editorial\(\def\hfill{\hskip 5em}\def\hfil{\hskip 3em}\def\eqno#1{\hfil {#1}}\)

Journal logoSTRUCTURAL BIOLOGY
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ISSN: 2053-230X

Expectation bias and information content

aArgonne National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, Bldg 202, Room Q142, Argonne, IL 60439, USA, bHelmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Macromolecular Crystallography (HZB-MX), Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany, cPO Box 6483, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648-0483, USA, and dSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92-019, Auckland, New Zealand
*Correspondence e-mail: dauter@anl.gov, manfred.weiss@helmholtz-berlin.de, hmeinspahr@yahoo.com, ted.baker@auckland.ac.nz

(Received 18 November 2012; accepted 18 November 2012; online 19 January 2013)

Keywords: editorial.

It has long been realised that the interpretation of macromolecular structures from electron-density maps involves some degree of subjectivity (Brändén & Jones, 1990[Brändén, C.-I. & Jones, T. A. (1990). Nature (London), 343, 687-689.]). This is a direct consequence of factors such as limited data resolution or inherent disorder, in solvent regions, in segments of a macromolecule, or in a bound ligand. Whereas the well behaved parts of the structure may often be confidently interpreted, and often refined completely automatically without human intervention, in practice there are usually some regions that require very careful inspection and interpretation by the experienced scientist. Often such difficult-to-interpret features are simultaneously the most important in the context of chemistry and biology, as with, for example, biologically active ligands interacting with enzymes or receptors.

For quite some time now, it has been the rule that publication of crystal structures must be accompanied by the deposition of corresponding coordinates and structure-factor amplitudes in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Of course, the PDB is limited to curation of deposited structure data and does not correct or re-interpret the results submitted by the authors. However, with all data being available to the community, anyone is now in a position to generate the relevant electron-density maps and interpret the results independently. Unfortunately, as evidenced in the two associated articles by Pozharski et al. (2013[Pozharski, E., Weichenberger, C. X. & Rupp, B. (2013). Acta Cryst. D69, 150-167.]) and Weichenberger et al. (2013[Weichenberger, C. X., Pozharski, E. & Rupp, B. (2013). Acta Cryst. F69, 195-200.]) in the current issues of Acta Crystallographica, Section D and Acta Crystallographica, Section F, respectively, re-interpretation sometimes unearths serious problems. In the present case, the focus is on protein structures with small-molecule ligands, where the ligands are seriously mis­interpreted.

There may be various reasons for such misinterpretations, including lack of experience, inadequate supervision or apparent wishful thinking, that is, too strong a belief in expectations or importance. Whatever the cause, such mis­interpretations present false results and may impair subsequent research based on them.

It is our view that proper validation or re-interpretation of structures deposited in the PDB, either by actions such as those presented in the above-mentioned papers, or by the activity of initiatives such as the PDB_REDO group (Joosten, Salzemann et al., 2009[Joosten, R. P., Salzemann, J. et al. (2009). J. Appl. Cryst. 42, 376-384.]; Joosten, Womack et al., 2009[Joosten, R. P., Womack, T., Vriend, G. & Bricogne, G. (2009). Acta Cryst. D65, 176-185.]; Joosten et al., 2012[Joosten, R. P., Joosten, K., Murshudov, G. N. & Perrakis, A. (2012). Acta Cryst. D68, 484-496.]), are highly beneficial for the community of structural biologists. They not only uncover problem structures, but also keep us mindful of potential pitfalls in our own work and that of others. Such efforts should be applauded as a great service to us all.

References

First citationBrändén, C.-I. & Jones, T. A. (1990). Nature (London), 343, 687–689.  Google Scholar
First citationJoosten, R. P., Joosten, K., Murshudov, G. N. & Perrakis, A. (2012). Acta Cryst. D68, 484–496.  Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
First citationJoosten, R. P., Salzemann, J. et al. (2009). J. Appl. Cryst. 42, 376–384.  Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
First citationJoosten, R. P., Womack, T., Vriend, G. & Bricogne, G. (2009). Acta Cryst. D65, 176–185.  Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
First citationPozharski, E., Weichenberger, C. X. & Rupp, B. (2013). Acta Cryst. D69, 150–167.  Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
First citationWeichenberger, C. X., Pozharski, E. & Rupp, B. (2013). Acta Cryst. F69, 195–200.  Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar

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Journal logoSTRUCTURAL BIOLOGY
COMMUNICATIONS
ISSN: 2053-230X
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