research papers
Reducible plane groups of rectangular systems with c lattices are classified into frieze classes and reducible space groups with centered lattices are classified into layer and rod classes with respect to those Q reductions that lead to Z reduction but not to Z decomposition. Tables are given for plane groups, presenting their homomorphic projections onto frieze groups, and for space groups, presenting their homomorphic projections onto layer and rod groups. These projections define the classes to which the plane and space groups belong. In both cases, the characteristic shift vectors are listed that change the plane or space group without changing the homomorphic projections onto frieze, layer and rod groups.