Open access article in Journal of Applied Crystallography

Finding crystal structures from few diffraction data by a combination of a random search with genetic algorithms

Immirzi, A. — 2008-08-01

A new procedure for performing structural analysis of crystalline materials from diffraction data, using internal coordinates, is described. For starting information only unit-cell content, space group, chemical formula, molecular connectivity and a limited amount of diffraction data are required. After first selecting a number of solutions using a Monte Carlo approach with severe filters, which reject the most unrealistic solutions, genetic algorithms (crossover and mutations) are applied. In fact, the initial selection step alone is, frequently, a powerful tool for discovering structures, without recourse to the genetic algorithms. The procedure, while suffering from the limitation that connectivity must be known, is effective in cases where direct methods are not applicable because the diffraction data are scarce, are limited to low diffraction angles or are missing in specific portions of the reciprocal space. The main features of the algorithm are described and examples of validation given. The routines are now available as part of the freely distributed general-purpose program TRY. The program is available on the Web at http://www.theochem.unisa.it/try.html.

Point-focusing monochromator crystal realized by hot plastic deformation of a Ge wafer

Okuda, H. — 2008-08-01

Pre-polished Ge(111) single-crystal wafers were deformed just below the melting temperature to prepare point-focusing Johansson monochromator crystals. The (111) lattice plane had curvature 2R in the focusing plane and R perpendicular to it, with a hemispherical inner surface with a radius of R = 600 mm. By using Cu Kα radiation, the diverging X-ray beam was focused onto a small spot.

X-ray diffraction by polycrystalline materials. By René Guinebretière. Pp. 351. London: ISTE, 2007. Price (hardcover) EUR 124.83. ISBN 978-1905209217.

Chateigner, D. — 2008-08-01

A toolkit for publishing enhanced figures

McMahon, B. — 2008-08-01

An editing toolkit has been developed to allow authors to create enhanced interactive figures for publication in crystallography journals. The visualization engine is Jmol, a Java program that can be manipulated as an applet in a web browser. The toolkit provides user-friendly widgets to manipulate the graphics state of Jmol, and persistent storage of graphics state, scripts and associated data files.

VCIF2: extended CIF validation software

Todorov, G. — 2008-08-01

Recent revisions to the CIF standard, the growing number of dictionaries and the critical role played by CIF in the IUCr publication process led the IUCr to fund a two-year project to upgrade portions of the existing CIF software base to support longer lines and more rigorous validation of CIFs against multiple layered dictionaries. A database-based approach to validation to ensure compliance with data-range and enumeration specifications, to ensure compliance with parent–child relationships, and to detect missing and duplicated tags is presented here. This approach to validation is being extended to support the handling of binary synchrotron imgCIF data.

Of crystals, structure factors and diffraction images

Jovine, L. — 2008-06-01

It is suggested that it would be useful if raw X-ray diffraction images could be included in data depositions with the Protein Data Bank.

Determination of absolute structure using Bayesian statistics on Bijvoet differences

Hooft, R.W.W. — 2008-02-01

A new probabilistic approach is introduced for the determination of the absolute structure of a compound which is known to be enantiopure based on Bijvoet-pair intensity differences. The new method provides relative probabilities for different models of the chiral composition of the structure. The outcome of this type of analysis can also be cast in the form of a new value, along with associated standard uncertainty, that resembles the value of the well known Flack x parameter. The standard uncertainty we obtain is often about half of the standard uncertainty in the value of the Flack x parameter. The proposed formalism is suited in particular to absolute configuration determination from diffraction data of biologically active (pharmaceutical) compounds where the strongest resonant scattering signal often comes from oxygen. It is shown that a reliable absolute configuration assignment in such cases can be made on the basis of Cu Kα data, and in some cases even with carefully measured Mo Kα data.

GenOVa: a computer program to generate orientational variants

Cayron, C. — 2007-12-01

A computer program called GenOVa, written in Python, calculates the orientational variants, the operators (special types of misorientations between variants) and the composition table associated with a groupoid structure. The variants can be represented by three-dimensional shapes or by pole figures.

ARPGE: a computer program to automatically reconstruct the parent grains from electron backscatter diffraction data

Cayron, C. — 2007-12-01

A computer program called ARPGE written in Python uses the theoretical results generated by the computer program GenOVa to automatically reconstruct the parent grains from electron backscatter diffraction data obtained on phase transition materials with or without residual parent phase. The misorientations between daughter grains are identified with operators, the daughter grains are identified with indexed variants, the orientations of the parent grains are determined, and some statistics on the variants and operators are established. Some examples with martensitic transformations in iron and titanium alloys were treated. Variant selection phenomena were revealed.

Illustrated Fourier transforms for crystallography

Aubert, E. — 2007-12-01

Concepts such as Fourier transformation, convolution and resolution that are required to understand crystallography are illustrated through visual examples. These concepts can be explained pedagogically in a very direct way using the DigitalMicrograph software from Gatan Inc. (http://www.gatan.com/imaging/downloads.php), originally intended for electron microscopy data collection and analysis, and practical exercises developed around this tool can be used in teaching crystallography.

Meeting report of the BCA 25th Annual Meeting held at the University of Kent in Canterbury, UK, 16–19 April 2007

Helliwell, J.R. — 2007-08-01

A report on the BCA 25th Annual Meeting held at the University of Kent in Canterbury, UK, 16–19 April 2007.

Phaser crystallographic software

McCoy, A.J. — 2007-08-01

Phaser is a program for phasing macromolecular crystal structures by both molecular replacement and experimental phasing methods. The novel phasing algorithms implemented in Phaser have been developed using maximum likelihood and multivariate statistics. For molecular replacement, the new algorithms have proved to be significantly better than traditional methods in discriminating correct solutions from noise, and for single-wavelength anomalous dispersion experimental phasing, the new algorithms, which account for correlations between F+ and F−, give better phases (lower mean phase error with respect to the phases given by the refined structure) than those that use mean F and anomalous differences ΔF. One of the design concepts of Phaser was that it be capable of a high degree of automation. To this end, Phaser (written in C++) can be called directly from Python, although it can also be called using traditional CCP4 keyword-style input. Phaser is a platform for future development of improved phasing methods and their release, including source code, to the crystallographic community.

Personal X-ray reflections. By U. W. Arndt. Pp. 177. Twickenham: Athena Press, 2006. Price GBP 6.99, USD 11.95. ISBN 1-84401-694-3.

Helliwell, J.R. — 2007-06-01

Vesicles as reactors of nanoparticles: an anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering study of the domains rich in copper ions

Bóta, A. — 2007-04-21

The formation of copper hydroxide and copper oxide particles in the gaps among the stacks of multilamellar vesicles is described, illustrating a new pathway in the preparation of nanometre-scale particles. The in situ structural characterization of both the solid particles and the vesicles as a reaction medium was performed in the initial and final states of the process by using anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS) and freeze-fracture methods. The ASAXS method provides a description of the particle-size distribution of the copper nanoparticles, in spite of the fact that they are present in low concentration. This method allows the particle formation and growth to be monitored throughout the whole time range of the synthesis.

Structural formation and many-body effect of concentrated dendrimer solutions by computer simulations

Terao, T. — 2007-04-21

Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations have been performed in order to study charged dendrimers in an aqueous solution. The structure factor, counterion distribution and effective interaction between molecules are clarified numerically. In particular, the many-body interactions in a triplet system are investigated, which is of importance in concentrated systems. These results shed new light on the analysis of recent small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering experiments on dendrimer solutions.

Salt-concentration dependence of the structure and form factors for the wormlike micelle made from a dual surfactant in aqueous solutions

Eguchi, K. — 2007-04-21

Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) from dual-surfactant aqueous solutions made from sodium lauryl ether sulfate and coconut fatty acid amido propyl betaine was systematically measured as a function of the net sodium cation concentration, [Na+]*, and the surfactant concentration, CD. The SAXS intensity [I(q)] was normalized to CD and the resultant I(q)/CD was extrapolated to CD = 0 to give a form factor P(q) for each [Na+]* [where q = 4πsin(θ/2)/λ is the magnitude of the scattering vector, λ is the wavelength and 2θ is the scattering angle]. The low-q behaviour of P(q) was consistent with long rigid cylinders. The middle- and high-q profiles fitted well with a core–shell cylinder model for all [Na+]*. The core and total radii (Rc and Rs) did not depend on [Na+]* at all: Rc = 1.2 ± 0.05 and Rs = 3.1 ± 0.05 nm for [Na+]* = 0.42–1.5 mol l−1, indicating that the salt concentration changes did not induce any structural changes and re-assembling of the surfactants comprising the micelles. This fact is in contrast to the rheological behaviour where the relaxation mode strongly depends on [Na+]*. The structure factor [S(q)] was obtained by dividing I(q)/CD by P(q) for each CD and the mean distance (dm) between the micelles was obtained from the first maximum of S(q) versus q plots. The dm value decreased with increasing CD and [Na+]*, which is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction and experimental results for charged wormlike micelle solutions.

X-ray fluorescence correlation spectroscopy – a tool to study element-specific dynamics

Leupold, O. — 2007-04-21

We have explored the feasibility of X-ray fluorescence correlation spectroscopy for studying the dynamics of colloidal particles in solution. We measured suspensions of Au nanoparticles from 5 to 150 nm diameter in water/glycerol mixtures of various compositions. Time-averaged sample properties were traced via small-angle X-ray scattering. The contrast of the measured time-correlation functions scales as expected with the particle concentration in the sample. The time constants for translational diffusion and sedimentation in water/glycerol mixtures follow only qualitatively the expected behaviour.

Focusing and polarized neutron small-angle scattering spectrometer (SANS-J-II). The challenge of observation over length scales from an ångström to a micrometre

Koizumi, S. — 2007-04-21

SANS-J (a pinhole small-angle neutron scattering spectrometer at research reactor JRR3, Tokai, Japan) was reconstructed as a focusing and polarized neutron small-angle scattering spectrometer (SANS-J-II). By employing focusing lenses of a biconcave MgF2 crystal or of a sextupole permanent magnet and a high-resolution photomultiplier, the minimum accessible magnitude of the scattering vector qmin was improved from 3 × 10−3 Å−1 to an ultra-small-angle scattering (USAS) of 3 × 10−4 Å−1. Compared with a Bonse–Hart double-crystal method, the advantages of focusing USAS are the efficient detection of anisotropic USAS with an area detector, an improvement in q resolution Δq/q at conventional magnitudes of the scattering vector q ~ 10−3 Å−1 and a gain in neutron flux in the conventional q region of q ~ 10−3 Å−1.

Shear-induced structural transition in the lamellar phase of the C16E7/D2O system. Time evolution of small-angle neutron scattering at a constant shear rate

Miyazaki, K. — 2007-04-21

The time evolution of small-angle neutron scattering is measured for the lamellar phase of a nonionic surfactant C16H33(OC2H4)7OH (C16E7) in D2O at 48 wt% at 343 K under shear flow. At the shear rates of 0.3, 1 and 3 s−1, a new diffraction peak appears at higher q [where q = (4π/λ)sin θ, and λ and 2θ are the wavelength of the neutron beam and the scattering angle, respectively] about 1–2 h after applying shear flow and coexists with the initial diffraction peak. The coexistence of two peaks continues even after 5 h at 0.3 s−1 whereas at 1 and 3 s−1 the peak at lower q disappears after about 3 h. These results indicate that the repeat distance decreases discontinuously and so suggest some sort of transition. A plot of the repeat distance after 5 h versus shear rate shows a minimum at 1 s−1, which is in good agreement with our previous results obtained by increasing the shear rate stepwise.

Effect of lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate on the phase diagram of a liquid-crystalline amphiphilic diblock copolymer

Yamada, T. — 2007-04-21

Phase transitions and nanometre-scale ordered structures of a binary system of a liquid-crystalline amphiphilic diblock copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly{11-[4-(4-butylphenylazo)phenoxy]undecyl methacrylate} [PEOm-b-PMA(Az)n, where m and n are the degrees of polymerization of the PEO and PMA(Az) domains, respectively], and lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3) were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). PEO114-b-PMA(Az)51 formed a highly ordered hexagonally packed PEO cylinder structure in the temperature range below 393 K and transformed to a body-centred-cubic structure in the isotropic state above 393 K. The PEO114-b-PMA(Az)51/LiCF3SO3 systems with various LiCF3SO3 concentrations (molar ratio 0 < LiCF3SO3/EO = fLi < 1) formed the hexagonally packed cylinder structure at room temperature. From the effects of LiCF3SO3 concentration on the phase transitions, the size and the order of the hexagonally packed cylinder structure, it was found that PEO114-b-PMA(Az)51 and LiCF3SO3 formed a complex efficiently at a molar equivalent of three ethylene oxide repeating units per LiCF3SO3 unit. The ordering of the hexagonally packed cylinder structure decreased with increasing LiCF3SO3 concentration and the radius of the PEO cylinder evaluated by SAXS profile fitting increased from 2.7 to 8.3 nm. For the PEO114-b-PMA(Az)51/LiCF3SO3 system with fLi = 1, the hexagonally packed cylinder structure remained even in the isotropic state because the PEO volume fraction (φPEO) increased from φPEO = 0.06 (fLi = 0) to φPEO = 0.23 (fLi = 1) on the formation of the LiCF3SO3/PEO complex.

Evaluation of multiple small-angle neutron scattering including magnetic interactions

Šaroun, J. — 2007-04-21

Analytical formulae describing multiple small-angle neutron scattering in ferromagnetic materials are derived from transport equations. The derivation is based on Molière's theory of multiple small-angle scattering assuming that the mean free path of the neutrons is large compared to the size of the scatterers. In addition to the formalism developed earlier for nuclear scattering, the new formulation takes into account the spin dependence of the scattering cross section and spin flips caused by subsequent scattering events. This leads to an anomalous distribution of scattering intensity and polarization, as demonstrated by examples of model calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. In particular, multiple scattering of polarized neutrons can lead to either smoothing or sharpening of the scattered beam anisotropy depending on the polarization of the primary beam and the nuclear and magnetic contrasts of the scatterers. The presented theory has been implemented in the data-fitting program SASProFit suitable for both the modelling of multiple scattering effects and the analysis of experimental data.

X-ray studies of the self-organized structure formed by 1,2-bis(4'-n-alkoxybenzoyl)hydrazine (BABH-n) homologues. 1. Ia3d-gyroid structure

Kutsumizu, S. — 2007-04-21

The cubic (Cub) phase structure of a thermotropic mesogen 1,2-bis(4′-n-alkoxybenzoyl)hydrazine (BABH-n, where n is the number of C atoms in the aliphatic tail) was examined by small-angle X-ray scattering. The BABH-n system exhibits two types of Cub phases, Ia3d type and Im3m type. In the phase diagram as a function of the tail length (n) the Im3m-Cub phase region (n = 13–16) was sandwiched by two Ia3d-Cub phase regions with n < 13 and n > 16. On the basis of the triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) picture, the Ia3d and Im3m structures are described by the gyroid (G) and doubled-P (PP) surfaces, respectively. In this paper we focused attention on the internal structure of the Ia3d-Cub phase at the molecular level. By examining how the relative intensity of the 220 reflection with respect to the 211 reference peak varies with n, we have successfully determined the position of the aliphatic tails, which are located on the G-TPMSs. As far as we know, this is the first approach to clarifying the internal structure of the thermotropic Ia3d-Cub phase. The usefulness of the systematic studies with respect to the tail length n has also been demonstrated.

Operator-assisted harvesting of protein crystals using a universal micromanipulation robot

Viola, R. — 2007-06-01

High-throughput crystallography has reached a level of automation where complete computer-assisted robotic crystallization pipelines are capable of cocktail preparation, crystallization plate setup, and inspection and interpretation of results. While mounting of crystal pins, data collection and structure solution are highly automated, crystal harvesting and cryocooling remain formidable challenges towards full automation. To address the final frontier in achieving fully automated high-throughput crystallography, the prototype of an anthropomorphic six-axis universal micromanipulation robot (UMR) has been designed and tested; this UMR is capable of operator-assisted harvesting and cryoquenching of protein crystals as small as 10 µm from a variety of 96-well plates. The UMR is equipped with a versatile tool exchanger providing full operational flexibility. Trypsin crystals harvested and cryoquenched using the UMR have yielded a 1.5 Å structure demonstrating the feasibility of robotic protein crystal harvesting.

Hierarchical structure of niobate nanosheets in aqueous solution

Yamaguchi, D. — 2007-04-21

The hierarchical structure of an aqueous dispersion of niobate nanosheets was explored by using a combined method of ultra-small-angle and small-angle scattering of neutrons and X-rays. The concentration of the sheets studied was in the range where the dispersion exhibits a liquid-crystal phase as evidenced by observation between crossed polarizers in a previous report. The scattering data covered a wide q scale of more than four orders of magnitude [3 × 10−4 ≤ q ≤ 10 nm−1, where q = (4π/λ)sin(θ/2), λ and θ being the wavelength of the incident beam and the scattering angle, respectively], corresponding to the length scale l = 2π/q from ~1 nm to ~20 µm. The scattering analyses provided information on the hierarchical structural elements including: (i) single nanosheets as a structure element (hierarchy I), (ii) parallel stacks of the sheets (hierarchy II), and (iii) spatial arrangements of the stacks (hierarchy III), in order of increasing length scale. Hierarchy II is closely related to the liquid-crystal nature of the dispersion in which the spacing and the persistence length, normal and parallel to the stack surface, respectively, were disclosed. Hierarchy III gives rise to the low-q upturn in the scattering profile, which may be characterized by mass-fractal-like power-law scattering behavior. This finding is a surprise from the viewpoint of the liquid-crystal nature of the dispersion, a possible model of which is proposed in the text.

Characterization of two-dimensional ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering apparatus for application to rubber filled with spherical silica under elongation

Shinohara, Y. — 2007-04-21

Two-dimensional ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (2D-USAXS) apparatus at SPring-8 has been characterized. 2D-USAXS is a promising tool to study the structural change of the hierachical aggregate structure of fillers such as carbon black and silica particles in rubber. The aggregate structure of fillers is key to understanding the reinforcement effects which fillers show in rubber. We have applied 2D-USAXS to rubber filled with spherical silica particles and proved it to be a powerful technique.

Study on two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering of in situ silica filled nanocomposite elastomer during deformation

Ikeda, Y. — 2007-04-21

Morphological change of in situ generated silica particles was investigated by a time-resolved two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering technique and a simultaneous tensile measurement. The in situ silica particles with diameter ca 34 nm were homogeneously dispersed in a rubbery matrix and the morphological change of the particles was followed up to the elongation ratio α = 2 during stretching and from α = 2.5 during retracting. The observed two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering patterns agreed with the simulation results by Rharbi et al. [Europhys. Lett. (1999), 46, 472–478] where a shear displacement model was proposed for the deformation mode of their soft nanocomposite.

Lamellar crystal thickness transition of melt-crystallized isotactic polybutene-1 observed by small-angle X-ray scattering

Yamashita, M. — 2007-04-21

The first-order long period L1, the second-order long period L2 and lamellar crystal thickness lc of isotactic polybutene-1 have been investigated for crystallization in the melt over a wide range (313.2 to 363.2 K) of crystallization temperatures by small-angle X-ray scattering experiments and density measurements. The long period L1 shows a single linear dependence on inverse supercooling. The crystal thickness lc, however, demonstrates two linear dependences on inverse supercooling and a transition from one dependence to the other has been observed around 338.2 K, where lc becomes comparable with the radius of gyration Rg of the samples.

Surface free energies of isotactic polybutene-1 tetragonal and trigonal crystals: the role of conformational entropy of side chains

Yamashita, M. — 2007-04-21

Lateral and end surface free energies of melt-crystallized isotactic polybutene-1 (it-PB1) trigonal and tetragonal crystals have been determined by small-angle X-ray scattering and in situ observation of the crystal growth kinetics. The lateral surface free energy σ of the trigonal phase is about seven times as large as the value σHoff calculated according to Hoffman's equation [Hoffman (1992). Polymer, 33, 2643–2644], while that of the tetragonal phase is roughly in agreement with the estimation. The discrepancy between the values of σ and σHoff for the trigonal phase can be attributed to the loss of conformational entropy of the ethyl side chains of it-PB1.

Phase behavior of platelet-shaped nanosilicate colloids in saline solutions – a small-angle X-ray scattering study

Fonseca, D.M. — 2007-04-21

A study of polydisperse suspensions of fluorohectorite clay in saline solutions is presented. The suspended clay colloids consist of stacks of nanosilicate sheets several tenths of a nanometre thick. They are polydisperse both with respect to the number of stacked nanolayers and with respect to their extension along the sheets. Due to this polydispersity, a spontaneous gravity-induced vertical segregation occurs in the sample tubes and results in the presence of up to four different phases on top of each other. Precise characterization of the phase diagram of the samples as a function of salt concentration and vertical position in the tubes, based on small-angle X-ray scattering data, is presented. The vertical positions of the phase boundaries were monitored by analyzing the eccentricity of elliptic fits to iso-intensity cuts of the scattering images. The intensity profiles along the two principal directions of scattering display two power-law behaviors with a smooth transition between them and show the absence of positional order in all phases.

Repulsive interlamellar interaction induced by addition of colloidal particles

Suganuma, Y. — 2007-04-21

The effects of colloidal particles confined between lamellar membrane slits on interlamellar interactions have been investigated by small-angle neutron scattering. On addition of colloidal particles to a lamellar phase composed of a non-ionic surfactant, the first lamellar peak becomes sharper and higher-order peaks appear. Thus the colloidal particles suppress undulation fluctuations of lamellar membranes by their steric hindrance, which results in a repulsive interlamellar interaction. As the interlamellar distance decreases, the position of the Bragg peak shifts towards higher q [where q is the magnitude of scattering vector, given by q = (4\pi/\lambda)\sin\theta, where 2\theta is the scattering angle and λ is the wavelength] and the peak intensity weakens. This tendency is completely opposite to the behavior of non-ionic surfactant lamellar phases, where the interlamellar interaction is governed by the Helfrich interaction. A phenomenological free-energy model is proposed based on the restriction of membrane fluctuations by colloidal particles. This model describes the experimental results well.

Solution structure of Ca2+/calmodulin complexed with a lentivirus lytic peptide 1 reveals a novel mode of molecular recognition

Izumi, Y. — 2007-04-21

Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to analyze the interaction of Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) with a lentivirus lytic peptide 1 (LLP1) derived from the cytoplasmic tail of HIV-1 transmembrane glycoprotein. The synthetic peptide homologues of LLP1 were selected from three species of the glycoprotein: ENV_HV1A2, ENV_HV1B1 and ENV_HV1H2. Ca2+/CaM binds LLP1 with the truncation of three or ten residues and adopts almost the same globular structure as that of the complex with a peptide from myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), indicating that the Ca2+/CaM-binding site locates on the shorter sequence. Moreover, Ca2+/CaM binds a peptide with the opposite sequence and adopts almost the same globular structure as that in the original sequence. Taken together, the results provide evidence that LLP1 can bind to the N- and C-terminal lobes of CaM with a polarity opposite to that observed for the CaM–MLCK complex and the binding mode of Ca2+/CaM molecular recognition is well preserved despite the sequence variation in the three species, suggesting that this region of the transmembrane glycoprotein is important to viral replication.

Open access article in Journal of Applied Crystallography

Finding crystal structures from few diffraction data by a combination of a random search with genetic algorithms

Point-focusing monochromator crystal realized by hot plastic deformation of a Ge wafer

X-ray diffraction by polycrystalline materials. By René Guine­bretière. Pp. 351. London: ISTE, 2007. Price (hardcover) EUR 124.83. ISBN 978-1905209217.

A toolkit for publishing enhanced figures

VCIF2: extended CIF validation software

Of crystals, structure factors and diffraction images

Determination of absolute structure using Bayesian statistics on Bijvoet differences

GenOVa: a computer program to generate orientational variants

ARPGE: a computer program to automatically reconstruct the parent grains from electron backscatter diffraction data

Illustrated Fourier transforms for crystallography

Meeting report of the BCA 25th Annual Meeting held at the University of Kent in Canterbury, UK, 16–19 April 2007

Phaser crystallographic software

Personal X-ray reflections. By U. W. Arndt. Pp. 177. Twickenham: Athena Press, 2006. Price GBP 6.99, USD 11.95. ISBN 1-84401-694-3.

Vesicles as reactors of nanoparticles: an anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering study of the domains rich in copper ions

Structural formation and many-body effect of concentrated dendrimer solutions by computer simulations

Salt-concentration dependence of the structure and form factors for the wormlike micelle made from a dual surfactant in aqueous solutions

X-ray fluorescence correlation spectroscopy – a tool to study element-specific dynamics

Focusing and polarized neutron small-angle scattering spectrometer (SANS-J-II). The challenge of observation over length scales from an ångström to a micrometre

Shear-induced structural transition in the lamellar phase of the C16E7/D2O system. Time evolution of small-angle neutron scattering at a constant shear rate

Effect of lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate on the phase diagram of a liquid-crystalline amphiphilic diblock copolymer

Evaluation of multiple small-angle neutron scattering including magnetic interactions

X-ray studies of the self-organized structure formed by 1,2-bis(4'-n-alkoxybenzoyl)hydrazine (BABH-n) homologues. 1. Ia3d-gyroid structure

Operator-assisted harvesting of protein crystals using a universal micromanipulation robot

Hierarchical structure of niobate nanosheets in aqueous solution

Characterization of two-dimensional ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering apparatus for application to rubber filled with spherical silica under elongation

Study on two-dimensional small-angle X-ray scattering of in situ silica filled nanocomposite elastomer during deformation

Lamellar crystal thickness transition of melt-crystallized isotactic polybutene-1 observed by small-angle X-ray scattering

Surface free energies of isotactic polybutene-1 tetragonal and trigonal crystals: the role of conformational entropy of side chains

Phase behavior of platelet-shaped nanosilicate colloids in saline solutions – a small-angle X-ray scattering study

Repulsive interlamellar interaction induced by addition of colloidal particles

Solution structure of Ca2+/calmodulin complexed with a lentivirus lytic peptide 1 reveals a novel mode of molecular recognition

X-ray diffraction by polycrystalline materials. By René Guinebretière. Pp. 351. London: ISTE, 2007. Price (hardcover) EUR 124.83. ISBN 978-1905209217.