Figure 2
Structural biology of ribosomes. A chronological overview of structural ribosome studies related to developments in electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography. Cryo-EM has recently undergone a `resolution revolution' phase (highlighted in red), revealing the structural details of ribosomes from different kingdoms of life at nearly the atomic level. The red encircled image at the upper left in the electron-microscopy panel shows the ribosome–NC complex (NC labelled with antibodies; Bernabeu & Lake, 1982), imaged using negative-stain electron microscopy to identify the relative location of the ribosome exit tunnel. In the right panel, atomic structural studies of ribosomes by X-ray crystallography are highlighted. Each structure is described in the main text. |