The cation of the title salt, C13H14N3+·C9H6NO4S-, is found to have a conformation with both phenyl rings lying in syn positions with respect to the unsubstituted N atom. The geometry of the guanidinium unit is close to that expected for a central Csp2 atom. The anions are approximately parallel to the (010) plane. The structure is stabilized by a two-dimensional network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
Supporting information
CCDC reference: 630463
Key indicators
- Single-crystal X-ray study
- T = 293 K
- Mean (C-C) = 0.005 Å
- R factor = 0.047
- wR factor = 0.148
- Data-to-parameter ratio = 17.0
checkCIF/PLATON results
No syntax errors found
Alert level C
PLAT242_ALERT_2_C Check Low Ueq as Compared to Neighbors for C12
PLAT242_ALERT_2_C Check Low Ueq as Compared to Neighbors for S1
PLAT250_ALERT_2_C Large U3/U1 Ratio for Average U(i,j) Tensor .... 2.45
PLAT340_ALERT_3_C Low Bond Precision on C-C bonds (x 1000) Ang ... 5
PLAT420_ALERT_2_C D-H Without Acceptor N4 - H4B ... ?
Alert level G
PLAT199_ALERT_1_G Check the Reported _cell_measurement_temperature 293 K
PLAT200_ALERT_1_G Check the Reported _diffrn_ambient_temperature . 293 K
0 ALERT level A = In general: serious problem
0 ALERT level B = Potentially serious problem
5 ALERT level C = Check and explain
2 ALERT level G = General alerts; check
2 ALERT type 1 CIF construction/syntax error, inconsistent or missing data
4 ALERT type 2 Indicator that the structure model may be wrong or deficient
1 ALERT type 3 Indicator that the structure quality may be low
0 ALERT type 4 Improvement, methodology, query or suggestion
0 ALERT type 5 Informative message, check
Data collection: CAD-4 Software (Enraf–Nonius, 1989); cell refinement: CAD-4 Software; data reduction: SDP-Plus (Frenz, 1985); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997); molecular graphics: PLATON (Spek, 2003); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97.
N,
N'-Diphenylguanidinium 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate
top
Crystal data top
C13H14N3+·C9H6NO4S− | F(000) = 1824 |
Mr = 436.48 | Dx = 1.387 Mg m−3 |
Orthorhombic, Pbca | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ac 2ab | Cell parameters from 17 reflections |
a = 8.797 (2) Å | θ = 10.5–18.4° |
b = 16.880 (2) Å | µ = 0.19 mm−1 |
c = 28.145 (4) Å | T = 293 K |
V = 4179.6 (12) Å3 | Parallelipiped, colourless |
Z = 8 | 0.39 × 0.37 × 0.17 mm |
Data collection top
Enraf–Nonius CAD-4 diffractometer | 2976 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | Rint = 0.018 |
Graphite monochromator | θmax = 27.5°, θmin = 2.4° |
profile data from ω–2θ scans | h = −11→11 |
Absorption correction: ψ scan (North et al., 1968) | k = 0→21 |
Tmin = 0.942, Tmax = 0.964 | l = 0→36 |
7311 measured reflections | 3 standard reflections every 180 min |
4800 independent reflections | intensity decay: 1.6% |
Refinement top
Refinement on F2 | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.047 | H-atom parameters constrained |
wR(F2) = 0.148 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0647P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
S = 1.00 | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
4800 reflections | Δρmax = 0.69 e Å−3 |
282 parameters | Δρmin = −0.49 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Extinction correction: SHELXL97, Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4 |
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods | Extinction coefficient: 0.0009 (2) |
Special details top
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes)
are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken
into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles
and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only
used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic)
treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s.
planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor
wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional
R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for
negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 >
σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc.
and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement.
R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large
as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be
even larger. |
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top | x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | |
S1 | 0.48508 (5) | 0.23367 (4) | 0.621739 (18) | 0.03210 (16) | |
N1 | 1.0785 (2) | 0.23709 (12) | 0.60358 (7) | 0.0382 (4) | |
C2 | 1.0629 (3) | 0.24031 (16) | 0.55744 (9) | 0.0444 (6) | |
H2 | 1.1502 | 0.2435 | 0.5389 | 0.053* | |
C3 | 0.9226 (3) | 0.23928 (18) | 0.53450 (8) | 0.0491 (7) | |
H3 | 0.9178 | 0.2413 | 0.5015 | 0.059* | |
C4 | 0.7928 (3) | 0.23526 (15) | 0.56057 (8) | 0.0391 (5) | |
H4 | 0.6987 | 0.2339 | 0.5455 | 0.047* | |
C5 | 0.6751 (2) | 0.23175 (14) | 0.64225 (8) | 0.0324 (5) | |
C6 | 0.7001 (3) | 0.22847 (16) | 0.69012 (8) | 0.0428 (6) | |
H6 | 0.6172 | 0.2277 | 0.7106 | 0.051* | |
C7 | 0.8475 (3) | 0.22624 (18) | 0.70919 (8) | 0.0483 (7) | |
H7 | 0.8611 | 0.2228 | 0.7419 | 0.058* | |
C8 | 0.9701 (3) | 0.22913 (16) | 0.68008 (8) | 0.0402 (5) | |
C9 | 0.9493 (2) | 0.23353 (14) | 0.63001 (7) | 0.0312 (5) | |
C10 | 0.8013 (2) | 0.23311 (13) | 0.61051 (7) | 0.0290 (4) | |
O1 | 1.11182 (18) | 0.22840 (14) | 0.69832 (6) | 0.0568 (5) | |
H1 | 1.1740 | 0.2315 | 0.6767 | 0.085* | |
O2 | 0.4562 (2) | 0.16004 (11) | 0.59902 (8) | 0.0617 (6) | |
O3 | 0.4744 (2) | 0.29913 (11) | 0.58852 (8) | 0.0587 (5) | |
O4 | 0.3941 (2) | 0.24867 (16) | 0.66357 (6) | 0.0735 (7) | |
N2 | 0.8112 (3) | 0.05806 (14) | 0.41111 (9) | 0.0639 (7) | |
H2A | 0.8311 | 0.1079 | 0.4114 | 0.077* | |
N3 | 0.8593 (4) | 0.06603 (15) | 0.33198 (9) | 0.0710 (8) | |
H3A | 0.8885 | 0.1137 | 0.3377 | 0.085* | |
N4 | 0.7658 (3) | −0.05043 (15) | 0.36342 (9) | 0.0715 (8) | |
H4A | 0.7350 | −0.0772 | 0.3875 | 0.086* | |
H4B | 0.7670 | −0.0718 | 0.3357 | 0.086* | |
C11 | 0.8114 (4) | 0.02332 (17) | 0.36894 (11) | 0.0574 (7) | |
C12 | 0.7818 (3) | 0.02229 (16) | 0.45607 (10) | 0.0548 (7) | |
C13 | 0.8553 (4) | −0.04577 (18) | 0.46972 (12) | 0.0656 (8) | |
H13 | 0.9209 | −0.0713 | 0.4488 | 0.079* | |
C14 | 0.8314 (5) | −0.0762 (2) | 0.51465 (12) | 0.0755 (10) | |
H14 | 0.8796 | −0.1228 | 0.5237 | 0.091* | |
C15 | 0.7385 (5) | −0.0387 (2) | 0.54566 (13) | 0.0881 (13) | |
H15 | 0.7231 | −0.0597 | 0.5758 | 0.106* | |
C16 | 0.6672 (6) | 0.0299 (2) | 0.53286 (15) | 0.0995 (14) | |
H16 | 0.6050 | 0.0561 | 0.5545 | 0.119* | |
C17 | 0.6878 (5) | 0.0602 (2) | 0.48746 (14) | 0.0823 (11) | |
H17 | 0.6377 | 0.1064 | 0.4784 | 0.099* | |
C18 | 0.8666 (4) | 0.04008 (19) | 0.28378 (12) | 0.0669 (9) | |
C19 | 0.9501 (5) | −0.0259 (2) | 0.27126 (15) | 0.0815 (11) | |
H19 | 1.0008 | −0.0551 | 0.2943 | 0.098* | |
C20 | 0.9576 (5) | −0.0480 (2) | 0.22405 (16) | 0.0928 (13) | |
H20 | 1.0118 | −0.0931 | 0.2155 | 0.111* | |
C21 | 0.8869 (6) | −0.0047 (3) | 0.19019 (15) | 0.0977 (14) | |
H21 | 0.8924 | −0.0200 | 0.1585 | 0.117* | |
C22 | 0.8073 (6) | 0.0617 (3) | 0.20269 (14) | 0.1021 (14) | |
H22 | 0.7611 | 0.0922 | 0.1793 | 0.122* | |
C23 | 0.7950 (5) | 0.0837 (2) | 0.24982 (13) | 0.0832 (11) | |
H23 | 0.7382 | 0.1280 | 0.2583 | 0.100* | |
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top | U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 |
S1 | 0.0215 (2) | 0.0455 (3) | 0.0293 (3) | 0.0012 (2) | −0.0006 (2) | 0.0004 (2) |
N1 | 0.0250 (9) | 0.0562 (12) | 0.0333 (10) | −0.0023 (9) | 0.0046 (8) | 0.0009 (9) |
C2 | 0.0316 (11) | 0.0683 (17) | 0.0333 (11) | −0.0017 (11) | 0.0113 (9) | 0.0012 (12) |
C3 | 0.0414 (13) | 0.0830 (19) | 0.0229 (10) | 0.0032 (13) | 0.0039 (10) | 0.0036 (12) |
C4 | 0.0299 (11) | 0.0598 (15) | 0.0277 (10) | 0.0030 (11) | −0.0025 (9) | 0.0008 (11) |
C5 | 0.0207 (9) | 0.0475 (12) | 0.0289 (10) | 0.0009 (9) | 0.0008 (8) | 0.0003 (10) |
C6 | 0.0251 (10) | 0.0752 (17) | 0.0281 (10) | 0.0022 (11) | 0.0055 (9) | 0.0014 (11) |
C7 | 0.0295 (11) | 0.092 (2) | 0.0229 (10) | −0.0007 (13) | −0.0005 (9) | 0.0034 (12) |
C8 | 0.0259 (10) | 0.0649 (16) | 0.0298 (11) | −0.0012 (11) | −0.0040 (9) | 0.0014 (11) |
C9 | 0.0243 (9) | 0.0420 (12) | 0.0275 (10) | −0.0006 (9) | 0.0017 (8) | −0.0008 (9) |
C10 | 0.0240 (9) | 0.0365 (11) | 0.0264 (10) | 0.0008 (9) | 0.0009 (8) | 0.0004 (9) |
O1 | 0.0222 (8) | 0.1183 (17) | 0.0300 (8) | −0.0038 (9) | −0.0031 (7) | 0.0039 (10) |
O2 | 0.0392 (10) | 0.0475 (11) | 0.0985 (16) | −0.0051 (8) | −0.0119 (10) | −0.0187 (11) |
O3 | 0.0419 (10) | 0.0525 (11) | 0.0816 (14) | 0.0062 (9) | −0.0091 (10) | 0.0212 (10) |
O4 | 0.0252 (9) | 0.159 (2) | 0.0360 (10) | 0.0069 (11) | 0.0019 (8) | −0.0097 (12) |
N2 | 0.091 (2) | 0.0395 (13) | 0.0615 (15) | −0.0110 (13) | −0.0050 (14) | 0.0063 (11) |
N3 | 0.100 (2) | 0.0478 (14) | 0.0647 (16) | −0.0271 (14) | 0.0016 (16) | −0.0004 (12) |
N4 | 0.101 (2) | 0.0513 (15) | 0.0624 (15) | −0.0277 (14) | −0.0080 (16) | 0.0025 (13) |
C11 | 0.0645 (18) | 0.0472 (16) | 0.0603 (18) | −0.0151 (14) | −0.0081 (15) | 0.0018 (14) |
C12 | 0.0672 (19) | 0.0401 (14) | 0.0570 (16) | −0.0079 (14) | −0.0043 (15) | 0.0029 (13) |
C13 | 0.077 (2) | 0.0533 (18) | 0.0663 (19) | 0.0052 (16) | 0.0019 (17) | 0.0048 (15) |
C14 | 0.104 (3) | 0.0552 (19) | 0.067 (2) | 0.0006 (18) | −0.008 (2) | 0.0089 (17) |
C15 | 0.138 (4) | 0.066 (2) | 0.061 (2) | −0.020 (2) | 0.006 (2) | 0.0035 (18) |
C16 | 0.139 (4) | 0.077 (3) | 0.083 (3) | 0.004 (3) | 0.034 (3) | −0.011 (2) |
C17 | 0.107 (3) | 0.0503 (18) | 0.089 (3) | 0.0128 (19) | 0.011 (2) | −0.0027 (18) |
C18 | 0.084 (2) | 0.0516 (18) | 0.065 (2) | −0.0226 (16) | 0.0057 (18) | −0.0019 (15) |
C19 | 0.098 (3) | 0.064 (2) | 0.083 (2) | −0.009 (2) | 0.005 (2) | 0.0014 (19) |
C20 | 0.114 (4) | 0.072 (2) | 0.092 (3) | −0.009 (2) | 0.027 (3) | −0.017 (2) |
C21 | 0.131 (4) | 0.096 (3) | 0.066 (2) | −0.019 (3) | 0.016 (3) | −0.012 (2) |
C22 | 0.140 (4) | 0.100 (3) | 0.066 (2) | 0.005 (3) | 0.003 (3) | 0.005 (2) |
C23 | 0.110 (3) | 0.068 (2) | 0.071 (2) | 0.004 (2) | 0.011 (2) | 0.007 (2) |
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
S1—O2 | 1.4206 (19) | N3—H3A | 0.8600 |
S1—O4 | 1.4461 (18) | N4—C11 | 1.317 (4) |
S1—O3 | 1.4504 (19) | N4—H4A | 0.8600 |
S1—C5 | 1.769 (2) | N4—H4B | 0.8600 |
N1—C2 | 1.307 (3) | C12—C17 | 1.369 (4) |
N1—C9 | 1.359 (3) | C12—C13 | 1.373 (4) |
C2—C3 | 1.393 (4) | C13—C14 | 1.381 (4) |
C2—H2 | 0.9300 | C13—H13 | 0.9300 |
C3—C4 | 1.359 (3) | C14—C15 | 1.353 (5) |
C3—H3 | 0.9300 | C14—H14 | 0.9300 |
C4—C10 | 1.408 (3) | C15—C16 | 1.365 (6) |
C4—H4 | 0.9300 | C15—H15 | 0.9300 |
C5—C6 | 1.366 (3) | C16—C17 | 1.389 (5) |
C5—C10 | 1.425 (3) | C16—H16 | 0.9300 |
C6—C7 | 1.404 (3) | C17—H17 | 0.9300 |
C6—H6 | 0.9300 | C18—C23 | 1.361 (5) |
C7—C8 | 1.355 (3) | C18—C19 | 1.380 (5) |
C7—H7 | 0.9300 | C19—C20 | 1.382 (5) |
C8—O1 | 1.349 (3) | C19—H19 | 0.9300 |
C8—C9 | 1.423 (3) | C20—C21 | 1.353 (6) |
C9—C10 | 1.413 (3) | C20—H20 | 0.9300 |
O1—H1 | 0.8200 | C21—C22 | 1.368 (6) |
N2—C11 | 1.324 (4) | C21—H21 | 0.9300 |
N2—C12 | 1.426 (4) | C22—C23 | 1.382 (5) |
N2—H2A | 0.8600 | C22—H22 | 0.9300 |
N3—C11 | 1.334 (4) | C23—H23 | 0.9300 |
N3—C18 | 1.427 (4) | | |
| | | |
O2—S1—O4 | 114.87 (14) | C11—N4—H4B | 120.0 |
O2—S1—O3 | 111.40 (13) | H4A—N4—H4B | 120.0 |
O4—S1—O3 | 110.83 (14) | N4—C11—N2 | 121.6 (3) |
O2—S1—C5 | 107.44 (11) | N4—C11—N3 | 121.0 (3) |
O4—S1—C5 | 105.11 (10) | N2—C11—N3 | 117.4 (3) |
O3—S1—C5 | 106.58 (11) | C17—C12—C13 | 119.7 (3) |
C2—N1—C9 | 117.2 (2) | C17—C12—N2 | 119.0 (3) |
N1—C2—C3 | 123.6 (2) | C13—C12—N2 | 121.1 (3) |
N1—C2—H2 | 118.2 | C12—C13—C14 | 119.7 (3) |
C3—C2—H2 | 118.2 | C12—C13—H13 | 120.2 |
C4—C3—C2 | 119.7 (2) | C14—C13—H13 | 120.2 |
C4—C3—H3 | 120.2 | C15—C14—C13 | 120.6 (3) |
C2—C3—H3 | 120.2 | C15—C14—H14 | 119.7 |
C3—C4—C10 | 119.7 (2) | C13—C14—H14 | 119.7 |
C3—C4—H4 | 120.1 | C14—C15—C16 | 120.3 (4) |
C10—C4—H4 | 120.1 | C14—C15—H15 | 119.9 |
C6—C5—C10 | 119.59 (19) | C16—C15—H15 | 119.9 |
C6—C5—S1 | 118.33 (16) | C15—C16—C17 | 119.7 (4) |
C10—C5—S1 | 122.08 (16) | C15—C16—H16 | 120.1 |
C5—C6—C7 | 121.8 (2) | C17—C16—H16 | 120.1 |
C5—C6—H6 | 119.1 | C12—C17—C16 | 120.0 (3) |
C7—C6—H6 | 119.1 | C12—C17—H17 | 120.0 |
C8—C7—C6 | 120.2 (2) | C16—C17—H17 | 120.0 |
C8—C7—H7 | 119.9 | C23—C18—C19 | 120.2 (3) |
C6—C7—H7 | 119.9 | C23—C18—N3 | 118.7 (3) |
O1—C8—C7 | 120.4 (2) | C19—C18—N3 | 121.0 (3) |
O1—C8—C9 | 119.7 (2) | C18—C19—C20 | 119.3 (4) |
C7—C8—C9 | 119.9 (2) | C18—C19—H19 | 120.4 |
N1—C9—C10 | 123.92 (18) | C20—C19—H19 | 120.4 |
N1—C9—C8 | 115.91 (19) | C21—C20—C19 | 120.6 (4) |
C10—C9—C8 | 120.17 (19) | C21—C20—H20 | 119.7 |
C4—C10—C9 | 115.87 (19) | C19—C20—H20 | 119.7 |
C4—C10—C5 | 125.81 (19) | C20—C21—C22 | 119.8 (4) |
C9—C10—C5 | 118.32 (18) | C20—C21—H21 | 120.1 |
C8—O1—H1 | 109.5 | C22—C21—H21 | 120.1 |
C11—N2—C12 | 127.5 (2) | C21—C22—C23 | 120.5 (4) |
C11—N2—H2A | 116.3 | C21—C22—H22 | 119.8 |
C12—N2—H2A | 116.3 | C23—C22—H22 | 119.8 |
C11—N3—C18 | 126.1 (3) | C18—C23—C22 | 119.5 (4) |
C11—N3—H3A | 116.9 | C18—C23—H23 | 120.3 |
C18—N3—H3A | 116.9 | C22—C23—H23 | 120.3 |
C11—N4—H4A | 120.0 | | |
| | | |
C9—N1—C2—C3 | −0.8 (4) | S1—C5—C10—C4 | −0.7 (3) |
N1—C2—C3—C4 | 0.4 (5) | C6—C5—C10—C9 | −2.0 (3) |
C2—C3—C4—C10 | 0.7 (4) | S1—C5—C10—C9 | 178.35 (18) |
O2—S1—C5—C6 | −110.6 (2) | C12—N2—C11—N4 | 7.8 (5) |
O4—S1—C5—C6 | 12.2 (3) | C12—N2—C11—N3 | −172.4 (3) |
O3—S1—C5—C6 | 129.9 (2) | C18—N3—C11—N4 | 0.6 (6) |
O2—S1—C5—C10 | 69.1 (2) | C18—N3—C11—N2 | −179.2 (3) |
O4—S1—C5—C10 | −168.1 (2) | C11—N2—C12—C17 | −135.1 (4) |
O3—S1—C5—C10 | −50.4 (2) | C11—N2—C12—C13 | 50.2 (5) |
C10—C5—C6—C7 | −0.1 (4) | C17—C12—C13—C14 | 1.3 (5) |
S1—C5—C6—C7 | 179.6 (2) | N2—C12—C13—C14 | 175.9 (3) |
C5—C6—C7—C8 | 1.5 (4) | C12—C13—C14—C15 | −1.3 (6) |
C6—C7—C8—O1 | 178.8 (3) | C13—C14—C15—C16 | −0.1 (7) |
C6—C7—C8—C9 | −0.7 (4) | C14—C15—C16—C17 | 1.4 (7) |
C2—N1—C9—C10 | 0.0 (4) | C13—C12—C17—C16 | 0.0 (6) |
C2—N1—C9—C8 | 179.3 (2) | N2—C12—C17—C16 | −174.8 (4) |
O1—C8—C9—N1 | −0.3 (4) | C15—C16—C17—C12 | −1.3 (7) |
C7—C8—C9—N1 | 179.3 (2) | C11—N3—C18—C23 | 125.4 (4) |
O1—C8—C9—C10 | 179.0 (2) | C11—N3—C18—C19 | −57.5 (5) |
C7—C8—C9—C10 | −1.4 (4) | C23—C18—C19—C20 | −1.3 (6) |
C3—C4—C10—C9 | −1.4 (4) | N3—C18—C19—C20 | −178.4 (3) |
C3—C4—C10—C5 | 177.6 (2) | C18—C19—C20—C21 | 1.5 (6) |
N1—C9—C10—C4 | 1.1 (3) | C19—C20—C21—C22 | 0.1 (7) |
C8—C9—C10—C4 | −178.2 (2) | C20—C21—C22—C23 | −1.8 (8) |
N1—C9—C10—C5 | −178.0 (2) | C19—C18—C23—C22 | −0.4 (6) |
C8—C9—C10—C5 | 2.7 (3) | N3—C18—C23—C22 | 176.8 (4) |
C6—C5—C10—C4 | 179.0 (3) | C21—C22—C23—C18 | 1.9 (7) |
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O1—H1···O4i | 0.82 | 1.99 | 2.691 (2) | 143 |
O1—H1···N1 | 0.82 | 2.22 | 2.686 (3) | 116 |
N2—H2A···O3ii | 0.86 | 2.01 | 2.806 (3) | 153 |
N3—H3A···O4ii | 0.86 | 2.32 | 3.145 (4) | 160 |
N4—H4A···O2iii | 0.86 | 2.22 | 2.891 (3) | 135 |
C4—H4···O3 | 0.93 | 2.56 | 3.102 (3) | 117 |
C6—H6···O4 | 0.93 | 2.39 | 2.815 (3) | 107 |
Symmetry codes: (i) x+1, y, z; (ii) x+1/2, −y+1/2, −z+1; (iii) −x+1, −y, −z+1. |