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Figure 1
The conduction band of a one-dimensional crystal. One-electron states with energy [E({\bf k}) \,\lt\, E({\bf k}_{\rm F})] are filled, while states with [E({\bf k}) \,\gt\, E({\bf k}_{\rm F})] are empty. (a) Periodic crystal with [\pm{\bf a}^{*}/2] describing the boundary of the first Brillouin zone. (b) 1D crystal with a PLD with period [{\bf q} = 2{\bf k}_{\rm F}], showing an energy gap ([\Delta]) in the dispersion at [{\bf k} = \pm{\bf k}_{\rm F}].

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