120.00
C12—C13—H13119.00C43—C44—H44119.00
C8—C13—H13119.00C45—C44—H44119.00
C14—C15—H15120.00C42—C47—H47120.00
C16—C15—H15120.00C46—C47—H47120.00
C17—C16—H16119.00N4—C48—H48120.00
C15—C16—H16119.00C49—C48—H48120.00
C14—C19—H19119.00C49—C50—H50120.00
C18—C19—H19119.00C51—C50—H50120.00
N2—C20—H20119.00C50—C51—H51121.00
C21—C20—H20119.00C52—C51—H51121.00
C21—C22—H22120.00C52—C53—H53121.00
C23—C22—H22120.00C54—C53—H53120.00
C24—C23—H23120.00C49—C54—H54119.00
C22—C23—H23120.00C53—C54—H54119.00
C24—C25—H25121.00O3—C55—H55A109.00
C26—C25—H25121.00O3—C55—H55B109.00
C25—C26—H26119.00O3—C55—H55C109.00
C21—C26—H26119.00H55A—C55—H55B109.00
O1—C27—H27B110.00H55A—C55—H55C110.00
O1—C27—H27C109.00H55B—C55—H55C109.00
H27A—C27—H27B110.00O4—C56—H56A109.00
H27A—C27—H27C109.00O4—C56—H56B109.00
O1—C27—H27A109.00O4—C56—H56C109.00
H27B—C27—H27C109.00H56A—C56—H56B110.00
H28A—C28—H28C109.00H56A—C56—H56C109.00
H28B—C28—H28C109.00H56B—C56—H56C110.00
C27—O1—C9—C8177.9 (3)C26—C21—C22—C230.2 (4)
C27—O1—C9—C101.0 (4)C20—C21—C22—C23178.8 (3)
C28—O2—C18—C17177.6 (2)C22—C21—C26—C250.9 (4)
C28—O2—C18—C192.5 (4)C20—C21—C26—C25179.5 (2)
C55—O3—C41—C400.8 (4)C21—C22—C23—C240.8 (5)
C55—O3—C41—C36177.5 (2)C22—C23—C24—C251.1 (4)
C56—O4—C46—C470.7 (4)C22—C23—C24—Cl2179.6 (2)
C56—O4—C46—C45177.9 (2)Cl2—C24—C25—C26179.7 (2)
C8—N1—C7—C4173.7 (2)C23—C24—C25—C260.4 (4)
C7—N1—C8—C1345.5 (4)C24—C25—C26—C210.6 (4)
C7—N1—C8—C9141.9 (3)Cl3—C29—C30—C31179.4 (3)
C20—N2—C17—C18138.2 (3)C34—C29—C30—C310.0 (5)
C17—N2—C20—C21175.3 (2)Cl3—C29—C34—C33178.9 (2)
C20—N2—C17—C1648.2 (4)C30—C29—C34—C330.6 (5)
C35—N3—C36—C41136.3 (3)C29—C30—C31—C320.6 (5)
C36—N3—C35—C32178.7 (2)C30—C31—C32—C330.6 (4)
C35—N3—C36—C3747.5 (4)C30—C31—C32—C35178.7 (3)
C45—N4—C48—C49176.4 (2)C31—C32—C33—C340.0 (4)
C48—N4—C45—C46137.8 (3)C35—C32—C33—C34178.1 (3)
C48—N4—C45—C4448.1 (4)C31—C32—C35—N3177.4 (3)
C2—C1—C6—C50.4 (4)C33—C32—C35—N30.7 (4)
Cl1—C1—C2—C3179.2 (3)C32—C33—C34—C290.6 (4)
Cl1—C1—C6—C5180.0 (2)N3—C36—C37—C38176.7 (3)
C6—C1—C2—C30.5 (5)C41—C36—C37—C380.6 (4)
C1—C2—C3—C41.5 (5)N3—C36—C41—O34.6 (4)
C2—C3—C4—C51.7 (5)N3—C36—C41—C40177.0 (3)
C2—C3—C4—C7178.2 (3)C37—C36—C41—O3179.0 (2)
C3—C4—C5—C60.8 (4)C37—C36—C41—C400.6 (4)
C5—C4—C7—N13.2 (4)C36—C37—C38—C390.4 (4)
C7—C4—C5—C6179.0 (2)C37—C38—C39—C400.4 (4)
C3—C4—C7—N1176.7 (3)C37—C38—C39—C42179.6 (3)
C4—C5—C6—C10.2 (4)C38—C39—C40—C410.4 (4)
C13—C8—C9—O1179.3 (2)C42—C39—C40—C41179.7 (3)
N1—C8—C9—O17.7 (4)C38—C39—C42—C43142.5 (3)
N1—C8—C9—C10173.3 (3)C38—C39—C42—C4738.6 (4)
C9—C8—C13—C120.3 (4)C40—C39—C42—C4336.7 (4)
C13—C8—C9—C100.4 (4)C40—C39—C42—C47142.2 (3)
N1—C8—C13—C12172.3 (3)C39—C40—C41—O3178.8 (2)
C8—C9—C10—C111.0 (4)C39—C40—C41—C360.6 (4)
O1—C9—C10—C11179.8 (3)C39—C42—C43—C44179.8 (2)
C9—C10—C11—C120.9 (4)C47—C42—C43—C440.9 (4)
C9—C10—C11—C14178.5 (3)C39—C42—C47—C46178.2 (2)
C10—C11—C12—C130.3 (4)C43—C42—C47—C460.8 (4)
C10—C11—C14—C1534.9 (4)C42—C43—C44—C451.7 (4)
C10—C11—C14—C19143.5 (3)C43—C44—C45—N4173.4 (2)
C12—C11—C14—C15144.5 (3)C43—C44—C45—C460.8 (4)
C12—C11—C14—C1937.1 (4)N4—C45—C46—O43.4 (3)
C14—C11—C12—C13179.2 (3)N4—C45—C46—C47175.3 (2)
C11—C12—C13—C80.4 (4)C44—C45—C46—O4177.9 (2)
C11—C14—C15—C16178.6 (2)C44—C45—C46—C470.8 (4)
C15—C14—C19—C181.1 (4)O4—C46—C47—C42176.9 (2)
C11—C14—C19—C18177.4 (2)C45—C46—C47—C421.6 (4)
C19—C14—C15—C160.2 (4)N4—C48—C49—C50160.4 (3)
C14—C15—C16—C171.2 (4)N4—C48—C49—C5418.7 (4)
C15—C16—C17—C180.9 (4)C48—C49—C50—C51177.2 (3)
C15—C16—C17—N2172.7 (2)C54—C49—C50—C512.0 (5)
N2—C17—C18—O25.7 (3)C48—C49—C54—C53178.2 (3)
N2—C17—C18—C19174.3 (2)C50—C49—C54—C530.9 (4)
C16—C17—C18—O2179.7 (2)C49—C50—C51—C521.3 (5)
C16—C17—C18—C190.4 (4)C50—C51—C52—Cl4180.0 (3)
C17—C18—C19—C141.4 (4)C50—C51—C52—C530.5 (6)
O2—C18—C19—C14178.7 (2)Cl4—C52—C53—C54178.9 (3)
N2—C20—C21—C22164.9 (3)C51—C52—C53—C541.5 (5)
N2—C20—C21—C2613.7 (4)C52—C53—C54—C490.8 (5)
Symmetry codes: (i) x1, y+1, z1; (ii) x1, y+2, z.
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
Cg2, Cg5 and Cg7 are the centroids of the C8–C13, C29–C34 and C42–C47 rings, respectively.
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C23—H23···O4iii0.952.483.348 (4)152
C31—H31···N1iv0.952.573.498 (4)166
C3—H3···Cg5v0.952.753.642 (3)156
C30—H30···Cg2iv0.952.903.641 (3)136
C33—H33···Cg7vi0.952.973.850 (3)154
Symmetry codes: (iii) x+1, y1, z; (iv) x, y, z+1; (v) x1, y, z1; (vi) x+1, y+1, z+1.

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaC28H22Cl2N2O2
Mr489.38
Crystal system, space groupTriclinic, P1
Temperature (K)173
a, b, c (Å)9.2358 (5), 11.8559 (6), 23.5218 (12)
α, β, γ (°)75.810 (4), 80.326 (4), 79.288 (4)
V3)2433.1 (2)
Z4
Radiation typeMo Kα
µ (mm1)0.30
Crystal size (mm)0.45 × 0.18 × 0.12
Data collection
DiffractometerStoe IPDS 2
diffractometer
Absorption correctionMulti-scan
(MULscanABS in PLATON; Spek, 2009)
Tmin, Tmax0.772, 1.000
No. of measured, independent and
observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections
29251, 9183, 5705
Rint0.071
(sin θ/λ)max1)0.609
Refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S 0.053, 0.125, 0.98
No. of reflections9183
No. of parameters617
H-atom treatmentH-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å3)0.26, 0.30

Computer programs: X-AREA (Stoe & Cie, 2009), X-RED32 (Stoe & Cie, 2009), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), PLATON (Spek, 2009) and Mercury (Macrae et al., 2006), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), PLATON (Spek, 2009) and publCIF (Westrip, 2010).

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
Cg2, Cg5 and Cg7 are the centroids of the C8–C13, C29–C34 and C42–C47 rings, respectively.
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C23—H23···O4i0.952.483.348 (4)152
C31—H31···N1ii0.952.573.498 (4)166
C3—H3···Cg5iii0.952.753.642 (3)156
C30—H30···Cg2ii0.952.903.641 (3)136
C33—H33···Cg7iv0.952.973.850 (3)154
Symmetry codes: (i) x+1, y1, z; (ii) x, y, z+1; (iii) x1, y, z1; (iv) x+1, y+1, z+1.
 

Acknowledgements

AS thanks the UGC, India, for the award of a Research Fellowship in Sciences for Meritorious Students [File No. 4–1/2008 (BSR)]. HSE thanks the staff of the XRD Application LAB., CSEM, Neuchâtel, for access to the X-ray diffraction equipment.

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Volume 67| Part 6| June 2011| Pages o1296-o1297
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