The title compound, 2C
14H
13N
2+·S
2O
82−·2H
2O, is a protonated amine salt which is formed from two rather uncommon ionic species, namely a peroxodisulfate (pds
2−) anion, which lies across a crystallographic inversion centre, and a 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium (Hdmph
+) cation lying in a general position. Each pds
2− anion binds to two water molecules through strong water–peroxo O—H
O interactions, giving rise to an unprecedented planar network of hydrogen-bonded macrocycles which run parallel to (100). The atoms of the large
R88(30) rings are provided by four water molecules bridging in fully extended form (
H—O—H
) and four pds
2− anions alternately acting as long (
O—S—O—O—S—O
) and short (
O—S—O
) bridges. The Hdmph
+ cations, in turn, bind to these units through hydrogen bonds involving their protonated N atoms. In addition, the crystal structure also contains π–π and aromatic–peroxo C—H
O interactions.
Supporting information
CCDC reference: 703727
The title salt was obtained while trying to synthesize an MnII complex,
through direct mixing of aqueous solutions of manganese sulfate monohydrate
and potassium peroxodisulfate and a methanol solution of
2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (all solutions 0.008 M). The
crystalline compound obtained was the result of a complicated process of
crystallization and digestion which took about 20 days until finally resulting
in the yellow platelet-like crystals studied.
H atoms attached to N and O atoms were found in a difference Fourier synthesis
and refined with O—H and N—H distances restrained to 0.85 (2) Å, but with
free isotropic displacement parameters. H atoms bound to C atoms were placed
in geometrically idealized positions and allowed to ride on their parent
atoms, with C—H distances of 0.93 or 0.96 Å and Uiso(H) values of
1.2 or 1.5 times Ueq(C).
Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 2001); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 2001); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2001); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008) and PLATON (Spek, 2003).
bis(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthrolin-1-ium) peroxodisulfate dihydrate
top
Crystal data top
2C14H13N2+·S2O82−·2H2O | F(000) = 676 |
Mr = 646.68 | Dx = 1.518 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ybc | Cell parameters from 7236 reflections |
a = 9.5644 (19) Å | θ = 3.1–26.2° |
b = 13.228 (3) Å | µ = 0.26 mm−1 |
c = 11.201 (2) Å | T = 170 K |
β = 93.39 (3)° | Platelet, yellow |
V = 1414.6 (5) Å3 | 0.38 × 0.32 × 0.08 mm |
Z = 2 | |
Data collection top
Bruker SMART CCD area-detector diffractometer | 3039 independent reflections |
Radiation source: sealed tube | 2625 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.018 |
ϕ and ω scans | θmax = 27.9°, θmin = 2.1° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 2001) | h = −12→11 |
Tmin = 0.95, Tmax = 0.98 | k = −16→16 |
11488 measured reflections | l = −14→14 |
Refinement top
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.044 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.126 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.06 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0754P)2 + 0.4898P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
3039 reflections | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
216 parameters | Δρmax = 0.38 e Å−3 |
3 restraints | Δρmin = −0.34 e Å−3 |
Crystal data top
2C14H13N2+·S2O82−·2H2O | V = 1414.6 (5) Å3 |
Mr = 646.68 | Z = 2 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 9.5644 (19) Å | µ = 0.26 mm−1 |
b = 13.228 (3) Å | T = 170 K |
c = 11.201 (2) Å | 0.38 × 0.32 × 0.08 mm |
β = 93.39 (3)° | |
Data collection top
Bruker SMART CCD area-detector diffractometer | 3039 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 2001) | 2625 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.95, Tmax = 0.98 | Rint = 0.018 |
11488 measured reflections | |
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.044 | 3 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.126 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.06 | Δρmax = 0.38 e Å−3 |
3039 reflections | Δρmin = −0.34 e Å−3 |
216 parameters | |
Special details top
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes)
are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken
into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles
and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only
used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic)
treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s.
planes. |
Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top | x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | |
S1 | −0.11320 (4) | 0.12301 (3) | 0.03169 (3) | 0.02413 (16) | |
O1 | −0.09350 (13) | 0.11861 (10) | 0.15946 (11) | 0.0325 (3) | |
O2 | −0.25703 (15) | 0.12424 (10) | −0.01295 (12) | 0.0394 (4) | |
O3 | −0.02242 (17) | 0.19246 (11) | −0.02208 (14) | 0.0509 (4) | |
O4 | −0.07440 (11) | 0.00980 (9) | −0.01860 (11) | 0.0320 (3) | |
O1W | 0.10123 (14) | 0.14136 (12) | 0.35528 (13) | 0.0401 (4) | |
H1WB | 0.048 (2) | 0.1420 (18) | 0.2926 (14) | 0.061 (8)* | |
H1WA | 0.067 (2) | 0.1839 (15) | 0.4018 (17) | 0.058 (7)* | |
N1 | 0.38938 (15) | 0.11920 (9) | 0.37688 (12) | 0.0209 (3) | |
H1 | 0.301 (3) | 0.1196 (15) | 0.384 (2) | 0.041 (6)* | |
N2 | 0.27471 (14) | 0.11720 (9) | 0.59515 (12) | 0.0214 (3) | |
C1 | 0.43730 (19) | 0.11746 (11) | 0.26702 (15) | 0.0243 (4) | |
C2 | 0.58240 (19) | 0.12290 (11) | 0.25477 (16) | 0.0270 (4) | |
H2 | 0.6175 | 0.1219 | 0.1791 | 0.032* | |
C3 | 0.67265 (18) | 0.12974 (11) | 0.35484 (17) | 0.0270 (4) | |
H3 | 0.7686 | 0.1340 | 0.3464 | 0.032* | |
C4 | 0.62078 (16) | 0.13032 (11) | 0.46946 (15) | 0.0228 (4) | |
C5 | 0.70971 (17) | 0.13567 (12) | 0.57705 (16) | 0.0270 (4) | |
H5 | 0.8063 | 0.1392 | 0.5718 | 0.032* | |
C6 | 0.65559 (17) | 0.13565 (12) | 0.68616 (16) | 0.0254 (4) | |
H6 | 0.7152 | 0.1396 | 0.7547 | 0.030* | |
C7 | 0.50725 (17) | 0.12964 (11) | 0.69695 (15) | 0.0220 (3) | |
C8 | 0.44404 (19) | 0.12868 (12) | 0.80785 (15) | 0.0255 (4) | |
H8 | 0.4988 | 0.1325 | 0.8791 | 0.031* | |
C9 | 0.30137 (19) | 0.12214 (11) | 0.80922 (15) | 0.0253 (4) | |
H9 | 0.2588 | 0.1217 | 0.8817 | 0.030* | |
C10 | 0.21809 (17) | 0.11597 (11) | 0.70017 (15) | 0.0226 (3) | |
C11 | 0.41564 (16) | 0.12406 (10) | 0.59334 (14) | 0.0199 (3) | |
C12 | 0.47548 (16) | 0.12467 (10) | 0.47863 (14) | 0.0197 (3) | |
C13 | 0.06177 (17) | 0.10880 (13) | 0.69865 (16) | 0.0287 (4) | |
H13A | 0.0216 | 0.1741 | 0.6817 | 0.043* | |
H13B | 0.0345 | 0.0860 | 0.7753 | 0.043* | |
H13C | 0.0290 | 0.0617 | 0.6380 | 0.043* | |
C14 | 0.3345 (2) | 0.10951 (13) | 0.16215 (16) | 0.0314 (4) | |
H14A | 0.2709 | 0.0548 | 0.1745 | 0.047* | |
H14B | 0.3834 | 0.0970 | 0.0912 | 0.047* | |
H14C | 0.2829 | 0.1716 | 0.1532 | 0.047* | |
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top | U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 |
S1 | 0.0279 (3) | 0.0259 (2) | 0.0187 (2) | 0.00328 (15) | 0.00223 (16) | −0.00168 (13) |
O1 | 0.0275 (6) | 0.0511 (8) | 0.0188 (6) | 0.0049 (5) | 0.0007 (5) | −0.0041 (5) |
O2 | 0.0355 (8) | 0.0518 (8) | 0.0297 (7) | 0.0164 (6) | −0.0094 (6) | −0.0109 (5) |
O3 | 0.0689 (10) | 0.0348 (8) | 0.0517 (9) | −0.0053 (7) | 0.0276 (8) | 0.0054 (6) |
O4 | 0.0212 (6) | 0.0337 (7) | 0.0404 (7) | 0.0033 (5) | −0.0055 (5) | −0.0120 (5) |
O1W | 0.0302 (7) | 0.0561 (9) | 0.0327 (8) | 0.0101 (6) | −0.0085 (6) | −0.0157 (6) |
N1 | 0.0217 (7) | 0.0203 (6) | 0.0208 (7) | 0.0000 (5) | 0.0021 (5) | −0.0007 (5) |
N2 | 0.0206 (7) | 0.0222 (7) | 0.0213 (7) | 0.0011 (5) | 0.0009 (5) | 0.0005 (5) |
C1 | 0.0334 (9) | 0.0191 (7) | 0.0208 (8) | 0.0011 (6) | 0.0042 (7) | 0.0003 (5) |
C2 | 0.0332 (9) | 0.0228 (8) | 0.0261 (8) | 0.0007 (6) | 0.0107 (7) | 0.0001 (6) |
C3 | 0.0242 (8) | 0.0230 (8) | 0.0348 (9) | −0.0013 (6) | 0.0098 (7) | 0.0011 (6) |
C4 | 0.0208 (8) | 0.0186 (7) | 0.0293 (9) | 0.0001 (5) | 0.0033 (7) | 0.0004 (6) |
C5 | 0.0186 (7) | 0.0261 (8) | 0.0360 (9) | −0.0015 (6) | 0.0002 (7) | 0.0007 (6) |
C6 | 0.0222 (8) | 0.0237 (8) | 0.0296 (9) | −0.0012 (6) | −0.0054 (7) | −0.0004 (6) |
C7 | 0.0236 (8) | 0.0185 (7) | 0.0235 (8) | 0.0004 (6) | −0.0011 (6) | −0.0008 (5) |
C8 | 0.0302 (9) | 0.0250 (8) | 0.0208 (8) | 0.0007 (6) | −0.0029 (7) | −0.0014 (6) |
C9 | 0.0297 (9) | 0.0267 (8) | 0.0197 (8) | 0.0020 (6) | 0.0034 (7) | −0.0001 (6) |
C10 | 0.0231 (8) | 0.0217 (7) | 0.0231 (8) | 0.0024 (6) | 0.0026 (6) | 0.0007 (5) |
C11 | 0.0212 (7) | 0.0168 (7) | 0.0217 (8) | 0.0003 (5) | 0.0013 (6) | 0.0003 (5) |
C12 | 0.0212 (8) | 0.0170 (7) | 0.0211 (8) | 0.0002 (5) | 0.0016 (6) | −0.0002 (5) |
C13 | 0.0221 (8) | 0.0390 (9) | 0.0253 (8) | 0.0029 (7) | 0.0048 (6) | 0.0027 (7) |
C14 | 0.0379 (10) | 0.0352 (9) | 0.0212 (8) | 0.0018 (7) | 0.0015 (7) | −0.0024 (6) |
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
S1—O3 | 1.4222 (15) | C4—C5 | 1.435 (2) |
S1—O1 | 1.4335 (13) | C5—C6 | 1.355 (3) |
S1—O2 | 1.4357 (15) | C5—H5 | 0.9300 |
S1—O4 | 1.6501 (12) | C6—C7 | 1.433 (2) |
O4—O4i | 1.482 (2) | C6—H6 | 0.9300 |
O1W—H1WB | 0.84 (2) | C7—C8 | 1.413 (2) |
O1W—H1WA | 0.85 (2) | C7—C11 | 1.414 (2) |
N1—C1 | 1.338 (2) | C8—C9 | 1.368 (2) |
N1—C12 | 1.368 (2) | C8—H8 | 0.9300 |
N1—H1 | 0.85 (2) | C9—C10 | 1.420 (2) |
N2—C10 | 1.324 (2) | C9—H9 | 0.9300 |
N2—C11 | 1.352 (2) | C10—C13 | 1.497 (2) |
C1—C2 | 1.404 (3) | C11—C12 | 1.437 (2) |
C1—C14 | 1.491 (3) | C13—H13A | 0.9600 |
C2—C3 | 1.377 (3) | C13—H13B | 0.9600 |
C2—H2 | 0.9300 | C13—H13C | 0.9600 |
C3—C4 | 1.403 (2) | C14—H14A | 0.9600 |
C3—H3 | 0.9300 | C14—H14B | 0.9600 |
C4—C12 | 1.402 (2) | C14—H14C | 0.9600 |
| | | |
O3—S1—O1 | 113.67 (9) | C8—C7—C11 | 116.38 (15) |
O3—S1—O2 | 116.21 (10) | C8—C7—C6 | 123.48 (16) |
O1—S1—O2 | 114.51 (8) | C11—C7—C6 | 120.14 (15) |
O3—S1—O4 | 106.65 (8) | C9—C8—C7 | 119.28 (16) |
O1—S1—O4 | 106.56 (7) | C9—C8—H8 | 120.4 |
O2—S1—O4 | 96.98 (7) | C7—C8—H8 | 120.4 |
O4i—O4—S1 | 107.12 (11) | C8—C9—C10 | 120.19 (16) |
H1WB—O1W—H1WA | 105.5 (18) | C8—C9—H9 | 119.9 |
C1—N1—C12 | 123.01 (15) | C10—C9—H9 | 119.9 |
C1—N1—H1 | 119.0 (16) | N2—C10—C9 | 121.69 (16) |
C12—N1—H1 | 118.0 (16) | N2—C10—C13 | 116.83 (15) |
C10—N2—C11 | 118.34 (15) | C9—C10—C13 | 121.48 (15) |
N1—C1—C2 | 118.88 (16) | N2—C11—C7 | 124.12 (15) |
N1—C1—C14 | 118.67 (16) | N2—C11—C12 | 117.64 (14) |
C2—C1—C14 | 122.45 (16) | C7—C11—C12 | 118.24 (15) |
C3—C2—C1 | 119.97 (16) | N1—C12—C4 | 119.50 (15) |
C3—C2—H2 | 120.0 | N1—C12—C11 | 119.51 (14) |
C1—C2—H2 | 120.0 | C4—C12—C11 | 120.99 (15) |
C2—C3—C4 | 120.44 (16) | C10—C13—H13A | 109.5 |
C2—C3—H3 | 119.8 | C10—C13—H13B | 109.5 |
C4—C3—H3 | 119.8 | H13A—C13—H13B | 109.5 |
C12—C4—C3 | 118.19 (15) | C10—C13—H13C | 109.5 |
C12—C4—C5 | 118.82 (15) | H13A—C13—H13C | 109.5 |
C3—C4—C5 | 122.98 (15) | H13B—C13—H13C | 109.5 |
C6—C5—C4 | 121.22 (16) | C1—C14—H14A | 109.5 |
C6—C5—H5 | 119.4 | C1—C14—H14B | 109.5 |
C4—C5—H5 | 119.4 | H14A—C14—H14B | 109.5 |
C5—C6—C7 | 120.59 (16) | C1—C14—H14C | 109.5 |
C5—C6—H6 | 119.7 | H14A—C14—H14C | 109.5 |
C7—C6—H6 | 119.7 | H14B—C14—H14C | 109.5 |
| | | |
O3—S1—O4—O4i | 60.38 (15) | C11—N2—C10—C13 | 179.72 (13) |
O1—S1—O4—O4i | −61.37 (14) | C8—C9—C10—N2 | −0.6 (2) |
O2—S1—O4—O4i | −179.56 (12) | C8—C9—C10—C13 | −179.96 (14) |
C12—N1—C1—C2 | −0.9 (2) | C10—N2—C11—C7 | 0.3 (2) |
C12—N1—C1—C14 | 178.90 (14) | C10—N2—C11—C12 | 179.62 (13) |
N1—C1—C2—C3 | 0.1 (2) | C8—C7—C11—N2 | −0.6 (2) |
C14—C1—C2—C3 | −179.73 (14) | C6—C7—C11—N2 | 179.31 (13) |
C1—C2—C3—C4 | 0.6 (2) | C8—C7—C11—C12 | −179.91 (13) |
C2—C3—C4—C12 | −0.6 (2) | C6—C7—C11—C12 | 0.0 (2) |
C2—C3—C4—C5 | 178.98 (14) | C1—N1—C12—C4 | 1.0 (2) |
C12—C4—C5—C6 | −0.2 (2) | C1—N1—C12—C11 | −178.71 (13) |
C3—C4—C5—C6 | −179.73 (15) | C3—C4—C12—N1 | −0.2 (2) |
C4—C5—C6—C7 | 0.4 (2) | C5—C4—C12—N1 | −179.79 (13) |
C5—C6—C7—C8 | 179.63 (15) | C3—C4—C12—C11 | 179.47 (13) |
C5—C6—C7—C11 | −0.3 (2) | C5—C4—C12—C11 | −0.1 (2) |
C11—C7—C8—C9 | 0.3 (2) | N2—C11—C12—N1 | 0.5 (2) |
C6—C7—C8—C9 | −179.60 (13) | C7—C11—C12—N1 | 179.90 (12) |
C7—C8—C9—C10 | 0.3 (2) | N2—C11—C12—C4 | −179.19 (12) |
C11—N2—C10—C9 | 0.3 (2) | C7—C11—C12—C4 | 0.2 (2) |
Symmetry code: (i) −x, −y, −z. |
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1···O1W | 0.85 (2) | 1.94 (2) | 2.768 (2) | 163 (2) |
N1—H1···N2 | 0.85 (2) | 2.39 (2) | 2.738 (2) | 105 (2) |
O1W—H1WB···O1 | 0.84 (2) | 1.98 (2) | 2.808 (2) | 168 (2) |
O1W—H1WA···O3ii | 0.85 (2) | 2.05 (2) | 2.883 (2) | 166 (2) |
C2—H2···O2iii | 0.93 | 2.52 | 3.449 (2) | 173 |
C3—H3···O1iii | 0.93 | 2.55 | 3.224 (2) | 130 |
C8—H8···O2iv | 0.93 | 2.57 | 3.395 (2) | 148 |
Symmetry codes: (ii) x, −y+1/2, z+1/2; (iii) x+1, y, z; (iv) x+1, y, z+1. |
Experimental details
Crystal data |
Chemical formula | 2C14H13N2+·S2O82−·2H2O |
Mr | 646.68 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/c |
Temperature (K) | 170 |
a, b, c (Å) | 9.5644 (19), 13.228 (3), 11.201 (2) |
β (°) | 93.39 (3) |
V (Å3) | 1414.6 (5) |
Z | 2 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.26 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.38 × 0.32 × 0.08 |
|
Data collection |
Diffractometer | Bruker SMART CCD area-detector diffractometer |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 2001) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.95, 0.98 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 11488, 3039, 2625 |
Rint | 0.018 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.659 |
|
Refinement |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.044, 0.126, 1.06 |
No. of reflections | 3039 |
No. of parameters | 216 |
No. of restraints | 3 |
H-atom treatment | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.38, −0.34 |
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1···O1W | 0.85 (2) | 1.94 (2) | 2.768 (2) | 163 (2) |
N1—H1···N2 | 0.85 (2) | 2.39 (2) | 2.738 (2) | 105 (2) |
O1W—H1WB···O1 | 0.84 (2) | 1.98 (2) | 2.808 (2) | 168 (2) |
O1W—H1WA···O3i | 0.85 (2) | 2.05 (2) | 2.883 (2) | 166 (2) |
C2—H2···O2ii | 0.93 | 2.52 | 3.449 (2) | 173 |
C3—H3···O1ii | 0.93 | 2.55 | 3.224 (2) | 130 |
C8—H8···O2iii | 0.93 | 2.57 | 3.395 (2) | 148 |
Symmetry codes: (i) x, −y+1/2, z+1/2; (ii) x+1, y, z; (iii) x+1, y, z+1. |
π–π contacts (Å, °) for (I) topRing1/Ring2 | ccd(Å) | ipd(Å) | sa(°) |
Cg1/Cg2i | 3.5283 (12) | 3.304 (10) | 21.05 (4) |
Cg1/Cg3i | 3.5303 (12) | 3.318 (4) | 19.92 (15) |
Cg3/Cg3i | 4.0702 (13) | 3.326 (2) | 35.21 (1) |
Cg1, Cg2 and Cg3 are the centroids of the N1/C1–C4/C12,
N2/C7–C11 and C4–C7/C11/C12 rings.
Symmetry code: (i)-x+1,-y,-z+1.
ipd is the interplanar distance (distance from one plane to the
neighbouring centroid); ccd is the center-to-center distance (distance
between ring centroids); sa is the slippage angle (angle subtended by
the intercentroid vector to the plane normal). For details see
Janiak (2000). |
In spite of not being an extensively explored species, the peroxodisulfate anion (S2O82-) has been shown to be a versatile ligand towards transition metals; the few relevant entries in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD; Version 5.29, January 2008 update; Allen, 2002) show that its binding mode can be either monodentate, chelating or bridging, but it can also, unbound, behave as a counter-ion. Somewhat curiously, in all the reported cases, the cation is coordinated by an aromatic amine; these are 2,2'-bipyridine (Harvey, Baggio, Garland & Baggio, 2001; Harrison & Hathaway, 1980; Blackman et al., 1991; Díaz de Vivar et al., 2005), 1,10-phenanthroline (Harvey, Baggio, Garland, Burton & Baggio, 2001; Skogareva et al., 2004), 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (Harvey, Baggio, Garland & Baggio, 2001; Harvey et al., 2004; Díaz de Vivar et al., 2005), 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine (Harvey et al., 2004), 2,6-bis(2-benzimidazolyl)pyridine (Harvey et al., 2004, 2005) and 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Harvey, Baggio, Garland, Burton & Baggio, 2001; revisited by Marsh, 2004).
While exploring some new synthetic routes to the (scarcely reported) 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmph)/peroxodisulfate (pds) complexes, the title pds salt 2C14H13N2+.S2O82-.2H2O, (I), was obtained, where the cationic role is fulfilled by a protonated Hdmph+ group.
Fig. 1 shows a view of the asymmetric unit of (I); the pds2- anion lies across a crystallographic inversion centre and compensates the single positive charge introduced by the extra H atom of Hdmph+, thus achieving charge balance. As expected, the Hdmph+ cation is planar [the mean deviation from the least-squares plane is 0.007 (1) Å, and the maximum deviation is 0.022 (1) Å for the protonated atom N1] and forms a weak intramolecular N1—H1···N2 hydrogen bond (Table 1) defining an S11(5) pattern [for graph-set notation, see Bernstein et al. (1995)]. This is an inherent characteristic of the rigid atomic arrangement in the Hdmph+ cation and has already been described elsewhere (Yu et al., 2006).
We shall now discuss in detail some structural peculiarities of the pds2- and Hdmph+ ions in the few structures where they occur, and which are also revealed in the present structure. For the pds2- anion, it has been shown that, when it appears in an unperturbed, noncoordinated form [for instance, in the K+ (Sivertsen & Sorum, 1969) and NH4+ (Naumov et al., 1997) salts], the anion presents a perfectly planar S—O'—O'—S nucleus (O' = Ocore) where one of the three terminal O atoms (O") at each side occupies a perfectly trans position relative to the core, thus configuring a six membered O"—S—O'—O'—S—O" planar entity. These latter O atoms are special in that they subtend an O"—S—O' angle that is much smaller than the two remaining O"—S—O' angles. This fact had already been pointed out by Harvey, Baggio, Garland, Burton & Baggio(2001), where it was qualitatively explained in terms of a previous idea put forward by Cruickshank (1961), regarding the availability of 3d orbitals in SO4 groups to form strong π-bonding molecular orbitals; this explanation was confirmed by ab initio calculations on the expected geometry of the anion.
The geometry of the pds2- anion in (I) adjusts almost perfectly to these characteristics. In fact, letting O'= O4 and O"= O2,
(1) the core is perfectly planar; in this particular case, for symmetry reasons, S1—O4—O4i—S1i = 180° [symmetry code: (i) -x + 2, -y, -z;
(2) O2 is in an almost exactly trans position with respect to the planar core: O2—S—O4—O4i = -179.56 (12)°;
(3) O2—S1—O4 [96.98 (7)°] is significantly smaller than O3—S1—O4 [106.65 (8)°] and O1—S1—O4 [106.56 (7)°].
Regarding the Hdmph+ group, its peculiarity resides in the fact that protonation introduces differences in the environment of the N atoms, breaking their equivalence in the unprotonated species. This can be explained by the fact that the charge around the N atoms in the unprotonated case is distributed, in the form of lone pairs. When protonation occurs, in the corresponding N atom this charge concentrates in the form of an N—H single bond, with the consequent reduction in repulsion between the charge cloud and the C—N bond. The result is an opening of the C—N—C angle as compared with the remaining, unperturbed N atom. Thus, the C1–N1—C12 angle [123.01 (15)°] in (I) is significantly larger than C10—N2—C11 [118.34 (15)°]. Similar differences can be found in other closely related phenanthrolinium structures [Hphen+ (phen is 1,10-phenanthroline; Hensen et al., 1998) and Hdmph+ (Yu et al., 2006)].
However, the most appealing feature of the structure is the assembly of four different intermolecular interactions which, in addition to the obvious Coulombic forces, can be envisaged as building up the structure in a stepwise fashion, as follows:
(1) The pds2- anion binds to two symmetry-related water molecules through two strong (O—H)water···Operoxo hydrogen bonds (Table 1), giving rise to an unusual two-dimensional network of R88(30) macrocycles parallel to (100) (Fig. 2). The 30 atoms involved in each centrosymmetric ring are provided by four water molecules bridging in fully extended form (···H—O—H···) and four pds2- anions, alternately acting as long (···O—S—O—O—S—O···) or short (···O—S—O···) bridges, leading to an elongated loop with approximate maximum and minimum dimensions of 12.5 and 5.4 Å, respectively.
(2) These two-dimensional structures serve as the planar base to which the Hdmph+ groups attach via N1—H1···O1W hydrogen bonds (above and below the plane in Fig. 2) leaving the bulky hydrophobic side facing outwards.
(3) The complex two-dimensional structures thus configured stack along [100], as shown in Fig. 3, with interdigitation of aromatic amines to set them at distances from each other typical of graphitic packing; the structure thereby exhibits π–π interactions (Table 2).
(4) Finally, the inter-layer link is complemented by weak C—H···O bonds involving aromatic H atoms and peroxodisulfate O atoms (Table 1, entries 5–7).
It is worth mentioning that some previously reported pds hydrates, where the pds2- anion is either free or only weakly coordinated, also exhibit interesting hydrogen-bonding motifs, including C22(6) or C33(8) linear chains (Figs. 4a and 4c), and doubly isolated R33(11) or concatenated R44(12) loops (Figs. 4d and 4b), but none are comparable in complexity to the unprecedented array of R88(30) rings displayed in the present structure (Fig. 3e).