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COMMUNICATIONS
ISSN: 2056-9890

(6R,7R)-3-Hydroxymethyl-7-(2-phenyl­acetamido)-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid lactone

aInstitute of Radiation Medicine, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
*Correspondence e-mail: wobushibaojian@163.com

(Received 20 September 2011; accepted 22 October 2011; online 29 October 2011)

In the title compound {systematic name: N-[(4R,5R)-3,11-dioxo-10-oxa-6-thia-2-aza­tricyclo­[6.3.0.02,5]undec-1(8)-en-4-yl]-2-phenyl­acetamide}, C16H14N2O4S, the four- and five-membered rings adopt planar conformations (with r.m.s. deviations of 0.0349 and 0.0108 Å respectively) while the six-membered ring adopts a half-chair, or envelope-like, conformation with the S atom in the flap position. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Related literature

For standard bond lengths, see: Allen et al. (1987[Allen, F. H., Kennard, O., Watson, D. G., Brammer, L., Orpen, A. G. & Taylor, R. (1987). J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2, pp. S1-19.]) and for ring puckering parameters, see: Cremer & Pople (1975[Cremer, D. & &Pople, J. A. (1975). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 1354-1358.]). The title compound is an important synthetic inter­mediate for cephalosporins. For its synthesis, see: Yu et al. (2009[Yu, K., Sun, N., Fang, S., Mo, W., Hu, B., Shen, Z. & Hu, X. (2009). Org. Process Res. Dev. 13, 815-819.]).

[Scheme 1]

Experimental

Crystal data
  • C16H14N2O4S

  • Mr = 330.35

  • Orthorhombic, P 21 21 21

  • a = 9.1300 (13) Å

  • b = 9.7060 (14) Å

  • c = 16.701 (2) Å

  • V = 1480.0 (3) Å3

  • Z = 4

  • Mo Kα radiation

  • μ = 0.24 mm−1

  • T = 113 K

  • 0.26 × 0.24 × 0.22 mm

Data collection
  • Rigaku Saturn724 CCD diffractometer

  • Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrystalClear-SM Expert; Rigaku, 2009[Rigaku (2009). CrystalClear-SM Expert and CrystalStructure. Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.]) Tmin = 0.940, Tmax = 0.949

  • 21123 measured reflections

  • 4249 independent reflections

  • 3823 reflections with I > 2σ(I)

  • Rint = 0.043

Refinement
  • R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.027

  • wR(F2) = 0.065

  • S = 1.02

  • 4249 reflections

  • 213 parameters

  • H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement

  • Δρmax = 0.25 e Å−3

  • Δρmin = −0.29 e Å−3

  • Absolute structure: Flack (1983[Flack, H. D. (1983). Acta Cryst. A39, 876-881.]), 1803 Friedel pairs

  • Flack parameter: −0.02 (4)

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A D—H H⋯A DA D—H⋯A
N2—H1⋯O4i 0.778 (15) 2.276 (15) 3.0506 (14) 173.5 (14)
Symmetry code: (i) [-x+1, y+{\script{1\over 2}}, -z+{\script{1\over 2}}].

Data collection: CrystalClear-SM Expert (Rigaku, 2009[Rigaku (2009). CrystalClear-SM Expert and CrystalStructure. Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.]); cell refinement: CrystalClear-SM Expert; data reduction: CrystalClear-SM Expert; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); molecular graphics: CrystalStructure (Rigaku, 2009[Rigaku (2009). CrystalClear-SM Expert and CrystalStructure. Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.]); software used to prepare material for publication: CrystalStructure.

Supporting information


Comment top

The title compound is a lactone derivative of cephalosporin, which was fond originally as an impurity in the synthetic process, but now has become an useful intermediate, because the lactone ring enhances the stability of the molecule and adds new sites for structure reformation.There is one molecule in the asymmetric unit of the title compound. The absolute configuration has been determined by refinement of the Flack parameter (Flack, 1983) which converged to -0.02 (4). The ring A (N1—C1—C2—C3) and ring C (C4—C5—O3—C6—C7) adopt planer conformation with the r.m.s. deviation were 0.0349 and 0.0108 respectively, the ring B (S1—C3—N1—C4—C7—C8) displays half chair conformation with atom S1 in the flap position [the displacement from the C-atom mean plane is 0.3949 (6) Å], with the r.m.s. deviation was 0.2468 and with puckering parameters (Cremer and Pople, 1975) of Q (total puckering amplitude) = 0.6064 (10) Å, θ (azimuthal angle) = 127.68 (10)°, ϕ (phase angle) = 188.04 (15)°. The dihedral angle between ring A and ring B was 36.45 (7) °, and the dihedral angle between ring B and ring C was 10.34 (7) °. The spatial orientation of the phenyl ring can be described by the dihedral angle between the phenyl ring and the ring A [42.06 (6)]. The torsion angle of C4—N1—C3—S1 was -39.63 (13)°, and the torsion angle of N2—C2—C3—N1 was 120.16 (10)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H···O [N2—H1···O4=173.5 (14)°, N2···O4=3.0506 (14) Å] hydrogen bonds.

Related literature top

For standard bond lengths, see: Allen et al. (1987) and for ring puckering parameters, see: Cremer & Pople (1975). The title compound is an important synthetic intermediate for cephalosporins. For its synthesis, see: Yu et al. (2009).

Experimental top

The title compound was synthesized according to the literature method (Yu et al. (2009). Colorless Prism-shaped single crystals suitable for X-ray structure determination were recrystallized from acetone by the slow evaporation of the solvent at room temperature after several days.

Refinement top

H atoms were positioned geometrically (with C—H = 0.95 for aromatic and 0.99–1.00 for others) and refined in a riding model (except for H1, whose position was freely refined). All H atoms were refined with Uiso(H) values equal to 1.2 Ueq of the C atom. As the molecule contains S atom (heavier than Si), anomalous scattering can be used to determine the absolute configuration, and 1803 Friedel pairs were used to determine the absolute configuration.

Computing details top

Data collection: CrystalClear-SM Expert (Rigaku, 2009); cell refinement: CrystalClear-SM Expert (Rigaku, 2009); data reduction: CrystalClear-SM Expert (Rigaku, 2009); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: CrystalStructure (Rigaku, 2009); software used to prepare material for publication: CrystalStructure (Rigaku, 2009).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. Molecular structure of the title compound with the atomic numbering scheme and displacement ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level.
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. The crystal packing of the title compound viewed along the a axis, hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines.
N-[(4R,5R)-3,11-Dioxo-10-oxa-6-thia-2- azatricyclo[6.3.0.02,5]undec-1(8)-en-4-yl]-2-phenylacetamide top
Crystal data top
C16H14N2O4SF(000) = 688
Mr = 330.35Dx = 1.483 Mg m3
Orthorhombic, P212121Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71075 Å
Hall symbol: P 2ac 2abCell parameters from 5950 reflections
a = 9.1300 (13) Åθ = 1.2–29.9°
b = 9.7060 (14) ŵ = 0.24 mm1
c = 16.701 (2) ÅT = 113 K
V = 1480.0 (3) Å3Prism, colourless
Z = 40.26 × 0.24 × 0.22 mm
Data collection top
Rigaku Saturn724 CCD
diffractometer
4249 independent reflections
Radiation source: rotating anode3823 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Multilayer monochromatorRint = 0.043
Detector resolution: 14.222 pixels mm-1θmax = 30.0°, θmin = 2.4°
ω scansh = 1212
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(CrystalClear-SM Expert; Rigaku, 2009)
k = 1313
Tmin = 0.940, Tmax = 0.949l = 2322
21123 measured reflections
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
Least-squares matrix: fullH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.027 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0358P)2]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
wR(F2) = 0.065(Δ/σ)max = 0.001
S = 1.02Δρmax = 0.25 e Å3
4249 reflectionsΔρmin = 0.29 e Å3
213 parametersExtinction correction: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4
0 restraintsExtinction coefficient: 0.0067 (12)
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methodsAbsolute structure: Flack (1983), 1803 Friedel pairs
Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier mapAbsolute structure parameter: 0.02 (4)
Crystal data top
C16H14N2O4SV = 1480.0 (3) Å3
Mr = 330.35Z = 4
Orthorhombic, P212121Mo Kα radiation
a = 9.1300 (13) ŵ = 0.24 mm1
b = 9.7060 (14) ÅT = 113 K
c = 16.701 (2) Å0.26 × 0.24 × 0.22 mm
Data collection top
Rigaku Saturn724 CCD
diffractometer
4249 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(CrystalClear-SM Expert; Rigaku, 2009)
3823 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Tmin = 0.940, Tmax = 0.949Rint = 0.043
21123 measured reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.027H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
wR(F2) = 0.065Δρmax = 0.25 e Å3
S = 1.02Δρmin = 0.29 e Å3
4249 reflectionsAbsolute structure: Flack (1983), 1803 Friedel pairs
213 parametersAbsolute structure parameter: 0.02 (4)
0 restraints
Special details top

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
S10.67754 (3)0.52846 (3)0.117029 (18)0.01734 (8)
O10.88288 (11)0.84664 (9)0.27380 (5)0.0225 (2)
O21.16829 (11)0.84019 (9)0.14678 (5)0.0244 (2)
O31.13554 (11)0.75318 (9)0.02326 (5)0.0200 (2)
O40.49856 (10)0.45642 (8)0.28773 (5)0.0208 (2)
N10.91224 (11)0.64624 (10)0.19268 (6)0.0154 (2)
N20.58912 (12)0.67140 (11)0.27251 (6)0.0160 (2)
C10.85344 (13)0.73156 (12)0.25163 (7)0.0160 (2)
C20.73837 (13)0.62194 (12)0.27474 (7)0.0157 (2)
H20.76210.57700.32700.019*
C30.79901 (12)0.53771 (12)0.20224 (7)0.0145 (2)
H30.84040.44620.21800.017*
C40.97995 (13)0.66890 (12)0.11842 (7)0.0148 (2)
C51.10260 (14)0.76339 (12)0.10264 (7)0.0173 (3)
C61.03597 (15)0.65749 (13)0.01579 (7)0.0184 (3)
H6A1.09060.58130.04150.022*
H6B0.97640.70510.05690.022*
C70.94119 (14)0.60460 (13)0.05064 (7)0.0160 (3)
C80.82046 (14)0.50169 (12)0.04180 (7)0.0175 (2)
H8A0.86100.40760.04750.021*
H8B0.77720.50970.01240.021*
C90.47668 (14)0.58147 (13)0.28174 (7)0.0163 (2)
C100.32515 (14)0.64414 (12)0.28916 (7)0.0176 (2)
H10A0.25600.59570.25320.021*
H10B0.32790.74250.27350.021*
C110.27483 (13)0.63045 (12)0.37592 (8)0.0159 (2)
C120.35751 (14)0.68729 (12)0.43847 (8)0.0182 (3)
H120.44330.73850.42630.022*
C130.31636 (15)0.67012 (13)0.51797 (7)0.0206 (3)
H130.37390.70930.55950.025*
C140.19037 (15)0.59516 (14)0.53662 (8)0.0243 (3)
H140.16180.58240.59080.029*
C150.10737 (15)0.53953 (14)0.47505 (8)0.0257 (3)
H150.02130.48890.48750.031*
C160.14795 (13)0.55650 (13)0.39503 (8)0.0207 (3)
H160.08950.51790.35360.025*
H10.5708 (16)0.7467 (16)0.2600 (8)0.021 (4)*
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
S10.01461 (14)0.02029 (15)0.01712 (13)0.00003 (12)0.00149 (12)0.00324 (12)
O10.0267 (5)0.0206 (4)0.0201 (4)0.0045 (4)0.0017 (4)0.0043 (4)
O20.0271 (5)0.0249 (5)0.0213 (4)0.0103 (5)0.0002 (4)0.0028 (4)
O30.0252 (5)0.0186 (4)0.0162 (4)0.0050 (4)0.0036 (4)0.0004 (4)
O40.0214 (4)0.0130 (4)0.0278 (5)0.0011 (4)0.0042 (4)0.0025 (4)
N10.0166 (5)0.0162 (5)0.0135 (5)0.0044 (4)0.0004 (4)0.0002 (4)
N20.0170 (5)0.0122 (5)0.0188 (5)0.0014 (4)0.0027 (4)0.0023 (4)
C10.0175 (6)0.0184 (6)0.0119 (5)0.0009 (5)0.0013 (4)0.0007 (4)
C20.0165 (6)0.0161 (5)0.0145 (6)0.0006 (5)0.0007 (5)0.0013 (5)
C30.0152 (6)0.0142 (5)0.0143 (5)0.0020 (5)0.0003 (4)0.0017 (4)
C40.0153 (5)0.0144 (5)0.0149 (5)0.0005 (5)0.0004 (5)0.0008 (5)
C50.0192 (6)0.0153 (6)0.0173 (6)0.0006 (5)0.0015 (5)0.0010 (5)
C60.0228 (6)0.0166 (6)0.0158 (6)0.0008 (5)0.0021 (5)0.0015 (5)
C70.0170 (6)0.0142 (6)0.0168 (6)0.0035 (5)0.0005 (5)0.0005 (5)
C80.0166 (5)0.0193 (6)0.0166 (5)0.0005 (5)0.0009 (5)0.0047 (4)
C90.0191 (6)0.0173 (6)0.0126 (5)0.0001 (5)0.0018 (5)0.0000 (5)
C100.0174 (6)0.0165 (6)0.0190 (6)0.0002 (5)0.0013 (5)0.0024 (5)
C110.0155 (6)0.0134 (5)0.0188 (6)0.0040 (5)0.0015 (5)0.0009 (5)
C120.0178 (6)0.0132 (5)0.0237 (6)0.0023 (5)0.0014 (5)0.0005 (5)
C130.0231 (6)0.0189 (6)0.0198 (6)0.0059 (6)0.0004 (5)0.0048 (5)
C140.0274 (7)0.0247 (7)0.0210 (6)0.0045 (6)0.0064 (6)0.0013 (5)
C150.0203 (6)0.0286 (7)0.0282 (7)0.0048 (6)0.0104 (5)0.0030 (6)
C160.0152 (6)0.0229 (6)0.0238 (7)0.0007 (5)0.0018 (5)0.0029 (5)
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
S1—C31.8065 (12)C6—H6A0.9900
S1—C81.8300 (12)C6—H6B0.9900
O1—C11.2070 (14)C7—C81.4949 (17)
O2—C51.2079 (15)C8—H8A0.9900
O3—C51.3630 (14)C8—H8B0.9900
O3—C61.4540 (15)C9—C101.5164 (18)
O4—C91.2341 (14)C10—C111.5258 (17)
N1—C11.3940 (15)C10—H10A0.9900
N1—C41.4030 (15)C10—H10B0.9900
N1—C31.4846 (15)C11—C161.3997 (16)
N2—C91.3563 (16)C11—C121.4019 (17)
N2—C21.4452 (16)C12—C131.3900 (17)
N2—H10.778 (15)C12—H120.9500
C1—C21.5443 (17)C13—C141.3963 (19)
C2—C31.5623 (16)C13—H130.9500
C2—H21.0000C14—C151.3868 (19)
C3—H31.0000C14—H140.9500
C4—C71.3401 (17)C15—C161.3966 (17)
C4—C51.4713 (17)C15—H150.9500
C6—C71.4978 (17)C16—H160.9500
C3—S1—C896.33 (5)C4—C7—C6108.27 (11)
C5—O3—C6110.17 (9)C8—C7—C6125.58 (10)
C1—N1—C4134.50 (10)C7—C8—S1111.29 (8)
C1—N1—C394.44 (9)C7—C8—H8A109.4
C4—N1—C3120.87 (9)S1—C8—H8A109.4
C9—N2—C2119.79 (10)C7—C8—H8B109.4
C9—N2—H1118.2 (11)S1—C8—H8B109.4
C2—N2—H1121.4 (11)H8A—C8—H8B108.0
O1—C1—N1132.89 (11)O4—C9—N2121.31 (12)
O1—C1—C2135.44 (11)O4—C9—C10122.38 (11)
N1—C1—C291.67 (9)N2—C9—C10116.21 (11)
N2—C2—C1113.96 (10)C9—C10—C11108.50 (10)
N2—C2—C3119.21 (10)C9—C10—H10A110.0
C1—C2—C385.74 (9)C11—C10—H10A110.0
N2—C2—H2111.8C9—C10—H10B110.0
C1—C2—H2111.8C11—C10—H10B110.0
C3—C2—H2111.8H10A—C10—H10B108.4
N1—C3—C287.64 (8)C16—C11—C12118.53 (12)
N1—C3—S1112.21 (8)C16—C11—C10120.69 (11)
C2—C3—S1114.77 (8)C12—C11—C10120.75 (11)
N1—C3—H3113.3C13—C12—C11121.27 (12)
C2—C3—H3113.3C13—C12—H12119.4
S1—C3—H3113.3C11—C12—H12119.4
C7—C4—N1123.87 (11)C12—C13—C14119.88 (12)
C7—C4—C5109.87 (11)C12—C13—H13120.1
N1—C4—C5126.25 (11)C14—C13—H13120.1
O2—C5—O3121.94 (11)C15—C14—C13119.19 (12)
O2—C5—C4130.79 (12)C15—C14—H14120.4
O3—C5—C4107.27 (10)C13—C14—H14120.4
O3—C6—C7104.35 (9)C14—C15—C16121.24 (12)
O3—C6—H6A110.9C14—C15—H15119.4
C7—C6—H6A110.9C16—C15—H15119.4
O3—C6—H6B110.9C15—C16—C11119.88 (12)
C7—C6—H6B110.9C15—C16—H16120.1
H6A—C6—H6B108.9C11—C16—H16120.1
C4—C7—C8126.11 (11)
C4—N1—C1—O130.8 (2)N1—C4—C5—O21.1 (2)
C3—N1—C1—O1173.70 (14)C7—C4—C5—O30.01 (14)
C4—N1—C1—C2148.54 (13)N1—C4—C5—O3179.44 (11)
C3—N1—C1—C25.61 (9)C5—O3—C6—C72.54 (13)
C9—N2—C2—C1171.83 (10)N1—C4—C7—C81.1 (2)
C9—N2—C2—C372.89 (15)C5—C4—C7—C8179.45 (11)
O1—C1—C2—N253.78 (19)N1—C4—C7—C6178.94 (11)
N1—C1—C2—N2125.50 (10)C5—C4—C7—C61.59 (14)
O1—C1—C2—C3173.95 (15)O3—C6—C7—C42.50 (14)
N1—C1—C2—C35.33 (9)O3—C6—C7—C8179.63 (11)
C1—N1—C3—C25.55 (9)C4—C7—C8—S126.83 (16)
C4—N1—C3—C2155.48 (10)C6—C7—C8—S1150.67 (10)
C1—N1—C3—S1110.30 (9)C3—S1—C8—C749.31 (9)
C4—N1—C3—S139.63 (13)C2—N2—C9—O44.00 (18)
N2—C2—C3—N1120.16 (10)C2—N2—C9—C10172.50 (10)
C1—C2—C3—N15.01 (8)O4—C9—C10—C1169.25 (15)
N2—C2—C3—S16.73 (13)N2—C9—C10—C11107.21 (12)
C1—C2—C3—S1108.42 (9)C9—C10—C11—C16119.87 (12)
C8—S1—C3—N156.24 (9)C9—C10—C11—C1257.76 (14)
C8—S1—C3—C2154.26 (9)C16—C11—C12—C130.65 (17)
C1—N1—C4—C7130.03 (14)C10—C11—C12—C13177.03 (11)
C3—N1—C4—C75.52 (18)C11—C12—C13—C140.08 (19)
C1—N1—C4—C550.6 (2)C12—C13—C14—C150.42 (19)
C3—N1—C4—C5173.86 (11)C13—C14—C15—C160.3 (2)
C6—O3—C5—O2177.82 (12)C14—C15—C16—C110.2 (2)
C6—O3—C5—C41.67 (13)C12—C11—C16—C150.72 (18)
C7—C4—C5—O2179.42 (14)C10—C11—C16—C15176.96 (12)
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
N2—H1···O4i0.778 (15)2.276 (15)3.0506 (14)173.5 (14)
Symmetry code: (i) x+1, y+1/2, z+1/2.

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaC16H14N2O4S
Mr330.35
Crystal system, space groupOrthorhombic, P212121
Temperature (K)113
a, b, c (Å)9.1300 (13), 9.7060 (14), 16.701 (2)
V3)1480.0 (3)
Z4
Radiation typeMo Kα
µ (mm1)0.24
Crystal size (mm)0.26 × 0.24 × 0.22
Data collection
DiffractometerRigaku Saturn724 CCD
diffractometer
Absorption correctionMulti-scan
(CrystalClear-SM Expert; Rigaku, 2009)
Tmin, Tmax0.940, 0.949
No. of measured, independent and
observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections
21123, 4249, 3823
Rint0.043
(sin θ/λ)max1)0.703
Refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S 0.027, 0.065, 1.02
No. of reflections4249
No. of parameters213
H-atom treatmentH atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å3)0.25, 0.29
Absolute structureFlack (1983), 1803 Friedel pairs
Absolute structure parameter0.02 (4)

Computer programs: CrystalClear-SM Expert (Rigaku, 2009), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), CrystalStructure (Rigaku, 2009).

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
N2—H1···O4i0.778 (15)2.276 (15)3.0506 (14)173.5 (14)
Symmetry code: (i) x+1, y+1/2, z+1/2.
 

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge financial support from the Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (No. SF1002).

References

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