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Figure 2
Illustration of the secondary radiation-damage mechanism induced by intense XFEL radiation in protein crystals. The electron-impact ionization cascades are initiated by released photoelectrons or Auger electrons and significantly contribute to the increase of the ionization level and the temperature in the sample. Electron-impact ionization cascades can add several hundreds of ionizations to the primary X-ray-induced damage, and can reach a radius of several hundreds of nanometres in a few tens of femtoseconds before thermalization.

Journal logoSTRUCTURAL
BIOLOGY
ISSN: 2059-7983
Volume 75| Part 2| February 2019| Pages 211-218
https://doi.org/10.1107/S2059798319000317
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