Pure discrete spectrum and regular model sets in d-dimensional unimodular substitution tilings

Lee, D.-I.; Akiyama, S.; Lee, J.-Y.

doi:10.1107/S2053273320009717

research papers

FOUNDATIONS
ADVANCES

ISSN: 2053-2733

Volume 76| Part 5| September 2020| Pages 600-610

https://doi.org/10.1107/S2053273320009717

Open

access

Pure discrete spectrum and regular model sets in d-dimensional unimodular substitution tilings

Dong-il Lee,^a Shigeki Akiyama ^b and Jeong-Yup Lee ^c,^d ^*

^aDepartment of Mathematics, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea, ^bInstitute of Mathematics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan, ^cDepartment of Mathematics Education, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Republic of Korea, and ^dKIAS, 85 Hoegiro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
^*Correspondence e-mail: jylee@cku.ac.kr

Edited by U. Grimm, The Open University, UK (Received 3 January 2020; accepted 16 July 2020; online 21 August 2020)

Primitive substitution tilings on $[{\bb R}^d]$ whose expansion maps are unimodular are considered. It is assumed that all the eigenvalues of the expansion maps are algebraic conjugates with the same multiplicity. In this case, a cut-and-project scheme can be constructed with a Euclidean internal space. Under some additional condition, it is shown that if the substitution tiling has pure discrete spectrum, then the corresponding representative point sets are regular model sets in that cut-and-project scheme.

Keywords: Pisot family substitution tilings; pure discrete spectrum; regular model sets; Meyer sets; rigidity.

1. Introduction

In the study of aperiodic tilings, it has been an interesting problem to characterize pure discrete spectrum of tiling dynamical systems (Baake & Moody, 2004 ). This property is related to understanding the structure of mathematical quasicrystals. For this direction of study, substitution tilings have been good models, since they have highly symmetrical structures. A lot of research has been done in this direction (see Akiyama et al., 2015 ; Baake & Grimm, 2013 and references therein). Given a substitution tiling with pure discrete spectrum, it is known that this can be described via a cut-and-project scheme (CPS) (Lee, 2007 ). However, in the work of Lee (2007), the construction of the CPS is with an abstract internal space built from the pure discrete spectral property. Since the internal space is an abstract space, it is neither easy to understand the tiling structure, nor clear if the model sets are regular or not. In the case of one-dimensional substitution tilings with pure discrete spectrum, it is shown that a CPS with a Euclidean internal space can be built and the corresponding representative point sets are regular model sets (Barge & Kwapisz, 2006 ). In this paper, we consider substitution tilings on $[{\bb R}^d]$ with pure discrete spectrum whose expansion maps are unimodular. We show that it is possible to construct a CPS with a Euclidean internal space and that the corresponding representative point sets are regular model sets in that CPS.

The outline of the paper is as follows. First, we consider a repetitive primitive substitution tiling on $[{\bb R}^d]$ whose expansion map is unimodular. Then we build a CPS with a Euclidean internal space in Section 3. In Section 4, we discuss some known results around pure discrete spectrum, Meyer set and Pisot family. In Section 5, under the assumption of pure discrete spectrum, we show that each representative point set of the tiling is actually a regular model set in the CPS with a Euclidean internal space.

2. Preliminaries

2.1. Tilings

We begin with a set of types (or colours) $[\{1,\ldots, \kappa \}]$ , which we fix once and for all. A tile in $[{\bb R}^d]$ is defined as a pair T = (A,i) where A = supp(T) (the support of T) is a compact set in $[{\bb R}^d]$ , which is the closure of its interior, and $[i = l(T)\in \{1,\ldots, \kappa \}]$ is the type of T.

We let g+T = (g+A,i) for $[g\in {\bb R}^d]$ . We say that a set P of tiles is a patch if the number of tiles in P is finite and the tiles of P have mutually disjoint interiors. The support of a patch is the union of the supports of the tiles that are in it. The translate of a patch P by $[g\in {\bb R}^d]$ is $[g+P: = \{g+T:\ T\in P\}]$ . We say that two patches P₁ and P₂ are translationally equivalent if P₂ = g+P₁ for some $[g\in {\bb R}^d]$ . A tiling of $[{\bb R}^d]$ is a set $[{\cal T}]$ of tiles such that $[{\bb R}^d = \cup \{{\rm supp}(T): T \in {\cal T}\}]$ and distinct tiles have disjoint interiors. We always assume that any two $[{\cal T}]$ -tiles with the same colour are translationally equivalent (hence there are finitely many $[{\cal T}]$ -tiles up to translations). Given a tiling $[{\cal T}]$ , a finite set of tiles of $[{\cal T}]$ is called a $[{\cal T}]$ -patch. Recall that a tiling $[{\cal T}]$ is said to be repetitive if every $[{\cal T}]$ -patch occurs relatively densely in space, up to translation. We say that a tiling $[{\cal T}]$ has finite local complexity (FLC) if, for every R > 0, there are finitely many equivalence classes of $[{\cal T}]$ -patches of diameter less than R.

2.2. Delone κ-sets

A κ-set in $[{\bb R}^d]$ is a subset $[\boldLambda]$ $[ = \Lambda_1 \times \ldots \times \Lambda_{\kappa}]$ $[\subset {\bb R}^d \times \ldots \times {\bb R}^d]$ (κ copies) where $[\Lambda_i \subset {\bb R}^d]$ and κ is the number of colours. We also write $[ {\boldLambda}]$ $[ = (\Lambda_1, \ldots, \Lambda_{\kappa}) = (\Lambda_i)_{i\le \kappa}]$ . Recall that a Delone set is a relatively dense and uniformly discrete subset of $[{\bb R}^d]$ . We say that $[ {\boldLambda}=(\Lambda_i)_{i\le\kappa}]$ is a Delone κ-set in $[{\bb R}^d]$ if each $[\Lambda_i]$ is Delone and $[{\rm supp}({\boldLambda})]$ $[: = \cup_{i = 1}^{\kappa} \Lambda_i \subset {\bb R}^d]$ is Delone.

The types (or colours) of points for Delone κ-sets have a meaning analogous to the colours of tiles for tilings. We define repetitivity and FLC for a Delone κ-set in the same way as for tilings. A Delone set Λ is called a Meyer set in $[{\bb R}^d]$ if $[\Lambda - \Lambda]$ is uniformly discrete, which is equivalent to saying that $[\Lambda -\Lambda = \Lambda + F]$ for some finite set F (see Moody, 1997 ). If $[ {\boldLambda}]$ is a Delone κ-set and $[{\rm supp}( {\boldLambda}]$ ) is a Meyer set, we say that $[{\boldLambda}]$ is a Meyer set.

2.3. Substitutions

We say that a linear map $[\phi:\ {\bb R}^d \to {\bb R}^d]$ is expansive if there is a constant c > 1 with

$[d(\phi x, \phi y) \ge c \cdot d(x, y)]$

for all $[x, y \in {\bb R}^d]$ under some metric d on $[{\bb R}^d]$ compatible with the standard topology.

Definition 2.1

Let $[{\cal A} = \{T_1,\ldots,T_{\kappa} \}]$ be a finite set of tiles on $[{\bb R}^d]$ such that T_i = (A_i,i); we will call them prototiles. Denote by $[{\cal P}_{{\cal A}}]$ the set of patches made of tiles each of which is a translate of one of T_i's. We say that $[\omega: {\cal A} \to {\cal P}_{{\cal A}}]$ is a tile-substitution (or simply substitution) with an expansive map ϕ if there exist finite sets $[{\cal D}_{ij}\subset {\bb R}^d]$ for $[i,j \le \kappa]$ , such that

$[\omega(T_j) = \{u+T_i:\ u\in {\cal D}_{ij},\ i = 1,\ldots,\kappa \}\eqno(1)]$

with

$[\phi A_j = \bigcup_{i = 1}^{\kappa} ({\cal D}_{ij}+A_i) \quad{\rm for\ each} \, j \le \kappa.\eqno(2)]$

Here all sets in the right-hand side must have disjoint interiors; it is possible for some of the $[{\cal D}_{ij}]$ to be empty. We call the finite set $[{\cal D}_{ij}]$ a digit set (Lagarias & Wang, 1996 ). The substitution $[\kappa\times\kappa]$ matrix $[{\sf S}]$ of the tile-substitution is defined by $[{\sf S}(i,j) = \# {\cal D}_{ij}]$ . We say that ϕ is unimodular if the minimal polynomial of ϕ over $[{\bb Q}]$ has constant term $[\pm 1]$ (i.e. $[{\rm det} \, \phi = \pm 1]$ ); that is to say, the product of all roots of the minimal polynomial of ϕ is $[\pm 1]$ .

Note that for $[M \in {\bb N}]$

$[\phi^M A_j = \bigcup_{i = 1}^{\kappa} ({\cal D}^M_{ij}+A_i) \quad{\rm for} \ j \le \kappa,]$

where

$[({\cal D}^M)_{ij} = \bigcup_{k_1, k_2, \ldots, k_{(M-1)} \le \kappa} ({\cal D}_{ik_1} + \phi {\cal D}_{k_1 k_2} + \ldots + \phi^{M-1} {\cal D}_{k_{(M-1)}j}).\eqno(3)]$

The tile-substitution is extended to translated prototiles by

$[\omega(T_j - x) = \omega(T_j) - \phi x.\eqno(4)]$

The equations (2) allow us to extend ω to patches in $[{\cal P}_{\cal A}]$ defined by $[\omega(P) = \cup_{T\in P} \omega(T)]$ . It is similarly extended to tilings all of whose tiles are translates of the prototiles from $[{\cal A}]$ . A tiling $[{\cal T}]$ satisfying $[\omega({\cal T}) = {\cal T}]$ is called a fixed point of the tile-substitution, or a substitution tiling with expansion map ϕ. It is known that one can always find a periodic point for ω in the tiling dynamical hull, i.e. $[\omega^N({\cal T}) = {\cal T}]$ for some $[N \in \bb N]$ . In this case we use $[\omega^N]$ in the place of ω to obtain a fixed-point tiling. We say that the substitution tiling $[{\cal T}]$ is primitive, if there is an $[\ell \,\gt\, 0]$ for which $[{\sf S}^{\ell}]$ has no zero entries, where $[{\sf S}]$ is the substitution matrix.

Definition 2.2

$[{\boldLambda}]$ $[ = (\Lambda_i)_{i\le \kappa}]$ is called a substitution Delone κ-set if $[ {\boldLambda}]$ is a Delone κ-set and there exist an expansive map $[\phi: {\bb R}^d\to {\bb R}^d]$ and finite sets $[{\cal D}_{ij}]$ for $[i,j\le \kappa]$ such that

$[\Lambda_i = \bigcup_{j = 1}^{\kappa} (\phi \Lambda_j + {\cal D}_{ij}),\quad i \le \kappa,\eqno(5)]$

where the unions on the right-hand side are disjoint.

There is a standard way to choose distinguished points in the tiles of a primitive substitution tiling so that they form a ϕ-invariant Delone κ-set. They are called control points (Thurston, 1989 ; Praggastis, 1999 ) which are defined below.

Definition 2.3

Let $[{\cal T}]$ be a fixed point of a primitive substitution with an expansion map ϕ. For every $[{\cal T}]$ -tile T, we choose a tile $[\gamma T]$ on the patch $[\omega(T)]$ ; for all tiles of the same type, we choose $[\gamma T]$ with the same relative position. This defines a map $[\gamma: {\cal T} \to {\cal T}]$ called the tile map. Then we define the control point for a tile $[T \in {\cal T}]$ by

$[\{ c(T)\} = \bigcap_{m = 0}^{\infty} \phi^{-m} (\gamma^m T).\eqno(6)]$

The control points satisfy the following:

(a) [T' = T + c(T') - c(T)] , for any tiles [T, T'] of the same type;

(b) $[\phi(c(T)) = c(\gamma T)]$ , for $[T \in {\cal T}]$ .

For tiles of any tiling $[{\cal S} \in X_{{\cal T}}]$ , the control points have the same relative position as in $[{\cal T}]$ -tiles. The choice of control points is non-unique, but there are only finitely many possibilities, determined by the choice of the tile map. Let

$[\Xi = \bigcup_{i = 1}^{\kappa} ({\cal C}_i - {\cal C}_i).\eqno(7)]$

It is possible to consider a tile map

$[\eqalignno{&\gamma: {\cal T} \to {\cal T} \quad{\rm s.t.}\ \forall \ T \in {\cal T},&\cr &\,{\rm the\ tile}\ \gamma(T)\ {\rm has\ the\ same\ tile\ type\ in}\ {\cal T}.&(8)}]$

Then for any $[T, S \in {\cal T}]$ ,

$[c(\gamma T) - c(\gamma S) \ \in \ \Xi.]$

Let

$[{\cal C}: = {\cal C}({\cal T}) = ({\cal C}_i)_{i \le \kappa} = \{ c(T): T \in {\cal T}\}]$

be a set of control points of the tiling $[{\cal T}]$ in $[{\bb R}^d]$ . In what follows, if there is no confusion, we will use the same notation $[{\cal C}]$ to mean $[{\rm supp} \ {\cal C}]$ .

For the main results of this paper, we need the property that $[\langle \cup_{i\le \kappa} {\cal C}_i \rangle = \langle \Xi \rangle]$ with $[0\in \cup_{i\le \kappa} {\cal C}_i]$ . Under the assumption that ϕ is unimodular, this can be achieved by taking a proper control point set which comes from a certain tile map. We define the tile map as follows. It is known that there exists a finite patch $[{\cal P}]$ in a primitive substitution tiling which generates the whole tiling $[{\cal T}]$ (Lagarias & Wang, 2003 ). Although it was defined with primitive substitution point sets by Lagarias & Wang (2003), it is easy to see that the same property holds for primitive substitution tilings. We call the finite patch $[{\cal P}]$ the generating tile set. When we apply the substitution infinitely many times to the generating tile set $[{\cal P}]$ , we obtain the whole substitution tiling. So there exists $[n \in \bb N]$ such that nth iteration of the substitution to the generating tile set covers the origin. We choose a tile R in a patch $[\omega^n ({\cal P})]$ which contains the origin, where $[R = \alpha + T_j]$ for some $[1 \le j \le \kappa]$ . Then there exists a fixed tile $[S \in {\cal P}]$ such that $[R \in \omega^n(S)]$ . Replacing the substitution ω by $[\omega^n]$ , we can define a tile map γ so that

$[\left\{ \matrix{ \gamma(T)\ {\rm is\ a}\ j{\rm {\hbox{-}}type\ tile\ in}\ \omega^n(T) &{\rm if}\ T \in {\cal T}\ {\rm with}\ T \neq S \cr \gamma(S) = R.\hfill&\cr } \right.]$

Then $[0 \in {\cal C}_j]$ by the definition of the control point sets and so $[{\cal C}_j \subset \Xi]$ . Notice that

$[\phi^{-1}\in {\bb Z}[\phi],\eqno(9)]$

since ϕ is unimodular. From the construction of the tile map, we have $[\phi({\cal C}_i) \subset {\cal C}_j]$ for any $[1 \le i \le \kappa]$ . From (9), $[{\cal C}_i \subset \langle {\cal C}_j \rangle]$ for any $[1 \le i \le \kappa]$ . Hence $[\cup_{i \le \kappa} {\cal C}_i \subset \langle {\cal C}_j \rangle]$ . Thus

$[\left\langle \bigcup_{i\le \kappa} {\cal C}_i \right\rangle = \langle \Xi \rangle.\eqno(10)]$

Remark 2.4

In the case of primitive unimodular irreducible one-dimensional Pisot substitution tilings, it is known that $[\langle \cup_{i\le \kappa} {\cal C}_i \rangle = \langle \Xi \rangle]$ by choosing the left end points of the tiles as the control points (see Barge & Kwapisz, 2006; Sing, 2007 ).

2.4. Pure point spectrum and algebraic coincidence

Let $[X_{{\cal T}}]$ be the collection of tilings on $[{\bb R}^d]$ each of whose patches is a translate of a $[{\cal T}]$ -patch. In the case that $[{\cal T}]$ has FLC, we give a usual metric δ on the tilings in such a way that two tilings are close if there is a large agreement on a big region with small shift (see Schlottmann, 2000 ; Radin & Wolff, 1992 ; Lee et al., 2003 ). Then

$[X_{{\cal T}} = \overline{\{-h+{\cal T}: h \in {\bb R}^d \}}]$

where the closure is taken in the topology induced by the metric δ. For non-FLC tilings, we can consider `local rubber topology' on the collection of tilings (Müller & Richard, 2013 ; Lenz & Stollmann, 2003 ; Baake & Lenz, 2004 ; Lee & Solomyak, 2019 ) and obtain $[X_{{\cal T}}]$ as the completion of the orbit closure of $[{\cal T}]$ under this topology. For tilings with FLC, the two topologies coincide. In the case of either FLC or non-FLC tilings, we obtain a compact space $[X_{{\cal T}}]$ . We have a natural action of $[{\bb R}^d]$ on the dynamical hull $[X_{{\cal T}}]$ of $[{\cal T}]$ by translations and get a topological dynamical system $[(X_{{\cal T}}, {\bb R}^d)]$ . Let us assume that there is a unique ergodic measure μ in the dynamical system $[(X_{{\cal T}}, {\bb R}^d)]$ and consider the measure-preserving dynamical system $[(X_{{\cal T}}, \mu, {\bb R}^d)]$ . It is known that a dynamical system $[(X_{{\cal T}}, {\bb R}^d)]$ with a primitive substitution tiling $[{\cal T}]$ always has a unique ergodic measure (Solomyak, 1997 ; Lee et al., 2003). We consider the associated group of unitary operators $[\{T_x\}_{x\in {\bb R}^d}]$ on $[L^2(X_{{\cal T}},\mu)]$ :

$[T_x g({\cal T}') = g(-x + {\cal T}').]$

Every $[g \in L^2(X_{{\cal T}},\mu)]$ defines a function on $[{\bb R}^d]$ by $[x \,\mapsto\, \langle T_x g,g \rangle]$ . This function is positive definite on $[{\bb R}^d]$ , so its Fourier transform is a positive measure $[\sigma_g]$ on $[{\bb R}^d]$ called the spectral measure corresponding to g. The dynamical system $[(X_{{\cal T}}, \mu, {\bb R}^d)]$ is said to have pure discrete spectrum if $[\sigma_g]$ is pure point for every $[g \in L^2(X_{{\cal T}}, \mu)]$ . We also say that $[{\cal T}]$ has pure discrete spectrum if the dynamical system $[(X_{{\cal T}}, \mu, {\bb R}^d)]$ has pure discrete spectrum.

When we restrict discussion to primitive substitution tilings, we note that a tiling $[{\cal T}]$ has pure discrete spectrum if and only if the control point set $[{\cal C}({\cal T})]$ of the tiling $[{\cal T}]$ admits an algebraic coincidence (see Definition 2.5). So from now on when we assume pure discrete spectrum for $[{\cal T}]$ , we can directly use the property of algebraic coincidence. We give the corresponding definition and theorem below.

Definition 2.5

Let $[{\cal T}]$ be a primitive substitution tiling on $[{\bb R}^d]$ with an expansive map ϕ and $[{\cal C} = ({\cal C}_i)_{i \le \kappa}]$ be a corresponding control point set. We say that $[{\cal C}]$ admits an algebraic coincidence if there exists $[M \in {\bb Z}_+]$ and $[\xi \in {\cal C}_i]$ for some $[1 \le i \le \kappa]$ such that

$[\xi + \phi^M \Xi \ \subset \ {\cal C}_i.]$

Here recall from (7) that $[ \Xi = \cup_{i = 1}^{\kappa} ({\cal C}_i - {\cal C}_i)]$ .

Note that, if the algebraic coincidence is assumed, then for some $[M \in {\bb Z}_+]$

$[\phi^M \Xi - \phi^M \Xi \ \subset \ {\cal C}_i - {\cal C}_i \ \subset \ \Xi.\eqno(11)]$

Theorem 2.6

[Theorem 3.13 (Lee, 2007)] Let $[{\cal T}]$ be a primitive substitution tiling on $[{\bb R}^d]$ with an expansive map ϕ and $[{\cal C} = ({\cal C}_i)_{i \le \kappa}]$ be a corresponding control point set. Suppose that all the eigenvalues of ϕ are algebraic integers. Then $[{\cal T}]$ has pure discrete spectrum if and only if $[{\cal C}]$ admits an algebraic coincidence.

The above theorem is stated with FLC by Lee (2007). But from Lemma 4.1 and Proposition 4.2, pure discrete dynamical spectrum of $[{\cal T}]$ implies the Meyer property of the control point set $[{\cal C}]$ . All Meyer sets have FLC. So it is a consequence of pure discrete dynamical spectrum. On the other hand, the algebraic coincidence implies that

$[\xi + \phi^M \Xi \ \subset \ {\cal C}_i \quad {\rm for\ some}\ \xi \in {\cal C}_i\ {\rm and}\ 1 \le i \le \kappa.]$

This means that $[\phi^M \Xi]$ is uniformly discrete and thus Ξ is uniformly discrete. From Moody (1997), we obtain that $[\Xi - \Xi]$ is uniformly discrete. For any $[1 \le i, j \le \kappa]$ ,

$[\eqalign{&{\cal C}_i - {\cal C}_j \subset a+ \Xi - (b+ \Xi) = a - b + \Xi - \Xi \cr &{\rm for\ some}\ a \in {\cal C}_i\ {\rm and}\ b \in {\cal C}_j.}]$

Hence $[{\rm supp}({\cal C}) = \cup_{i = 1}^{\kappa} {\cal C}_i]$ is a Meyer set (Moody, 1997). Thus it is not necessary to assume FLC here. There is a computable algorithm to check the algebraic coincidence in a primitive substitution tiling (Akiyama & Lee, 2011 ).

2.5. Cut-and-project scheme

We give definitions for a CPS and model sets constructed with $[{\bb R}^d]$ and a locally compact Abelian group.

Definition 2.7

A cut-and-project scheme (CPS) consists of a collection of spaces and mappings as follows:

$[\matrix{ {\bb R}^d & \buildrel\pi_{1}\over\longleftarrow & {\bb R}^d \times H & \buildrel\pi_{2}\over \longrightarrow & H \cr && \bigcup \cr && \widetilde{L} }\eqno(12)]$

where $[{\bb R}^d]$ is a real Euclidean space, H is a locally compact Abelian group, $[\pi_{1}]$ and $[\pi_{2}]$ are the canonical projections, $[ \widetilde{L} \subset {{\bb R}^d \times H}]$ is a lattice, i.e. a discrete subgroup for which the quotient group $[({\bb R}^d \times H) / \widetilde{L}]$ is compact, $[\pi_{1}|_{ \widetilde{L}}]$ is injective and $[\pi_{2}(\widetilde{L})]$ is dense in H. For a subset $[V \subset H]$ , we denote

$[{\Lambda}(V): = \{ \pi_{1}(x) \in {\bb R}^d: x \in \widetilde{L}, \pi_{2}(x) \in V\}.]$

A model set in $[{\bb R}^d]$ is a subset $[{\Lambda}]$ of $[{\bb R}^d]$ of the form $[{\Lambda}(W)]$ , where $[W \subset H]$ has non-empty interior and compact closure. The model set $[{\Lambda}]$ is regular if the boundary of W

$[\partial{W} = \overline{W} \ \backslash \ W^{\circ}]$

is of (Haar) measure 0. We say that $[\boldLambda]$ $[ = (\Lambda_i)_{i \le \kappa}]$ is a model κ-set (respectively, regular model κ-set) if each $[\Lambda_i]$ is a model set (respectively, regular model set) with respect to the same CPS. Especially when H is a Euclidean space, we call the model set Λ a Euclidean model set (see Baake & Grimm, 2013).

3. Cut-and-project scheme on substitution tilings

Throughout the rest of the paper, we assume that ϕ is diagonalizable, the eigenvalues of ϕ are algebraically conjugate with the same multiplicity, since the structure of a module generated by the control points is known only under this assumption (Lee & Solomyak, 2012 ).

Let

$[\lambda'_{1}, \ldots, \lambda'_{s}\eqno(13)]$

be the distinct real eigenvalues of ϕ and

$[\lambda'_{s+1},\overline{\lambda'}_{s+1},\ldots,\lambda'_{s + t},\overline{\lambda'}_{s+t}\eqno(14)]$

be the distinct complex eigenvalues of ϕ. By the above assumption, all these eigenvalues appear with the same multiplicity, which we will denote by J. Recall that ϕ is assumed to be diagonalizable over $[{\bb C}]$ . For a complex eigenvalue λ of ϕ, the 2 ×2 diagonal block

$[\left [\matrix{ \lambda & 0 \cr 0 & \overline{\lambda} } \right]]$

is similar to a real 2 ×2 matrix

$[\left [\matrix{ a & -b \cr b & a } \right] = S^{-1} \left [\matrix{ \lambda & 0 \cr 0 & \overline{\lambda} } \right] S,\eqno(15)]$

where $[\lambda = a+ ib, a, b \in {\bb R}]$ , and

$[S = {{1} \over {\left({2} \right)^{1/2}}} \left [\matrix{ 1 & i \cr 1 & -i } \right].]$

Since ϕ is diagonalizable, by eventually changing the basis in $[{\bb R}^d]$ , we can assume without loss of generality that

$[\phi = \left [\matrix{ \psi_1 & \cdots & {O} \cr \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \cr {O} & \cdots & \psi_J } \right] \ {\rm and} \ \psi_j = \psi: = \left [\matrix{ A_{1} & \cdots & 0 \cr \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \cr 0 & \cdots & A_{s+t} } \right] \eqno(16)]$

where A_k is a real 1×1 matrix for $[1 \le k \le s]$ , a real 2×2 matrix of the form

$[\left [\matrix{ a_{k} & -b_{k} \cr b_{k} & a_{k} } \right]]$

for $[s + 1 \le k \le s + t]$ , and O is the (s+2t) ×(s+2t) zero matrix, and $[1 \le j \le J]$ .

Let m = s +2t. Note that m is the degree of the minimal polynomial of ϕ over $[{\bb Q}]$ . For each $[1 \le j \le J]$ , let

$[H_{j} = \{0\}^{(j-1)m} \times {\bb R}^{m} \times \{0\}^{d- jm}. ]$

Further, for each H_j we have the direct sum decomposition

$[H_j = \bigoplus_{k = 1}^{s + t} E_{jk},]$

such that each E_jk is $[\phi,\phi^{-1}]$ -invariant and $[\phi|_{E_{jk}} \simeq A_{k}]$ , identifying E_jk with $[{\bb R}]$ or $[{\bb R}^2]$ .

Let $[\phi_{j} = \phi|_{H_{j}}]$ .

Let P_j be the canonical projection of $[{\bb R}^d]$ onto H_j such that

$[P_{j}({\bf x}) = {\bf x}_{j},\eqno(17)]$

where $[{\bf x} = {\bf x}_{1} + \ldots + {\bf x}_{J}]$ and $[{\bf x}_{j} \in H_{j}]$ with $[1 \le j \le J]$ .

We define $[\boldalpha_{j} \in H_{j}]$ such that for each $[1 \le k \le d]$ ,

$[(\boldalpha_{j})_{k} = \left\{\matrix{ 1 & {\rm if} \ (j-1)m + 1 \le k \le jm\semi \cr 0\hfill & {\rm else}.\hfill } \right.\eqno(18)]$

We recall the following theorem for the module structure of the control point sets. From Lemma 6.1 (Lee & Solomyak, 2012), we can readily obtain the property:¹

$[\boldalpha_1, \ldots, \boldalpha_J \in \sigma(\ {\cal C}({\cal T}))\eqno(19)]$

which is used in the proof of Lemma 5.2. So we state Theorem 4.1 (Lee & Solomyak, 2012) in the following form. Let

$[{\bb Q}[\phi]: = \{p(\phi):\ p(x) \in {\bb Q}[x]\},\ \ {\bb Z}[\phi]: = \{p(\phi):\ p(x) \in {\bb Z}[x]\}.]$

Theorem 3.1

[Theorem. 4.1 (Lee & Solomyak, 2012)] Let $[{\cal T}]$ be a repetitive primitive substitution tiling on $[{\bb R}^d]$ with an expansion map ϕ. Assume that $[{\cal T}]$ has FLC, ϕ is diagonalizable, and all the eigenvalues of ϕ are algebraically conjugate with the same multiplicity J. Then there exists an isomorphism $[\sigma: {\bb R}^d \to {\bb R}^d]$ such that

$[\sigma \phi = \phi \sigma \quad {\rm and} \ \sigma( {\cal C}({\cal T})) \subset {\bb Z}[\phi]\boldalpha_1 + \ldots + {\bb Z}[\phi]\boldalpha_J, ]$

where $[\boldalpha_j]$ , $[1 \le j \le J]$ , are given in (18), and $[\boldalpha_1, \ldots, \boldalpha_J]$ $[\in \sigma({ {\cal C}({\cal T})})]$ .

Since ϕ is a block diagonal matrix as shown in (16), we can note that $[\boldalpha_1, \ldots, \boldalpha_J]$ are linearly independent over $[{\bb Z}[\phi]]$ .

A tiling $[{\cal T}]$ is said to be rigid if $[{\cal T}]$ satisfies the result of Theorem 3.1; that is to say, there exists a linear isomorphism $[\sigma: {\bb R}^d \to {\bb R}^d]$ such that

$[\sigma \phi = \phi \sigma \quad{\rm and} \ \sigma( {\cal C}({\cal T})) \subset {\bb Z}[\phi]\boldalpha_1 + \ldots + {\bb Z}[\phi]\boldalpha_J, ]$

where $[\boldalpha_j]$ , $[1 \le j \le J]$ , are given in (18). One can find an example of a non-FLC tiling that the rigidity property fails in (Frank & Robinson, 2008 ; Lee & Solomyak, 2019).

3.1. Construction of a cut-and-project scheme

Consider that ϕ is unimodular and diagonalizable, all the eigenvalues of ϕ are algebraic integers and algebraically conjugate with the same multiplicity J, and $[{\cal T}]$ is rigid. Since ϕ is an expansion map and unimodular, there exists at least one other algebraic conjugate other than eigenvalues of ϕ. Under this condition, we construct a CPS with a Euclidean internal space. In the case of multiplicity 1, the CPS was first introduced in Lee et al. (2018 ). For earlier development, see Siegel & Thuswaldner (2009 ).

It is known that if ϕ is a diagonalizable expansion map of a primitive substitution tiling with FLC, every eigenvalue of ϕ is an algebraic integer (Kenyon & Solomyak, 2010 ). So it is natural to assume that all the eigenvalues of ϕ are algebraic integers in the assumption. In (16), suppose that the minimal polynomial of ψ over $[{\bb Q}]$ has e number of real roots and f number of pairs of complex conjugate roots. Recall that

$[\lambda'_{1}, \ldots, \lambda_{s} = \lambda'_{s}, \ldots, \lambda'_{s+1}, \ldots, \overline{\lambda'_{s+t}}]$

are distinct eigenvalues of ϕ from (13) and (21). Let us consider the roots in the following order:

$[\eqalign{&\lambda_1, \ldots, \lambda_s, \lambda_{s+1}, \ldots \lambda_{e}, \lambda_{e+1}, \overline{\lambda_{e+1}}, \ldots, \lambda_{e+t}, \overline{\lambda_{e+t}}, \lambda_{e+t+1}, \cr &\quad \overline{\lambda_{e+t+1}}, \ldots, \lambda_{e+f}, \overline{\lambda_{e+f}},}]$

for which

$[\lambda_{1} = \lambda'_{1}, \ \ldots, \ \lambda_{s} = \lambda'_{s},]$

$[\lambda_{e+1} = \lambda'_{s+1},\overline{\lambda_{e+1}} = \overline{\lambda'_{s+1}}, \ \ldots, \ \lambda_{e+t} = \lambda'_{s + t}, \overline{\lambda_{e+t}} = \overline{\lambda'_{s+t}},]$

where $[\lambda'_{1}, \ldots, \lambda'_{s}, \lambda'_{s+1}, \overline{\lambda'_{s+1}}, \ldots, \lambda'_{e+t}, \overline{\lambda'_{s+t}}]$ are the same as in (13) and (14).

Let

$[n = e + 2f.\eqno(20)]$

We consider a space where the rest of the roots of the minimal polynomial of ψ other than the eigenvalues of ψ lie. Using similar matrices as in (15) we can consider the space as a Euclidean space. Let

$[{\bb G}_j: = {\bb R}^{n-m}, \quad 1 \le j \le J. ]$

For $[1 \le j \le J]$ , define a (n-m) ×(n-m) matrix

$[D_j: = \left [\matrix{ A_{s+1} & \cdots & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \cr \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \cr 0 & \cdots & A_{e} & 0 & \cdots & 0 \cr 0 & \cdots & 0 & A_{e+t+1} & \cdots & 0 \cr \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \cr 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 & \cdots & A_{e+f} } \right]]$

where $[A_{s+ \imath}]$ is a real 1 ×1 matrix with the value $[\lambda_{s+ \imath}]$ for $[1 \le \imath \le e-s]$ , and A_e+t+j is a real 2 ×2 matrix of the form

$[\left[\matrix{ a_{e+t+\jmath} & -b_{e+t+\jmath} \cr b_{e+t+\jmath} & a_{e+t+\jmath} } \right]]$

for $[1 \le \jmath \le f-t]$ . Notice that ϕ and ψ have the same minimal polynomial over $[{\bb Q}]$ , since ϕ is the diagonal matrix containing J copies of ψ. Let us consider now the following algebraic embeddings:

$[\eqalign{ &\Psi_j: {\bb Z}[\phi]{\boldalpha_j} \to {\bb G}_j, \cr & P_j(\phi){\boldalpha_j} \,\mapsto\, P_j(D_j) \boldbeta_j, }]$

where P_j(x) is a polynomial over $[{\bb Z}]$ and $[\boldbeta_j: = (1, \ldots, 1) \in {\bb G}_j]$ . Note that

$[\Psi_j(\phi x) = D_j \Psi_j(x) \quad{\rm for\ any}\ x \in {\bb Z}[\phi]{\boldalpha_j} .]$

Now we can define a map

$[\eqalignno{&\Psi : {\bb Z}[\phi]\boldalpha_1 + \ldots + {\bb Z}[\phi]\boldalpha_J \ \to \ {\bb{G}}_1 \times \ldots \times {\bb{G}}_J, &\cr & P_1(\phi)\boldalpha_1 + \ldots + P_J(\phi)\boldalpha_J \ \mapsto \ (P_1(D_1) \boldbeta_1, \ldots, P_J(D_J) \boldbeta_J).&\cr &&(21)}]$

Since $[\boldalpha_1, \ldots, \boldalpha_J]$ are linearly independent over $[{\bb Z}[\phi]]$ , the map Ψ is well defined. Thus $[{\Psi(\phi x) = D \Psi(x)}]$ for

$[D: = \left [\matrix{ D_1 & \cdots & O \cr \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \cr O & \cdots & D_J \ } \right],\eqno(22)]$

where $[D_1 = \ldots = D_J]$ . Let $[{\bb G}: = {\bb{G}}_1 \times \ldots \times {\bb{G}}_J]$ .

Let us construct a CPS:

$[\matrix{ {\bb R}^d & \buildrel\pi_{1}\over\longleftarrow & {\bb R}^d \times {\bb G} & \buildrel\pi_{2}\over\longrightarrow & {\bb G} \cr && \cup &&\cr L & \longleftarrow & {\widetilde{L}} & \longrightarrow & \Psi(L) \cr & & & & \cr x & \longleftarrow{\hskip -1.2pt}\raise1.5pt\hbox{{\vrule height 2.5pt depth 1pt}} & (x, \Psi(x)) & \longmapsto & \Psi(x), } \eqno(23)]$

where $[\pi_1]$ and $[\pi_2]$ are canonical projections,

$[L = {\bb Z}[\phi]\boldalpha_1 + \ldots + {\bb Z}[\phi]\boldalpha_J]$

and

$[\widetilde{L} = \{(x, \Psi(x)): x \in L \}.]$

It is easy to see that $[\pi_1|_{\widetilde{L}}]$ is injective. We shall show that $[\pi_2(\widetilde{L})]$ is dense in $[{\bb G}]$ and $[\widetilde{L}]$ is a lattice in $[{\bb R}^d \times {\bb G}]$ . We note that $[\pi_2|_{\widetilde{L}}]$ is injective, since Ψ is injective. Since ϕ commutes with the isomorphism σ in Theorem 3.1, we may identify $[{\cal C}({\cal T})]$ and its isomorphic image. Thus, from Theorem 3.1,

$[{\cal C}({\cal T}) = \bigcup_{i \le \kappa} {\cal C}_i \ \subset \ {\bb Z}[\phi]\boldalpha_1 + \ldots + {\bb Z}[\phi]\boldalpha_J,]$

where $[\boldalpha_1, \ldots, \boldalpha_J \in {\cal C}({\cal T})]$ . Note that for any $[k \in {\bb N}]$ and $[1 \le j \le J]$ , $[\phi^k \boldalpha_j \in {\cal C}({\cal T})]$ . So we can note that

$[L = \left\langle \bigcup_{i\le \kappa} {\cal C}_i \right\rangle.\eqno(24)]$

Lemma 3.2

$[\widetilde{L}]$ is a lattice in $[{\bb R}^d \times {\bb G}]$ .

Proof

By the Cayley–Hamilton theorem, there exists a monic polynomial $[p(x)\in {\bb Z}[x]]$ of degree n such that $[p(\phi) = {\rm id}]$ . Thus every element of $[{\bb Z}[\phi]]$ is expressed as a polynomial of ϕ of degree n-1 with integer coefficients where the constant term is identified with a constant multiple of the identity matrix. Therefore L is a free $[{\bb Z}]$ -module of rank nJ. Notice that L and $[\widetilde{L}]$ are isomorphic $[{\bb Z}]$ -modules so that $[\widetilde{L}]$ is also a free $[{\bb Z}]$ -module of rank nJ on $[{\bb R}^d \times \bb{G}]$ . Let us define

$[\boldgamma_{j}: = (\boldalpha_j, \Psi(\boldalpha_j)) \in {\bb R}^d \times {\bb G} \quad{\rm for\ any}\ 1 \le j \le J.]$

Then, in fact, for any $[1 \le k \le (e+f)J]$ ,

$[(\boldgamma_{j})_{k} = \left\{\matrix{ 1 & {\rm if} \ (j-1)m + 1 \le k \le jm\semi\hfill\cr 1 & {\rm if} \ d+(j-1)(n-m) + 1 \le k \le d+j(n-m)\semi\cr 0 \hfill & {\rm else}.\hfill } \right.\eqno(25)]$

Define also

$[\Omega = \left [\matrix{ \phi & 0 \cr 0 & D } \right]]$

which is a linear map on $[{\bb R}^d \times {\bb G}]$ . Note that $[(\pi_1|_{\widetilde{L}})^{-1} ({\bb Z}[\phi]\boldalpha_j)]$ $[ = {\bb Z}[\Omega]\boldgamma_j]$ and $[{\bb Z}[\Omega]\boldgamma_j]$ is isomorphic to the image of $[{\bb Z}^n]$ by multiplication of the n ×n matrix $[A = (\lambda_i^{k-1})_{i,k \in \{1,\ldots,n\}}]$ . Since A is non-degenerate by the Vandermonde determinant, $[\{{\boldgamma_1}, \ldots, \Omega^{n-1}{\boldgamma_1},\ldots, {\boldgamma}_J,\ldots, ]$ $[\Omega^{n-1}{\boldgamma_J}\}]$ forms a basis of $[{\bb R}^d \times \bb{G}]$ over $[{\bb R}]$ . Thus $[\widetilde{L}]$ is a lattice in $[{\bb R}^d \times \bb{G}]$ .

□

Lemma 3.3

$[\Psi(L) = \pi_2(\widetilde{L})]$ and $[\pi_2(\widetilde{L})]$ is dense in $[{\bb G}]$ .

Proof

For simplicity, we prove the totally real case, i.e. $[\lambda_i\in {\bb R}]$ for all i. Since the diagonal blocks of ϕ are all the same, it is enough to show that $[\Psi_1({\bb Z}[\phi] \boldalpha_1)]$ is dense in $[{\bb G}_1]$ . By Theorem 24 (Siegel, 1989 ), $[\Psi_1({\bb Z}[\phi] \boldalpha_1)]$ is dense in $[{\bb G}_1]$ if

$[\textstyle\sum\limits_{i = m+1}^{n} x_{i} \lambda_i^{k-1} \in {\bb Z}\quad (k = 1, \ldots, n)]$

implies x_i = 0 for $[i = m+1,\ldots, n]$ . The condition is equivalent to $[\xi A \in {\bb Z}^n]$ with $[\xi = (x_i) = (0,\ldots,0,x_{m+1},\ldots, x_n)\in {\bb R}^n]$ in the terminology of Lemma 3.2. Multiplying by the inverse of A, we see that the entries of ξ must be Galois conjugates. As ξ has at least one zero entry, we obtain $[\xi = 0]$ which shows x_i = 0 for $[i = m+1,\ldots, n]$ . In fact, this discussion is using the Pontryagin duality that the $[\Theta: {\bb Z}^n \rightarrow {\bb R}^{n-m}]$ has a dense image if and only if its dual map $[\widehat{\Theta}: {\bb R}^{n-m} \rightarrow {\bb T}^n]$ is injective [see also Meyer (1972 , ch. II, Section 1), Iizuka et al. (2009 ), Akiyama (1999 )]. The case with complex conjugates is similar.

□

Now that we have constructed the CPS (23), we would like to introduce a special projected set $[E_{\delta}]$ which will appear in the proofs of the main results in Section 5. For $[\delta \,\gt\, 0]$ , we define

$[\eqalignno{E_{\delta} &: = \Lambda(B_{\delta}^{\bb{G}}(0)) & \cr & = \pi_1({\pi_2}^{-1}(\Psi(L) \cap B_{\delta}^{\bb{G}}(0))) & \cr & = \{ {\cal P}(\phi) \boldalpha \in L: \Psi({\cal P}(\phi) \boldalpha) \in B_{\delta}^{\bb{G}}(0) \}.&(26)}]$

In the following lemma, we find an adequate window for a set $[\phi^n E_{\delta}]$ and note that $[E_{\delta}]$ is a Meyer set.

Lemma 3.4

For any $[\delta \,\gt\, 0]$ and $[n \in {\bb N}]$ , if $[E_{\delta} = \Lambda(B_{\delta}^{\bb{G}}(0))]$ , then

$[\phi^n E_{\delta} = \{ {\cal R}(\phi) \boldalpha \in L: \Psi({\cal R}(\phi) \boldalpha) \in D^n \cdot B_{\delta}^{\bb{G}}(0) \}]$

and $[E_{\delta}]$ forms a Meyer set.

Proof

Note that

$[\eqalignno{&\Psi({\cal P}(\phi) \boldalpha) \in B_{\delta}^{\bb{G}}(0) &\cr & \Longleftrightarrow D \cdot \Psi({\cal P}(\phi) \boldalpha) \in D \cdot B_{\delta}^{\bb{G}}(0) &\cr & \Longleftrightarrow \Psi(\phi ({\cal P}(\phi) \boldalpha)) \in D \cdot B_{\delta}^{\bb{G}}(0).&(27)}]$

Notice that if ϕ is unimodular, then $[\phi L = L = \phi^{-1} L]$ and $[\phi^{-1} \in {\bb Z}[\phi]]$ . Thus

$[\eqalignno{\phi E_{\delta} & = \phi \{ {\cal P}(\phi) \boldalpha \in L: \Psi({\cal P}(\phi) \boldalpha) \in B_{\delta}^{\bb{G}}(0) \} &\cr & = \{ \phi {\cal P}(\phi) \boldalpha \in L: \Psi(\phi {\cal P}(\phi) \boldalpha) \in D \cdot B_{\delta}^{\bb{G}}(0) \}&(28)} ]$

$[= \{ {\cal Q}(\phi) \boldalpha \in L: \Psi({\cal Q}(\phi) \boldalpha) \in D \cdot B_{\delta}^{\bb{G}}(0) \}.\eqno(29)]$

It is easy to see that the set in (28) is contained in the set in (29). The inclusion for the other direction is due to the fact that $[\phi L = L]$ and $[\phi^{-1} \in {\bb Z}[\phi]]$ . Hence for any $[n \in \bb N]$ ,

$[\phi^n E_{\delta} = \{ {\cal R}(\phi) \boldalpha \in L: \Psi({\cal R}(\phi) \boldalpha) \in D^n \cdot B_{\delta}^{\bb{G}}(0) \}.\eqno(30)]$

Since (23) is a CPS and $[B_{\epsilon}^{\bb{G}}(0)]$ is bounded, $[E_{\delta}]$ forms a Meyer set for each $[\delta \,\gt\, 0]$ (see Moody, 1997).

□

4. Pure discrete spectrum, Meyer set and Pisot family

Lemma 4.1

[Lemma 4.10 (Lee & Solomyak, 2008 )] Let $[{\cal T}]$ be a tiling on $[{\bb R}^d]$ . Suppose that $[(X_{{\cal T}}, {\bb R}^d, \mu)]$ has pure discrete dynamical spectrum. Then the eigenvalues for the dynamical system $[(X_{{\cal T}}, {\bb R}^d, \mu)]$ span $[{\bb R}^d]$ .

Proposition 4.2

[Proposition 6.6 (Lee & Solomyak, 2019)] Let $[{\cal T}]$ be a primitive substitution tiling on $[{\bb R}^d]$ with an expansion map ϕ. Suppose that all the eigenvalues of ϕ are algebraic integers. Assume that the set of eigenvalues of $[(X_{{\cal T}}, {\bb R}^d, \mu)]$ is relatively dense. Then $[{\cal C}({\cal T})]$ is a Meyer set.

We note that `repetitivity' is not necessary for Proposition 4.2. Under the assumption that $[{\cal T}]$ is a primitive substitution tiling on $[{\bb R}^d]$ , the following implication holds:

$[\eqalign{&{\rm Pure\ discrete\ spectrum} \ \Longrightarrow \ {\rm Relative\ dense\ eigenvalues} \cr & \Longrightarrow \ {\rm Meyer\ set} \ \Longrightarrow \ {\rm FLC}.}]$

Definition 4.3

A set of algebraic integers $[\Theta = \{\theta_1, \ldots, \theta_r \}]$ is a Pisot family if for any $[1 \le j \le r]$ , every Galois conjugate γ of $[\theta_j]$ , with $[|\gamma| \ge 1]$ , is contained in Θ. For r = 1, with $[\theta_1]$ real and $[|\theta_1|\,\gt\,1]$ , this reduces to $[|\theta_1|]$ being a real Pisot number, and for r = 2, with $[\theta_1]$ non-real and $[|\theta_1|\,\gt\,1]$ , to $[\theta_1]$ being a complex Pisot number.

Under the assumption of rigidity of $[{\cal T}]$ , we can derive the following proposition from Lemma 5.1 (Lee & Solomyak, 2012) without additionally assuming repetitivity and FLC.

Proposition 4.4

[Lemma 5.1 (Lee & Solomyak, 2012)] Let $[{\cal T}]$ be a primitive substitution tiling on $[{\bb R}^d]$ with a diagonalizable expansion map ϕ. Suppose that all the eigenvalues of ϕ are algebraic conjugates with the same multiplicity and $[{\cal T}]$ is rigid. Then if the set of eigenvalues of $[(X_{{\cal T}}, {\bb R}^d, \mu)]$ is relatively dense, then the set of eigenvalues of ϕ forms a Pisot family.

5. Main result

We consider a primitive substitution tiling on $[{\bb R}^d]$ with a diagonalizable expansion map ϕ. Suppose that all the eigenvalues of ϕ are algebraically conjugate with the same multiplicity J and $[{\cal T}]$ is rigid. Additionally we assume that there exists at least one algebraic conjugate λ of eigenvalues of ϕ for which $[|\lambda| \,\lt\, 1]$ . Recall that

$[\Xi = \bigcup_{i = 1}^{\kappa} ({\cal C}_i - {\cal C}_i),]$

where $[{\cal C}_i]$ is the set of control points of tiles of type i and $[1 \le i \le \kappa]$ . By the choice of the control point set in (10), we note that $[L = \langle \Xi \rangle]$ .

Lemma 5.1

Assume that the set of eigenvalues of ϕ is a Pisot family. Then $[\Xi \subset E_{\delta}]$ for some $[\delta \,\gt\, 0]$ , where $[E_{\delta}]$ is given in (26).

Proof

Since we are interested in Ξ which is a collection of translation vectors, the choice of control point set $[{\cal C}({\cal T})]$ does not really matter. So we use the tile map (8) which sends a tile to the same type of tiles in $[{\cal T}]$ . From Lemma 4.5 (Lee & Solomyak, 2008), for any $[y \in \Xi]$ ,

$[y = \textstyle\sum\limits_{n = 0}^N \phi^n x_n, \quad{\rm where}\ x_n \in U\ {\rm and}\ U\ {\rm is\ a\ finite\ subset\ in}\ L.]$

Since ϕ is an expansive map and satisfies the Pisot family condition, the maps $[\Psi_j]$ and Ψ are defined with all the algebraic conjugates of eigenvalues of ϕ whose absolute values are less than 1. Thus $[\Psi(\Xi) \subset B_{\delta}^{\bb{G}}(0)]$ for some $[\delta \,\gt\, 0]$ . From the definition of $[E_{\delta}]$ in (26), $[\Xi \subset E_{\delta}]$ .

□

Lemma 5.2

Assume that $[{\cal T}]$ has pure discrete spectrum. Then for any $[y \in \langle \Xi \rangle]$ , there exists $[\ell = \ell(y) \in {\bb N}]$ such that $[\phi^{\ell}y \in \Xi]$ .

Proof

Note from (24) that for any $[k \in {\bb Z}_{\ge 0}]$ and $[\boldalpha_j \in \{ \boldalpha_1, \ldots, \boldalpha_J \}]$ , $[\phi^k \boldalpha_j]$ is contained in Ξ. Recall that $[\langle \Xi \rangle \subset {\bb Z}[\phi]\boldalpha_1]$ $[ + \ldots + {\bb Z}[\phi]\boldalpha_J]$ , where $[\boldalpha_1]$ , $[\ldots, \boldalpha_J]$ $[ \in {\cal C}({\cal T})]$ . So any element $[y \in \langle \Xi \rangle]$ is a linear combination of $[\boldalpha_1, \phi \boldalpha_1, \ldots, \phi^{n-1} \boldalpha_1, \ldots, \boldalpha_J, \phi \boldalpha_J, \ldots, \phi^{n-1} \boldalpha_J]$ over $[{\bb Z}]$ . Applying (11) many times if necessary, we get that for any $[y \in \langle \Xi \rangle]$ , $[\phi^{\ell} y \in \Xi]$ for some $[\ell = \ell(y) \in {\bb N}]$ .

□

Proposition 5.3

Let $[{\cal T}]$ be a primitive substitution tiling on $[{\bb R}^d]$ with an expansion map ϕ. Under the assumption of the existence of CPS (23), if $[{\cal T}]$ has pure discrete spectrum, then there exists $[K \in {\bb N}]$ such that

$[\phi^K E_{\delta} \subset \Xi.\eqno(31)]$

Proof

We first prove that there exists a finite set F such that for all $[x \in E_{\delta}]$ , $[x \in \Xi - v]$ for some $[v \in F]$ . This can be obtained directly from Lemma 5.5.1 (Strungaru, 2017 ; Baake & Grimm, 2017 ), but for the reader's convenience we give the proof here. Note that $[E_{\delta}]$ is a Meyer set and $[\Xi \subset E_{\delta}]$ for some $[\delta \,\gt\, 0]$ . Since Ξ is relatively dense, for any $[x \in E_{\delta}]$ , there exists $[r \,\gt\, 0]$ such that $[\Xi \cap B_r^{{\bb R}^d}(x) \neq \emptyset]$ . From the Meyer property of $[E_{\delta}]$ , the point set configurations

$[\{ \Xi \cap B_r^{{\bb R}^d}(x): x \in E_{\delta} \}\eqno(32)]$

are finite up to translation elements of $[E_{\delta}]$ . We should note that if $[E_{\delta}]$ has FLC but not the Meyer property, the property (32) may not hold. Let

$[F = \{ u - x: u \in \Xi \cap B_r^{{\bb R}^d}(x) \ {\rm and} \ x \in E_{\delta} \}. ]$

Then

$[F = (\Xi - E_{\delta}) \cap B_r(0),]$

$[F \subset L]$ , and F is a finite set. Thus for any $[x \in E_{\delta}]$ ,

$[x \in \Xi - v \ {\rm for\ some}\ v \in F.\eqno(33)]$

From Lemma 5.2 and $[L = \langle \Xi \rangle]$ , for any $[y \in L]$ , there exists $[\ell = \ell(y) \in N]$ such that $[\phi^{\ell}y \in \Xi]$ . By the pure discrete spectrum of $[{\cal T}]$ and (11), there exists $[M \in \bb N]$ such that

$[\phi^M \Xi - \phi^M \Xi \subset \Xi.\eqno(34)]$

Applying the containment (34) finitely many times, we obtain that there exists $[K_0 \in {\bb N}]$ such that $[\phi^{K_0} F \subset \Xi]$ . Hence together with (33), there exists $[K \in \bb N]$ such that

$[\phi^K E_{\delta} \subset \Xi.\eqno(35) ]$

□

In order to discuss model sets and compute the boundary measures of their windows for substitution tilings, we need to introduce $[\kappa]$ -set substitutions for substitution Delone sets which represent the substitution tilings.

Definition 5.4

For a substitution Delone κ-set $[\boldLambda]$ $[ = (\Lambda_i)_{i \le \kappa}]$ satisfying (2), define a matrix $[\Phi = (\Phi_{ij})_{i,j = 1}^{\kappa}]$ whose entries are finite (possibly empty) families of linear affine transformations on $[{\bb R}^d]$ given by $[\Phi_{ij} = \{f: x\,\mapsto\, \phi x+a \ | \ a\in {\cal D}_{ij}\}]$ . We define $[\Phi_{ij}({\cal X}): = \cup_{f\in \Phi_{ij}} f({\cal X})]$ for $[{\cal X}\subset {\bb R}^d]$ . For a κ-set $[({\cal X}_i)_{i\le \kappa}]$ let

$[\Phi\bigl(({\cal X}_i)_{i\le \kappa}\bigr) = \Bigl(\bigcup_{j = 1}^{\kappa} \Phi_{ij}({\cal X}_j)\Bigr)_{i\le \kappa}.\eqno(36)]$

Thus $[\Phi(\boldLambda)]$ $[ = \boldLambda]$ by definition. We say that Φ is a κ-set substitution. Let

$[S(\Phi) = ({\rm card}\ \Phi_{ij})_{ij}]$

be a substitution matrix corresponding to Φ. This is analogous to the substitution matrix for a tile-substitution.

Recall that there exists a finite generating set $[{\bf P}]$ such that

$[{\cal C} = \lim_{r \to \infty} \Phi^r({\bf P})\eqno(37)]$

from Lagarias & Wang (2003), Lee et al. (2003). If the finite generating set $[{\bf P}]$ consists of a single element, we say that $[{\cal C}]$ is generated from one point. Since $[\Psi(L)]$ is dense in $[{\bb G}]$ by Lemma 3.3, we have a unique extension of Φ to a κ-set substitution on $[{\bb G}]$ in the obvious way; if $[f \in \Phi_{ij}]$ for which $[f: L \to L]$ , $[f(x) = \phi x + a]$ , we define $[f^*: \Psi(L) \to \Psi(L)]$ , f^*(u) = D u + a^*, D is given in (22), and $[a^* = \Psi(a)]$ . Since $[\Psi(L)]$ is dense in $[{\bb G}]$ , we can extend the mapping f^* to $[{\bb G}]$ . If there is no confusion, we will use the same notation f^* for the extended map.

Note that, by the Pisot family condition on ϕ, there exists some $[c \,\lt\, 1]$ such that $[|D x| \le c \cdot |x|]$ for any $[x \in \Psi(L)]$ . This formula defines a mapping on $[{\bb G}]$ and f^* is a contraction on $[{\bb G}]$ . Thus a κ-set substitution Φ determines a multi-component iterated function system $[\Phi^*]$ on $[{\bb G}]$ . Let $[S(\Phi^*) = ({\rm card}\ (\Phi_{ij}^*))_{ij}]$ be a substitution matrix corresponding to $[\Phi^*]$ . Defining the compact subsets

$[V_i = \overline{\Psi({\cal C}_i)} \quad{\rm for\ each}\ 1 \le i \le \kappa ]$

and using (36) and the continuity of the mappings, we have

$[V_i = \bigcup_{j = 1}^{\kappa} \bigcup_{f^* \in (\Phi^*)_{ij}} f^*(V_j), \quad i = 1, \ldots, \kappa. ]$

This shows that $[V_1, \ldots, V_{\kappa}]$ are the unique attractor of $[\Phi^*]$ .

Remark 5.5

From Proposition 4.4 (Lee, 2007), if $[{\cal T}]$ has pure discrete spectrum, then there exists $[{\cal R} \in X_{{\cal T}}]$ such that the control point set $[{\cal C}_{{\cal R}}: = {\cal C}({\cal R})]$ of the tiling $[{\cal R}]$ satisfies

$[{\cal C}_{{\cal R}} = \lim_{n \to \infty} (\Phi^N)^n (y) \quad{\rm and} \quad y + \phi^N \Xi({\cal R}) \subset ({\cal C}_{{\cal R}})_j]$

for some $[y \in ({\cal C}_{{\cal R}})_j]$ , $[j \le \kappa]$ and $[N \in {\bb Z}_+]$ . Note that $[\omega^N ({\cal R}) = {\cal R}]$ . Let $[\upsilon = \omega^N]$ . We can consider a rth-level supertiling $[\upsilon^{r} ({\cal R})]$ of $[{\cal R}]$ . Note that there exists an rth-level supertile $[\upsilon^{r}(S)]$ in $[\upsilon^{r} ({\cal R})]$ containing the origin in the support which contains the tile $[y + T_j \in {\cal R}]$ . Redefining the tile map for the control points of this supertiling so that the control point of the rth-level supertile $[\upsilon^{r}(S)]$ is at the origin, we can build a substitution tiling $[{\cal R}' \in X_{{\cal T}}]$ for which algebraic coincidence occurs at the origin. So rewriting the substitution if necessary, we can assume that y = 0. With this assumption, we get the following proposition.

Proposition 5.6

Let $[{\cal T}]$ be a primitive substitution tiling on $[{\bb R}^d]$ with a diagonalizable expansion map ϕ which is unimodular. Suppose that all the eigenvalues of ϕ are algebraic conjugates with the same multiplicity and $[{\cal T}]$ is rigid. Suppose that

$[{\cal C} = \lim_{n \to \infty} (\Phi^N)^n (\{0\}) \quad{\rm and} \quad \phi^N \Xi \subset {\cal C}_j \eqno(38)]$

for some $[0 \in {\cal C}_j]$ , $[j \le \kappa]$ and $[N \in {\bb Z}_+]$ . Assume that CPS (23) exists. Then each point set

$[{\cal C}_i = \Lambda(U_i), \quad i \le \kappa \eqno(39)]$

is a Euclidean model set in CPS (23) with a window U_i in $[ {\bb G}]$ which is open and pre-compact.

Proof

For each $[i \le \kappa]$ and $[z \in {\cal C}_i]$ , there exists $[n \in {\bb Z}_+]$ such that

$[f(0) = z \quad{\rm and} \quad f \in (\Phi^n)_{ij}.]$

From $[\phi^N \Xi \subset {\cal C}_j]$ ,

$[z + \phi^{n+N} \Xi \subset {\cal C}_i. ]$

By Theorem 2.6 and Proposition 5.3, there exists $[K \in {\bb N}]$ such that $[\phi^K E_{\delta} \subset \Xi]$ . Thus

$[{\cal C}_i = \bigcup_{z \in {\cal C}_i} (z+ \phi^{N_z} E_{\delta_z}),]$

where N_z depends on z. From the equality of (30), we let

$[U_i: = \bigcup_{z \in {\cal C}_i} (z^* + D^{N_z} B_{\delta_z}(0)) \quad{\rm for\ any}\ i \le \kappa.]$

Then

$[{\cal C}_i = \Lambda(U_i) \quad {\rm where}\ U_i\ {\rm is\ an\ open\ set\ in}\ {\bb{G}},]$

for any $[i \le \kappa]$ .

From Lemma 5.1, $[\Xi \subset E_{\delta}]$ for some $[\delta \,\gt\, 0]$ . Thus $[\overline{\Psi(\Xi)} \subset]$ $[ \overline{B_{\delta}^{\bb{G}}(0)}]$ . Since $[ \overline{B_{\delta}^{\bb{G}}(0)}]$ is compact, $[\overline{\Psi(\Xi)}]$ is compact. Thus $[\overline{\Psi({\cal C}_i)}]$ is compact.

□

We can assume that the open window U_i in (39) is the maximal element satisfying (39) for the purpose of proving the following proposition. In this proposition, we show that the control point set $[\cal C]$ is a regular model set using Keesling's argument (Keesling, 1999 ).

Proposition 5.7

Let $[{\cal T}]$ be a repetitive primitive substitution tiling on $[{\bb R}^d]$ with a diagonalizable expansion map ϕ which is unimodular. Suppose that all the eigenvalues of ϕ are algebraic conjugates with the same multiplicity and $[{\cal T}]$ is rigid. Under the assumption of the existence of CPS (23), if

$[{\cal C} = \lim_{n \to \infty} (\Phi^N)^n (\{0\}) \quad{\rm and} \quad \phi^N \Xi \subset {\cal C}_j \eqno(40)]$

where $[0 \in {\cal C}_j]$ , $[j \le \kappa]$ and $[N \in {\bb Z}_+]$ , then each Euclidean model set $[{\cal C}_j]$ , $[1 \le j \le \kappa]$ has a window with boundary measure zero in the Euclidean internal space $[{\bb G}]$ of CPS (23).

Proof

Let us define $[W_i = \overline{U_i}]$ , where U_i is the maximal open set in $[{\bb G}]$ satisfying (39). From the assumption of (40), we first note that ϕ fulfils the Pisot family condition from Theorem 2.6 and Proposition 4.4. For every measurable set $[E \subset {\bb G}]$ and for any $[f^* \in (\Phi^*)_{ij}]$ with f^*(u) = Du+a^*,

$[\mu(f^*(E)) = \mu(D(E) + a^*) = |{\rm det}\, D| \mu(E),]$

where μ is a Haar measure in $[{\bb G}]$ and D is the contraction as given in (22). Note that $[|{\rm det}\, D| \,\lt\, 1]$ . In particular,

$[\mu(f^*(W_j)) = |{\rm det}\, D| \mu(W_j), \quad 1 \le j \le \kappa. ]$

We have attractors W_j's satisfying

$[W_i = \bigcup_{j = 1}^{\kappa} \bigcup_{f^* \in {(\Phi^*)}_{ij}} f^*(W_j).]$

Let us denote $[w_j = \mu(W_j)]$ for $[1 \le j \le \kappa]$ and $[{\bf w}]$ = $[[w_1, \ldots, w_{\kappa}]^{\rm T}]$ . Then for any $[r \in {\bb N}]$ ,

$[w_i \le \textstyle\sum\limits_{j = 1}^{\kappa} |{\rm det}\, D|^r \ {\rm card}\,({(\Phi^*)}^r)_{ij} w_j.]$

Note here that for any $[1 \le j \le \kappa]$ , $[w_j \,\gt\, 0]$ follows from the fact that W_j has a non-empty interior. Thus

$[{\bf w} \le |{\rm det}\, D|^r S({(\Phi^*)}^r) {\bf w} \le |{\rm det}\, D|^r (S({\Phi^*}))^r {\bf w} \quad{\rm for\ any}\ r \in {\bb N }.]$

Note from Lagarias & Wang (2003) that the Perron eigenvalue of $[(S({\Phi^*}))^r]$ is $[|{\rm det}\, \phi|^r]$ . From the unimodular condition of ϕ,

$[{\rm det}\, D \cdot {\rm det}\, \phi = \pm 1. ]$

Since $[(S({\Phi^*}))^r]$ is primitive, from Lemma 1 (Lee & Moody, 2001 )

$[{\bf w} = |{\rm det}\, D|^r S({(\Phi^*)}^r) {\bf w} = |{\rm det}\, D|^r (S({\Phi^*}))^r {\bf w} \quad{\rm for\ any}\ r \in {\bb N}.]$

By the positivity of $[{\bf w}]$ and $[S({(\Phi^*)}^r) \le (S({\Phi^*}))^r]$ , $[S({(\Phi^*)}^r)]$ = $[(S({\Phi^*}))^r]$ .

Recall that for any $[r \in {\bb N}]$ ,

$[W_i = \bigcup_{j = 1}^{\kappa} ({(\Phi^*)}^r)_{ij} W_j. \eqno(41)]$

From (3), for any $[r \in {\bb N}]$ ,

$[({\cal D}^r)_{ij} = \bigcup_{k_1, k_2, \ldots, k_{(r-1)} \le \kappa} ({\cal D}_{ik_1} + \phi {\cal D}_{k_1 k_2} + \ldots + \phi^{r-1} {\cal D}_{k_{r-1}j})]$

and

$[(\Phi^r)_{ij}(\{x_j\}) = \phi^r x_j + ({\cal D}^r)_{ij} \quad{\rm for\ any}\ x_j \in {\cal C}_j.]$

Note that $[W_i = \overline{U_i} = \overline{\Psi({\cal C}_i)}]$ and U_i is a non-empty open set. As $[r \to \infty]$ , $[\cup_{j = 1}^{\kappa} ({\cal D}^r)_{ij}]$ is dense in W_i. Since $[{\bb G}]$ is a Euclidean space, we can find a non-empty open set $[V \subset {\bb G}]$ such that $[V \subset \overline{V} \subset U_i]$ . So there exist $[M \in {\bb N}]$ and $[a \in ({\cal D}^M)_{ij}]$ such that $[a^* + D^M \Psi(\Xi) \subset V \subset \overline{V} \subset U_i]$ . Since $[ W_j \subset \overline{\Psi(\Xi)}]$ ,

$[a^* + D^M(W_j) \subset a^* + D^M \overline{\Psi(\Xi)}.]$

Thus there exists $[g^* \in ((\Phi^*)^M)_{ij}]$ such that

$[g^*(W_{j}) \subset \ U_i.\eqno(42)]$

Hence

$[\eqalignno{\partial{U_i} = W_i \backslash U_i & = \bigcup_{j = 1}^{\kappa} (({\Phi^*})^M)_{ij} (W_j) \ \backslash \ U_i &\cr & \subset \bigcup_{j = 1}^{\kappa} \left((({\Phi^*})^M)_{ij} (W_j) \right) \ \backslash \ \left((({\Phi^*})^M)_{ij} (U_j) \right)&(43)}]$

$[\subset \bigcup_{j = 1}^{\kappa} (({\Phi^*})^M)_{ij} (\partial{U_j}).\eqno(44)]$

The inclusion (43) is followed by the maximal choice of an open set U_i. Let

$[v_j=\mu(\partial U_j), \ 1 \le j \le \kappa, \quad{\rm and} \quad {\bf v} = [v_1, \ldots, v_{\kappa}]^{\rm T}.]$

Then

$[{\bf v} \le |{\rm det}\, D|^M S({\Phi^*})^M {\bf v}. ]$

From (42), we observe that not all functions in $[S({(\Phi^*)}^M)]$ are used for the inclusion (44). Thus there exists a matrix [S'] for which

$[\eqalign{&0 \le {\bf v} \le |{\rm det}\, D|^M S' {\bf v} \le |{\rm det}\, D|^M S({(\Phi^*)}^M) {\bf v}\cr &\le |{\rm det}\, D|^M (S({\Phi^*}))^M {\bf v},} ]$

where $[S' \le (S({\Phi^*}))^M]$ and $[S' \neq (S({\Phi^*}))^M]$ . If $[{\bf v} \,\gt\, 0]$ , again from Lemma 1 (Lee & Moody, 2001), $[S' = (S({\Phi^*}))^M]$ . This is a contradiction to (42). Therefore v_j = 0 for any $[{1 \le j \le \kappa}]$ .

□

The regularity property of model sets can be shared for all the elements in $[X_{{\cal T}}]$ . One can find the earliest result of this property in the work of Schlottmann (2000) and the further development in the work of Baake et al. (2007 ), Keller & Richard (2019 ) and Lee & Moody (2006 ). We state the property [Proposition 4.4 (Lee & Moody, 2006)] here.

Proposition 5.8

(Schlottmann, 2000; Baake et al., 2007; Keller & Richard, 2019; Lee & Moody, 2006) Let $[{\cal C}]$ be a Delone κ-set in $[{\bb R}^d]$ for which $[\Lambda({V_i}^{\circ}) \subset {\cal C}_i \subset \Lambda(\overline{V_i})]$ where $[\overline{V_i}]$ is compact and $[{V_i}^{\circ} \neq \emptyset]$ for $[i \le \kappa]$ with respect to some CPS. Then for any $[\boldGamma]$ $[ \in X_{{\cal C}}]$ , there exists $[(-s, -h) \in {\bb R}^d \times {\bb G}]$ so that

$[-s + \Lambda(h + {V_i}^{\circ}) \subset \Gamma_i \subset -s + \Lambda(h + \overline{V_i}) \quad{\rm for\ each}\ i \le \kappa.]$

From the assumption of pure discrete spectrum and Remark 5.5, we can observe that the condition (40) is fulfilled in the following theorem.

Theorem 5.9

Let $[{\cal T}]$ be a repetitive primitive substitution tiling on $[{\bb R}^d]$ with a diagonalizable expansion map ϕ which is unimodular. Suppose that all the eigenvalues of ϕ are algebraically conjugate with the same multiplicity. If $[{\cal T}]$ has pure discrete spectrum, then each control point set $[{\cal C}_j]$ , $[1 \le j \le \kappa]$ , is a regular Euclidean model set in CPS (23).

Proof

Under the assumption of pure discrete spectrum, we know that $[{\cal T}]$ has FLC from the work of Lee & Solomyak (2019) and ϕ fulfils the Pisot family condition (Lee & Solomyak, 2012). From Theorem 3.1, we know that $[{\cal T}]$ is rigid. Since ϕ is unimodular, there exists at least one algebraic conjugate λ of eigenvalues of ϕ for which $[|\lambda| \,\lt\, 1]$ . Thus we can construct the CPS (23) with a Euclidean internal space. Since $[{\cal T}]$ has pure discrete spectrum and is repetitive, we can find a substitution tiling $[{\cal S}]$ in $[X_{{\cal T}}]$ such that

$[ {\cal C}_{{\cal S}} = \lim_{n \to \infty} (\Phi^N)^n (\{0\}) \quad{\rm and} \quad \phi^N \Xi \subset {({\cal C}_{{\cal S}})}_j\eqno(45)]$

where $[0 \in ({{\cal C}_{{\cal S}})}_j]$ , $[j \le \kappa]$ and $[N \in {\bb Z}_+]$ . The claim follows from Propositions 5.3, 5.7 and 5.8.

□

Corollary 5.10

Let $[{\cal T}]$ be a repetitive primitive substitution tiling on $[{\bb R}^d]$ with a diagonalizable expansion map ϕ which is unimodular. Suppose that all the eigenvalues of ϕ are algebraically conjugate with the same multiplicity. Then $[{\cal T}]$ has pure discrete spectrum if and only if each control point set $[{\cal C}_j]$ , $[1 \le j \le \kappa]$ , is a regular Euclidean model set in CPS (23).

Proof

It is known that any regular model sets have pure discrete spectrum in quite a general setting (Schlottmann, 2000). Together with Theorem 5.9, we obtain the equivalence between pure discrete spectrum and regular model set in substitution tilings.

□

The next example shows that the unimodularity of ϕ is necessary.

Example 5.11

Let us consider an example of non-unimodular substitution tiling which is studied by Baake et al. (1998 ). This example is proven to be a regular model set in the setting of a CPS constructed by Baake et al. (1998) with the help of 2-adic embedding. In our setting of CPS (23), we show that this example cannot provide a model set, since we are only interested in the Euclidean window in this paper.

The substitution matrix of the primitive two-letter substitution

$[a \to aab \quad b \to abab]$

has the Perron–Frobenius eigenvalue $[\beta: = 2+({2} )^{1/2}]$ which is a Pisot number but non-unimodular. We can extend the letter a to the right-hand side by the substitution and the letter b to the left-hand side. So we can get a bi-infinite sequence fixed under the substitution. A geometric substitution tiling arising from this substitution can be obtained by replacing symbols a and b in this sequence by the intervals of length l(a) = 1 and l(b) = (2 )^1/2. Then we have the following tile-substitution ω,

$[\omega(T_a) = \{ T_a, 1+ T_a, 2+ T_b \},]$

$[\omega(T_b) = \{T_a, 1+ T_b, 1+\left({2} \right)^{1/2}+T_a, 2+\left({2} \right)^{1/2} + T_b \}, ]$

where T_a = ([0,1], a) and T_b = ([0, (2 )^1/2], b). Considering return words {a,ab} for a, and {ba,baa} for b, we can check $[L = \langle \Xi\rangle]$ . We choose left end points $[\Lambda_a, \Lambda_b]$ of corresponding intervals as the set of control points. Then they satisfy

$[\Lambda_a = \left(\beta \Lambda_a +\{0,1\}\right) \bigcup \left(\beta \Lambda_b +\{0,1+\sqrt{2}\}\right)]$

$[\Lambda_b = \left(\beta \Lambda_a +\{2\}\right) \bigcup \left(\beta \Lambda_b+\{1,2+\sqrt{2}\}\right), ]$

by Lagarias–Wang duality (Lagarias & Wang, 2003). Applying the Galois conjugate κ which sends $[({2} )^{1/2}\to -({2} )^{1/2}]$ , we obtain a generalized iterated function system

$[X_a = \left(\gamma X_a +\{0,1\}\right) \bigcup \left(\gamma X_b +\{0,1-\sqrt{2}\}\right) ]$

$[X_b = \left(\gamma X_a +\{2\}\right) \bigcup \left(\gamma X_b+\{1,2-\sqrt{2}\}\right),]$

with $[\gamma = 2-({2} )^{1/2}]$ , $[X_a = \overline{ \kappa(\Lambda_a)}]$ and $[X_b = \overline{\kappa(\Lambda_b)}]$ . We can easily confirm that

$[X_a = [0,1+({2} )^{1/2}], X_b = [({2} )^{1/2},2+({2} )^{1/2}]]$

are the unique attractors of this iterated function system. Since $[X_a\cap X_b = [({2} )^{1/2},1+({2} )^{1/2}]]$ contains an inner point, it is unable to distinguish them by any window in this setting.

6. Further study

We have mainly considered unimodular substitution tilings in this paper. Example 5.11 shows a case of non-unimodular substitution tiling which is studied by Baake et al. (1998). It cannot be a Euclidean model set in the cut-and-project scheme (23) that we present in this paper, but it is proven to be a regular model set in the setting of a cut-and-project scheme constructed in the work of Baake et al. (1998), which suggests non-unimodular tilings require non-Archimedean embeddings to construct internal spaces. It is an intriguing open question to construct a concrete cut-and-project scheme in this case.

Footnotes

¹This fact is stated in a slightly different way in the work of Lee & Solomyak (2012).

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank to F. Gähler, U. Grimm, M. Baake and N. Strungaru for the valuable and important comments and discussions at MATRIX in Melbourne. The third author also thanks A. Quas at ESI in Austria for his interest in this work. We are grateful to MATRIX and ESI for their hospitality. We are indebted to the two referees for their important comments which further improved the paper. J.-Y. Lee is grateful to KIAS where part of this work was done.

Funding information

The work of D.-i. Lee was supported by a research grant from Seoul Women's University (2020-0205). S. Akiyama was partially supported by JSPS grant Nos. 17K05159, 17H02849, BBD30028. The research of J.-Y. Lee was supported by NRF grant No. 2019R1I1A3A01060365.

References

Akiyama, S. (1999). Dev. Math. 2, 7–17. Google Scholar
Akiyama, S., Barge, M., Berth, V., Lee, J.-Y. & Siegel, A. (2015). Mathematics of Aperiodic Order. Progress in Mathematics, Vol. 309, pp. 33–72. Basel: Birkhauser/Springer. Google Scholar
Akiyama, S. & Lee, J.-Y. (2011). Adv. Math. 226, 2855–2883. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Baake, M. & Grimm, U. (2013). Aperiodic Order, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Baake, M. & Grimm, U. (2017). Aperiodic Order, Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Baake, M. & Lenz, D. (2004). Ergod. Th. Dyn. Sys. 24, 1867–1893. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Baake, M., Lenz, D. & Moody, R. V. (2007). Ergod. Th. Dyn. Sys. 27, 341–382. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Baake, M. & Moody, R. V. (2004). J. Reine Angew. Math. 573, 61–94. Google Scholar
Baake, M., Moody, R. V. & Schlottmann, M. (1998). J. Phys. A Math. Gen. 31, 5755–5765. Web of Science CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Barge, M. & Kwapisz, J. (2006). Am. J. Math. 128, 1219–1282. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Frank, N. P. & Robinson, E. A. (2008). Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 360, 1163–1178. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Iizuka, S., Akama, Y. & Akazawa, Y. (2009). Interdiscip. Inf. Sci. 15, 99–113. Google Scholar
Keesling, J. (1999). Topology Appl. 94, 195–205. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Keller, G. & Richard, C. (2019). Ergod. Th. Dyn. Sys. 38, 1048–1085. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Kenyon, R. & Solomyak, B. (2010). Discrete Comput. Geom. 43, 577–593. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Lagarias, J. C. & Wang, W. (1996). Adv. Math. 121, 21–49. CrossRef Web of Science Google Scholar
Lagarias, J. C. & Wang, W. (2003). Discrete Comput. Geom. 29, 175–209. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Lee, J.-Y. (2007). J. Geom. Phys. 57, 2263–2285. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Lee, J.-Y., Akiyama, S. & Nagai, Y. (2018). Symmetry, 10, 511. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Lee, J.-Y. & Moody, R. V. (2001). Discrete Comput. Geom. 25, 173–201. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Lee, J.-Y. & Moody, R. V. (2006). Ann. Henri Poincaré, 7, 125–143. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Lee, J.-Y., Moody, R. V. & Solomyak, B. (2003). Discrete Comput. Geom. 29, 525–560. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Lee, J.-Y. & Solomyak, B. (2008). Discrete Comput. Geom. 39, 319–338. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Lee, J.-Y. & Solomyak, B. (2012). Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. 32, 935–959. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Lee, J.-Y. & Solomyak, B. (2019). Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. 39, 3149–3177. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Lenz, D. & Stollmann, P. (2003). Operator Algebras and Mathematical Physics (Constanta, 2001), pp. 267–285. Bucharest: Theta. Google Scholar
Meyer, Y. (1972). Algebraic Numbers and Harmonic Analysis. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Co. Google Scholar
Moody, R. V. (1997). NATO ASI Ser. C, Vol. 489, pp. 403–441. Dordrecht: Kluwer. Google Scholar
Müller, P. & Richard, C. (2013). Can. J. Math. 65, 349–402. Google Scholar
Praggastis, B. (1999). Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 351, 3315–3349. Web of Science CrossRef Google Scholar
Radin, C. & Wolff, M. (1992). Geometriae Dedicata, 42, 355–360. CrossRef Web of Science Google Scholar
Schlottmann, M. (2000). CRM Monograph Series, Vol. 13, pp. 143–159. Providence, RI: AMS. Google Scholar
Siegel, A. & Thuswaldner, J. M. (2009). Mém. Soc. Math. Fr. (N. S.), 118, 1–140. Google Scholar
Siegel, C. L. (1989). Lectures on the Geometry of Numbers. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Google Scholar
Sing, B. (2007). PhD thesis. Bielefeld University, Germany. Google Scholar
Solomyak, B. (1997). Ergod. Th. Dyn. Sys. 17, 695–738. CrossRef Web of Science Google Scholar
Strungaru, N. (2017). Aperiodic Order, Vol. 2, pp. 271–342. (Encyclopedia of Maths and its Applications, Vol. 166.) Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar
Thurston, W. (1989). Groups, tilings, and finite state automata. AMS Colloquium Lecture Notes. Boulder, USA. Google Scholar

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited.

FOUNDATIONS
ADVANCES

ISSN: 2053-2733

Volume 76| Part 5| September 2020| Pages 600-610

https://doi.org/10.1107/S2053273320009717

Open

access

Format		BIBTeX
		EndNote
		RefMan
		Refer
		Medline
		CIF
		SGML
		Plain Text
		Text

Format		BIBTeX
		EndNote
		RefMan
		Refer
		Medline
		CIF
		SGML
		Plain Text
		Text

Search IUCr Journals		doi		Advanced search
Author		volume	page

research papers\(\def\hfill{\hskip 5em}\def\hfil{\hskip 3em}\def\eqno#1{\hfil {#1}}\)

Pure discrete spectrum and regular model sets in d-dimensional unimodular substitution tilings

1. Introduction

2. Preliminaries

2.1. Tilings

2.2. Delone κ-sets

2.3. Substitutions

Definition 2.1

Definition 2.2

Definition 2.3

Remark 2.4

2.4. Pure point spectrum and algebraic coincidence

Definition 2.5

Theorem 2.6

2.5. Cut-and-project scheme

Definition 2.7

3. Cut-and-project scheme on substitution tilings

Theorem 3.1

3.1. Construction of a cut-and-project scheme

Lemma 3.2

Proof

Lemma 3.3

Proof

Lemma 3.4

Proof

4. Pure discrete spectrum, Meyer set and Pisot family

Lemma 4.1

Proposition 4.2

Definition 4.3

Proposition 4.4

5. Main result

Lemma 5.1

Proof

Lemma 5.2

Proof

Proposition 5.3

Proof

Definition 5.4

Remark 5.5

Proposition 5.6

Proof

Proposition 5.7

Proof

Proposition 5.8

Theorem 5.9

Proof

Corollary 5.10

Proof

Example 5.11

6. Further study

Footnotes

Acknowledgements

Funding information

References

research papers