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Figure 16
(a) A 2V1 chain graph with e/n = 1.0. One may attempt to decrease e/n by adding the green vertex to the chain graph in (a), but this requires that an edge (red dashed line) also be added, showing that for any chain graph, e/n cannot be less than 1.0. (b) A 4V2 chain graph with e/n = 2.0. One may attempt to increase e/n by adding an edge (red dashed line) linking vertices 1 and 2. However, this results in 5-connected vertices (shown with red ellipses) which are not allowed, and thus for any chain graph, e/n cannot exceed 2.0. Legend as in Fig. 10[link].

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