Supporting information
Crystallographic Information File (CIF) https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536807049410/av3102sup1.cif | |
Structure factor file (CIF format) https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536807049410/av3102Isup2.hkl |
CCDC reference: 667149
The commercially available 4,4'-diamino-2,2'-stilbene-disulfonic acid from Aldrich was dissolved in a NaOH solution. It was then purified by successive acid and base washes. The desired water soluble product was obtained by adjusting the pH ≥ 8 with NaOH and then it was recrystallized by slow evaporation in ethanol.
H atoms were placed in calculated positions (C—H = 0.93–0.97 Å) and included in the refinement in the riding-model approximation, with Uiso(H) = 1.2 Ueq(C). Some special constraints were added for hydrogen on nitrogen (N—H = 0.87 /%A) with Uiso(H) = 1.5 Ueq(C) and for hydrogen on oxygen (O—H = 0.83 /%A) with Uiso(H) = 1.5 Ueq(C). More constraints were used on these protons to get more realistic angle for amine and water protons.
Stilbenes are an interesting class of compounds that can be photoexcited with standard UV irradiation sources because of their high degree of conjugation. Even though diamininostilbene (I) is an extended stilbene, photoinduced conversion does not proceed resulting in high fluorescence (Zhao et al., 1996). Owing to our on-going azomethine (–N=C–) research, (Pérez Guarìn et al., 2007), we examined (I) as a novel monomer for the synthesis of unprecedented water soluble conjugated functional materials. (Dufresne et al., 2007) Its diamine residues are suitable for condensation with aryl aldehydes for preparation of the pi-conjugated compounds. During the course of this research we isolated (I), whose crystallographic study is discussed herein. This study is of importance for assigning the geometric isomer, co-planarity of the stilbene moiety, and cation exchange, all of which cannot be unequivocally confirmed by standard characterization techniques such as 1H and 13C NMR.
The resulting crystal structure found for (I) confirmed that the compound contained the stilbenoid structure with the two sulfonate groups in the 2,2' positions. Of importance, the exchange of the original two H atoms with sodium cations on the two sulfonic acid groups was confirmed from the X-ray analysis. Four water molecules were found to coordinate with the sulfonic moieties to further stabilize the charges of the ionic groups. Confirmation of the amine substitution in the para position of the stilbene was also possible. The exclusive formation of the thermodynamic E isomer was also confirmed.
Even though stilbenes are generally understood to be completely planar, the structure obtained for (I) illustrates this is not the case. The mean plane described by the phenyl rings is rotated 10.14 (24) ° from the mean plane of the unsaturated alkene to which they are covalently bonded. For comparison, the angle described by similar planes for analogous unsubstituted stilbenes is much smaller ranging between 2.7 (4) ° (Wang et al., 2005) and 1.9 (3) ° (Zhang et al., 2005). The larger degree of twisting from planarity for the phenyl rings of (I) is a result of the bulky sulfonic groups that reduce the amount of intermolecular p-stacking.
Besides the cation required to counter balance the sulfonate group, three additional sodium cations were found in close proximity to the ionic group. The distance separating the sodium cations of adjacent molecules is 3.588 (1) Å. One counter cation is located 2.539 (2) Å from the anionic O3 while the two other cations are 2.399 (2) and 2.421 (2) Å from O1. All the cations are within sufficient proximity to be described as counter ions of the sulfonate group. The sodium cations are symmetry related and the negative charge is uniformly spread over all oxygen atoms of the sulfonate. There are additionally two water molecules per sodium cation (Fig. 2) that are co-crystallized within the structure. These solvate the sodium cations and are located 2.419 (2) and 2.383 (3) Å from the cation.
In addition to these ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding also occurs in an anticipated manner predicted by Etter's topological descriptors (Etter, 1990). Three such hydrogen bonds take place between the hydrogen donors of the co-crystallized water molecules and (I), represented in Fig. 3. Specifically the interactions are: O4—H4A···N1ii, O5—H5A···O2iii and O5—H5B···O2iv whose lengths are 2.818 (3), 2.942 (3), and 2.915 (3) Å, respectively. The amino groups act both as donors and acceptors via the hydrogen and its nitrogen to form N—H···O and H···N interactions, respectively. Such hydrogen bonding occurs via N1—H1A···O3v of the sulfonate and N1—H1B···O5v of a water molecule. The distances of these hydrogen bonds are 3.236 (3) and 3.403 (3) Å, respectively. Each hydrogen present in (I) participates in hydrogen bonds with the exception for H4B.
Overlapping of the aryl groups resulting in pi-stacking normally takes place with conjugated aromatic compounds such as stilbenes. This is not entirely the case with (I). While the distance of 3.367 (16) Å separating similarly parallel molecules of (I) is ideal for pi-stacking, such a strong interaction is not expected because the aryl units are not completely superimposed. However, there is some overlap between the symmetrically related phenyl rings C2—C7 whose distance between the ring centroids is 3.84 (1) Å. This leads to weaker pi-stacking in comparison to its unsubstituted analogue.
For general background, see: Dufresne et al. (2007); Pérez Guarìn et al. (2007) and references therein; Zhao et al. (1996). For related literature, see: Wang et al. (2005); Zhang et al. (2005); Etter (1990).
Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 2003); cell refinement: SMART (Bruker, 2004); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2004); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Bruker, 1997); software used to prepare material for publication: UdMX (Marris, 2004).
2Na+·C14H12N2O6S22−·4H2O | F(000) = 504 |
Mr = 486.43 | Dx = 1.704 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Cu Kα radiation, λ = 1.54178 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ybc | Cell parameters from 2942 reflections |
a = 8.1415 (6) Å | θ = 4.7–72.1° |
b = 18.6885 (15) Å | µ = 3.56 mm−1 |
c = 6.3230 (5) Å | T = 220 K |
β = 99.860 (4)° | Block, orange |
V = 947.85 (13) Å3 | 0.18 × 0.18 × 0.07 mm |
Z = 2 |
Bruker SMART 2000 diffractometer | 1778 independent reflections |
Radiation source: X-ray Sealed Tube | 1617 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.049 |
Detector resolution: 5.5 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 72.1°, θmin = 4.7° |
ω scans | h = −8→10 |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) | k = −23→21 |
Tmin = 0.560, Tmax = 0.779 | l = −7→7 |
4637 measured reflections |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.068 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.186 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.07 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.1547P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
1778 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
154 parameters | Δρmax = 0.79 e Å−3 |
9 restraints | Δρmin = −0.77 e Å−3 |
2Na+·C14H12N2O6S22−·4H2O | V = 947.85 (13) Å3 |
Mr = 486.43 | Z = 2 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Cu Kα radiation |
a = 8.1415 (6) Å | µ = 3.56 mm−1 |
b = 18.6885 (15) Å | T = 220 K |
c = 6.3230 (5) Å | 0.18 × 0.18 × 0.07 mm |
β = 99.860 (4)° |
Bruker SMART 2000 diffractometer | 1778 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) | 1617 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.560, Tmax = 0.779 | Rint = 0.049 |
4637 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.068 | 9 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.186 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.07 | Δρmax = 0.79 e Å−3 |
1778 reflections | Δρmin = −0.77 e Å−3 |
154 parameters |
Experimental. X-ray crystallographic data for I were collected from a single-crystal sample, which was mounted on a loop fiber. Data were collected using a Bruker Platform diffractometer, equipped with a Bruker SMART 2 K Charged-Coupled Device (CCD) Area Detector using the program SMART and normal focus sealed tube source graphite monochromated Cu—Kα radiation. The crystal-to-detector distance was 4.908 cm, and the data collection was carried out in 512 x 512 pixel mode, utilizing 4 x 4 pixel binning. The initial unit-cell parameters were determined by a least-squares fit of the angular setting of strong reflections, collected by a 9.0 degree scan in 30 frames over four different parts of the reciprocal space (120 frames total). One complete sphere of data was collected, to better than 0.8 Å resolution. Upon completion of the data collection, the first 101 frames were recollected in order to improve the decay correction analysis. |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
Na1 | 0.47929 (13) | 0.70461 (6) | 0.82314 (16) | 0.0220 (3) | |
S1 | 0.31622 (6) | 0.63408 (3) | 0.27575 (8) | 0.0134 (3) | |
O1 | 0.4039 (2) | 0.68007 (10) | 0.4429 (3) | 0.0235 (5) | |
O2 | 0.4037 (2) | 0.56729 (10) | 0.2570 (3) | 0.0233 (5) | |
O3 | 0.2760 (2) | 0.67132 (12) | 0.0699 (3) | 0.0249 (5) | |
O4 | 0.6775 (2) | 0.78332 (11) | 0.6530 (3) | 0.0232 (5) | |
H4A | 0.759 (2) | 0.7566 (12) | 0.688 (5) | 0.035* | |
H4B | 0.697 (4) | 0.8187 (10) | 0.733 (4) | 0.035* | |
O5 | 0.5550 (3) | 0.58184 (12) | 0.8734 (4) | 0.0391 (6) | |
H5A | 0.527 (6) | 0.5482 (13) | 0.789 (4) | 0.059* | |
H5B | 0.522 (5) | 0.5698 (19) | 0.985 (3) | 0.059* | |
N1 | −0.0974 (3) | 0.67174 (14) | 0.7935 (3) | 0.0226 (5) | |
H1A | −0.010 (2) | 0.6876 (17) | 0.879 (3) | 0.034* | |
H1B | −0.168 (3) | 0.6459 (17) | 0.849 (4) | 0.034* | |
C1 | 0.0441 (3) | 0.52710 (13) | 0.0485 (4) | 0.0160 (5) | |
H1 | 0.1357 | 0.5430 | −0.0112 | 0.019* | |
C2 | 0.0102 (3) | 0.56404 (12) | 0.2411 (4) | 0.0138 (5) | |
C3 | −0.1390 (3) | 0.55170 (14) | 0.3206 (4) | 0.0179 (5) | |
H3 | −0.2168 | 0.5190 | 0.2484 | 0.021* | |
C4 | −0.1748 (3) | 0.58591 (14) | 0.5005 (4) | 0.0188 (6) | |
H4 | −0.2759 | 0.5766 | 0.5481 | 0.023* | |
C5 | −0.0613 (3) | 0.63444 (13) | 0.6121 (4) | 0.0158 (6) | |
C6 | 0.0858 (3) | 0.64861 (14) | 0.5362 (4) | 0.0165 (5) | |
H6 | 0.1616 | 0.6823 | 0.6071 | 0.020* | |
C7 | 0.1217 (3) | 0.61327 (13) | 0.3559 (3) | 0.0126 (5) |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Na1 | 0.0202 (6) | 0.0241 (6) | 0.0203 (6) | −0.0008 (4) | −0.0003 (4) | −0.0023 (4) |
S1 | 0.0093 (4) | 0.0144 (4) | 0.0157 (4) | −0.00317 (18) | −0.0002 (3) | −0.00306 (18) |
O1 | 0.0183 (9) | 0.0256 (10) | 0.0263 (10) | −0.0104 (8) | 0.0035 (8) | −0.0093 (7) |
O2 | 0.0164 (9) | 0.0205 (10) | 0.0337 (10) | 0.0007 (7) | 0.0066 (8) | −0.0051 (7) |
O3 | 0.0194 (9) | 0.0303 (11) | 0.0246 (10) | −0.0028 (8) | 0.0032 (8) | 0.0092 (8) |
O4 | 0.0189 (9) | 0.0234 (10) | 0.0242 (10) | 0.0016 (7) | −0.0051 (7) | −0.0037 (7) |
O5 | 0.0607 (16) | 0.0227 (11) | 0.0404 (12) | 0.0024 (10) | 0.0267 (12) | −0.0028 (9) |
N1 | 0.0217 (11) | 0.0282 (12) | 0.0179 (11) | 0.0057 (9) | 0.0029 (9) | −0.0026 (8) |
C1 | 0.0125 (11) | 0.0186 (11) | 0.0163 (11) | −0.0034 (9) | 0.0007 (9) | −0.0018 (9) |
C2 | 0.0128 (11) | 0.0137 (11) | 0.0134 (11) | −0.0010 (8) | −0.0023 (9) | 0.0014 (8) |
C3 | 0.0103 (11) | 0.0206 (12) | 0.0210 (12) | −0.0045 (9) | −0.0019 (9) | 0.0005 (9) |
C4 | 0.0116 (11) | 0.0232 (14) | 0.0215 (12) | 0.0000 (9) | 0.0022 (10) | 0.0028 (10) |
C5 | 0.0146 (12) | 0.0177 (13) | 0.0143 (12) | 0.0060 (8) | 0.0002 (9) | 0.0031 (8) |
C6 | 0.0132 (11) | 0.0179 (11) | 0.0162 (12) | 0.0011 (9) | −0.0036 (9) | −0.0029 (9) |
C7 | 0.0093 (10) | 0.0133 (11) | 0.0140 (11) | −0.0001 (8) | −0.0012 (8) | 0.0010 (8) |
Na1—O5 | 2.383 (3) | N1—H1a | 0.87 (2) |
Na1—O1 | 2.421 (2) | N1—H1b | 0.87 (3) |
Na1—O4 | 2.553 (2) | C1—C2 | 1.467 (3) |
C1—C1i | 1.329 (3) | C1—H1 | 0.94 |
S1—O1 | 1.4516 (18) | C2—C7 | 1.404 (3) |
S1—O2 | 1.452 (2) | C2—C3 | 1.411 (3) |
S1—O3 | 1.4627 (19) | C3—C4 | 1.378 (4) |
S1—C7 | 1.787 (2) | C3—H3 | 0.94 |
O4—H4a | 0.83 (2) | C4—C5 | 1.397 (4) |
O4—H4b | 0.83 (2) | C4—H4 | 0.94 |
O5—H5a | 0.83 (2) | C5—C6 | 1.390 (4) |
O5—H5b | 0.83 (3) | C6—C7 | 1.391 (3) |
N1—C5 | 1.415 (3) | C6—H6 | 0.94 |
O5—NA1—O1ii | 153.80 (8) | O3—S1—C7 | 106.35 (11) |
O5—NA1—O4ii | 81.70 (9) | O2—S1—NA1iv | 126.86 (8) |
O1ii—NA1—O4ii | 79.22 (7) | O3—S1—NA1iv | 70.74 (9) |
O5—NA1—O1 | 88.05 (8) | C7—S1—NA1iv | 122.52 (8) |
O1ii—NA1—O1 | 116.66 (8) | S1—O1—NA1iv | 115.00 (11) |
O4ii—NA1—O1 | 153.13 (8) | S1—O1—NA1 | 147.64 (12) |
O5—NA1—O3iii | 82.13 (8) | NA1iv—O1—NA1 | 96.21 (7) |
O1ii—NA1—O3iii | 78.29 (8) | S1—O3—NA1v | 126.38 (11) |
O4ii—NA1—O3iii | 84.37 (7) | NA1iv—O4—NA1 | 92.32 (7) |
O1—NA1—O3iii | 118.86 (7) | NA1iv—O4—H4A | 132 (2) |
O5—NA1—O4 | 116.31 (8) | NA1—O4—H4A | 94 (2) |
O1ii—NA1—O4 | 80.20 (7) | NA1iv—O4—H4B | 118.70 (19) |
O4ii—NA1—O4 | 86.16 (7) | NA1—O4—H4B | 106 (3) |
O1—NA1—O4 | 76.22 (7) | H4A—O4—H4B | 105 (3) |
O3iii—NA1—O4 | 157.77 (8) | NA1—O5—H5A | 127 (3) |
O5—NA1—S1ii | 170.56 (7) | NA1—O5—H5B | 105 (3) |
O1ii—NA1—S1ii | 23.59 (5) | H5A—O5—H5B | 104 (3) |
O4ii—NA1—S1ii | 101.10 (6) | C5—N1—H1A | 114 (2) |
O1—NA1—S1ii | 93.06 (6) | C5—N1—H1B | 107 (2) |
O3iii—NA1—S1ii | 89.15 (6) | H1A—N1—H1B | 118 (2) |
O4—NA1—S1ii | 73.01 (5) | C1i—C1—C2 | 125.3 (3) |
O5—NA1—NA1iv | 122.26 (6) | C1i—C1—H1 | 117.3 |
O1ii—NA1—NA1iv | 83.80 (6) | C2—C1—H1 | 117.3 |
O4ii—NA1—NA1iv | 127.95 (6) | C7—C2—C3 | 116.3 (2) |
O1—NA1—NA1iv | 41.65 (5) | C7—C2—C1 | 122.8 (2) |
O3iii—NA1—NA1iv | 139.09 (5) | C3—C2—C1 | 121.0 (2) |
O4—NA1—NA1iv | 42.36 (5) | C4—C3—C2 | 122.3 (2) |
S1ii—NA1—NA1iv | 63.06 (3) | C4—C3—H3 | 118.9 |
O5—NA1—NA1ii | 112.13 (6) | C2—C3—H3 | 118.9 |
O1ii—NA1—NA1ii | 42.13 (5) | C3—C4—C5 | 120.2 (2) |
O4ii—NA1—NA1ii | 45.32 (5) | C3—C4—H4 | 119.9 |
O1—NA1—NA1ii | 157.86 (7) | C5—C4—H4 | 119.9 |
O3iii—NA1—NA1ii | 58.39 (5) | C6—C5—C4 | 119.0 (2) |
O4—NA1—NA1ii | 101.20 (6) | C6—C5—N1 | 119.8 (2) |
S1ii—NA1—NA1ii | 65.53 (3) | C4—C5—N1 | 121.2 (2) |
NA1iv—NA1—NA1ii | 123.56 (6) | C5—C6—C7 | 120.4 (2) |
O1—S1—O2 | 112.45 (12) | C5—C6—H6 | 119.8 |
O1—S1—O3 | 111.93 (13) | C7—C6—H6 | 119.8 |
O2—S1—O3 | 112.00 (12) | C6—C7—C2 | 121.8 (2) |
O1—S1—C7 | 105.75 (11) | C6—C7—S1 | 116.73 (18) |
O2—S1—C7 | 107.88 (11) | C2—C7—S1 | 121.45 (17) |
O2—S1—O1—NA1iv | 120.85 (12) | O4ii—NA1—O4—NA1iv | −171.25 (9) |
O3—S1—O1—NA1iv | −6.25 (16) | O1—NA1—O4—NA1iv | 29.20 (7) |
C7—S1—O1—NA1iv | −121.64 (11) | O3iii—NA1—O4—NA1iv | −106.34 (19) |
O2—S1—O1—NA1 | −75.6 (2) | S1ii—NA1—O4—NA1iv | −68.41 (5) |
O3—S1—O1—NA1 | 157.3 (2) | NA1ii—NA1—O4—NA1iv | −128.27 (6) |
C7—S1—O1—NA1 | 41.9 (3) | C1i—C1—C2—C7 | 169.8 (3) |
NA1iv—S1—O1—NA1 | 163.5 (3) | C1i—C1—C2—C3 | −10.4 (5) |
O5—NA1—O1—S1 | 47.6 (2) | C7—C2—C3—C4 | 0.1 (4) |
O1ii—NA1—O1—S1 | −123.28 (18) | C1—C2—C3—C4 | −179.6 (2) |
O4ii—NA1—O1—S1 | 114.9 (2) | C2—C3—C4—C5 | −0.4 (4) |
O3iii—NA1—O1—S1 | −32.3 (3) | C3—C4—C5—C6 | 1.3 (4) |
O4—NA1—O1—S1 | 165.3 (2) | C3—C4—C5—N1 | 178.2 (2) |
S1ii—NA1—O1—S1 | −123.0 (2) | C4—C5—C6—C7 | −2.0 (4) |
NA1iv—NA1—O1—S1 | −165.0 (3) | N1—C5—C6—C7 | −178.9 (2) |
NA1ii—NA1—O1—S1 | −108.8 (3) | C5—C6—C7—C2 | 1.8 (4) |
O5—NA1—O1—NA1iv | −147.35 (8) | C5—C6—C7—S1 | −178.65 (18) |
O1ii—NA1—O1—NA1iv | 41.75 (14) | C3—C2—C7—C6 | −0.8 (3) |
O4ii—NA1—O1—NA1iv | −80.11 (18) | C1—C2—C7—C6 | 178.9 (2) |
O3iii—NA1—O1—NA1iv | 132.75 (8) | C3—C2—C7—S1 | 179.65 (18) |
O4—NA1—O1—NA1iv | −29.64 (7) | C1—C2—C7—S1 | −0.6 (3) |
S1ii—NA1—O1—NA1iv | 42.03 (7) | O1—S1—C7—C6 | 6.5 (2) |
NA1ii—NA1—O1—NA1iv | 56.23 (19) | O2—S1—C7—C6 | 127.03 (19) |
O1—S1—O3—NA1v | 73.67 (18) | O3—S1—C7—C6 | −112.6 (2) |
O2—S1—O3—NA1v | −53.67 (17) | NA1iv—S1—C7—C6 | −35.4 (2) |
C7—S1—O3—NA1v | −171.30 (13) | O1—S1—C7—C2 | −173.98 (19) |
NA1iv—S1—O3—NA1v | 69.30 (12) | O2—S1—C7—C2 | −53.4 (2) |
O5—NA1—O4—NA1iv | 109.98 (9) | O3—S1—C7—C2 | 66.9 (2) |
O1ii—NA1—O4—NA1iv | −91.53 (7) | NA1iv—S1—C7—C2 | 144.13 (16) |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x, −y+1, −z; (ii) x, −y+3/2, z+1/2; (iii) x, y, z+1; (iv) x, −y+3/2, z−1/2; (v) x, y, z−1. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O4—H4A···N1vi | 0.83 (2) | 2.02 (1) | 2.818 (3) | 163 (3) |
O5—H5A···O2vii | 0.83 (2) | 2.26 (3) | 2.942 (3) | 139 (4) |
O5—H5B···O2iii | 0.83 (3) | 2.11 (3) | 2.915 (3) | 164 (4) |
N1—H1A···O3iii | 0.87 (2) | 2.45 (2) | 3.236 (3) | 151 (3) |
N1—H1B···O5viii | 0.87 (3) | 2.58 (3) | 3.403 (3) | 158 (2) |
Symmetry codes: (iii) x, y, z+1; (vi) x+1, y, z; (vii) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1; (viii) x−1, y, z. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | 2Na+·C14H12N2O6S22−·4H2O |
Mr | 486.43 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/c |
Temperature (K) | 220 |
a, b, c (Å) | 8.1415 (6), 18.6885 (15), 6.3230 (5) |
β (°) | 99.860 (4) |
V (Å3) | 947.85 (13) |
Z | 2 |
Radiation type | Cu Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 3.56 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.18 × 0.18 × 0.07 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker SMART 2000 |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.560, 0.779 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 4637, 1778, 1617 |
Rint | 0.049 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.617 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.068, 0.186, 1.07 |
No. of reflections | 1778 |
No. of parameters | 154 |
No. of restraints | 9 |
H-atom treatment | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.79, −0.77 |
Computer programs: SMART (Bruker, 2003), SMART (Bruker, 2004), SAINT (Bruker, 2004), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997), SHELXTL (Bruker, 1997), UdMX (Marris, 2004).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O4—H4A···N1ii | 0.83 (2) | 2.015 (10) | 2.818 (3) | 163 (3) |
O5—H5A···O2iii | 0.83 (2) | 2.26 (3) | 2.942 (3) | 139 (4) |
O5—H5B···O2iv | 0.83 (3) | 2.11 (3) | 2.915 (3) | 164 (4) |
N1—H1A···O3iv | 0.87 (2) | 2.449 (17) | 3.236 (3) | 151 (3) |
N1—H1B···O5v | 0.87 (3) | 2.58 (3) | 3.403 (3) | 158 (2) |
Symmetry codes: (ii) x+1, y, z; (iii) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1; (iv) x, y, z+1; (v) x−1, y, z. |
Stilbenes are an interesting class of compounds that can be photoexcited with standard UV irradiation sources because of their high degree of conjugation. Even though diamininostilbene (I) is an extended stilbene, photoinduced conversion does not proceed resulting in high fluorescence (Zhao et al., 1996). Owing to our on-going azomethine (–N=C–) research, (Pérez Guarìn et al., 2007), we examined (I) as a novel monomer for the synthesis of unprecedented water soluble conjugated functional materials. (Dufresne et al., 2007) Its diamine residues are suitable for condensation with aryl aldehydes for preparation of the pi-conjugated compounds. During the course of this research we isolated (I), whose crystallographic study is discussed herein. This study is of importance for assigning the geometric isomer, co-planarity of the stilbene moiety, and cation exchange, all of which cannot be unequivocally confirmed by standard characterization techniques such as 1H and 13C NMR.
The resulting crystal structure found for (I) confirmed that the compound contained the stilbenoid structure with the two sulfonate groups in the 2,2' positions. Of importance, the exchange of the original two H atoms with sodium cations on the two sulfonic acid groups was confirmed from the X-ray analysis. Four water molecules were found to coordinate with the sulfonic moieties to further stabilize the charges of the ionic groups. Confirmation of the amine substitution in the para position of the stilbene was also possible. The exclusive formation of the thermodynamic E isomer was also confirmed.
Even though stilbenes are generally understood to be completely planar, the structure obtained for (I) illustrates this is not the case. The mean plane described by the phenyl rings is rotated 10.14 (24) ° from the mean plane of the unsaturated alkene to which they are covalently bonded. For comparison, the angle described by similar planes for analogous unsubstituted stilbenes is much smaller ranging between 2.7 (4) ° (Wang et al., 2005) and 1.9 (3) ° (Zhang et al., 2005). The larger degree of twisting from planarity for the phenyl rings of (I) is a result of the bulky sulfonic groups that reduce the amount of intermolecular p-stacking.
Besides the cation required to counter balance the sulfonate group, three additional sodium cations were found in close proximity to the ionic group. The distance separating the sodium cations of adjacent molecules is 3.588 (1) Å. One counter cation is located 2.539 (2) Å from the anionic O3 while the two other cations are 2.399 (2) and 2.421 (2) Å from O1. All the cations are within sufficient proximity to be described as counter ions of the sulfonate group. The sodium cations are symmetry related and the negative charge is uniformly spread over all oxygen atoms of the sulfonate. There are additionally two water molecules per sodium cation (Fig. 2) that are co-crystallized within the structure. These solvate the sodium cations and are located 2.419 (2) and 2.383 (3) Å from the cation.
In addition to these ionic interactions, hydrogen bonding also occurs in an anticipated manner predicted by Etter's topological descriptors (Etter, 1990). Three such hydrogen bonds take place between the hydrogen donors of the co-crystallized water molecules and (I), represented in Fig. 3. Specifically the interactions are: O4—H4A···N1ii, O5—H5A···O2iii and O5—H5B···O2iv whose lengths are 2.818 (3), 2.942 (3), and 2.915 (3) Å, respectively. The amino groups act both as donors and acceptors via the hydrogen and its nitrogen to form N—H···O and H···N interactions, respectively. Such hydrogen bonding occurs via N1—H1A···O3v of the sulfonate and N1—H1B···O5v of a water molecule. The distances of these hydrogen bonds are 3.236 (3) and 3.403 (3) Å, respectively. Each hydrogen present in (I) participates in hydrogen bonds with the exception for H4B.
Overlapping of the aryl groups resulting in pi-stacking normally takes place with conjugated aromatic compounds such as stilbenes. This is not entirely the case with (I). While the distance of 3.367 (16) Å separating similarly parallel molecules of (I) is ideal for pi-stacking, such a strong interaction is not expected because the aryl units are not completely superimposed. However, there is some overlap between the symmetrically related phenyl rings C2—C7 whose distance between the ring centroids is 3.84 (1) Å. This leads to weaker pi-stacking in comparison to its unsubstituted analogue.