organic compounds
1-Bromo-2,6-dihydroxybenzene containing R44(8) rings and C(2) helices
aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland
*Correspondence e-mail: w.harrison@abdn.ac.uk
Molecules of the title compound (also known as 2-bromoresorcinol), C6H5BrO2, are essentially planar and possess normal geometrical parameters. The crystal packing is influenced by O—H⋯O and O—H⋯O/Br hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions, resulting in a distinctive high-symmetry structure containing R(8) rings and helical C(2) chains.
Comment
The title compound, (I) (Fig. 1), also known as 2-bromoresorcinol, arose during our studies to determine the philicity of aryl radicals by competitive (Kirsop et al., 2004).
Compound (I) possesses normal geometrical parameters [mean C—C = 1.386 (2) Å, C1—Br1 = 1.885 (2) Å and mean C—O = 1.373 (3) Å] and, as expected, is essentially planar (for the non-H atoms, the r.m.s deviation from the best least-squares plane is 0.008 Å).
As well as ). A hydrogen bond involving atom H2 is bifurcated to an intermolecular O and an intramolecular Br acceptor species, and the donor–acceptor bond-angle sum about atom H2 is 360°. The situation involving atom H1 is less clear cut. As well as an intermolecular O1—H1⋯O1i bond (see Table 1 for symmetry code), there is also a possible, very long, intermolecular O1—H1⋯Br1i contact with an H⋯Br distance of 3.13 Å, although this was flagged as being of questionable significance in a PLATON (Spek, 2003) analysis of (I). However, the donor–acceptor bond-angle sum for atoms O1, O1i and Br1i about H1 is 358°, which suggests that this interaction may have some significance beyond being merely a packing contact.
the crystal packing is strongly influenced by hydrogen bonding (Table 1The hydrogen-bonding scheme in (I) results in two distinctive submotifs to the unit-cell packing. In the first of these, the axis along [001] at x = , y = , with the at z = , and equivalent locations, generates a closed ring of four molecules of (I) by way of four O1—H1⋯O1 bonds (Fig. 2), thus characterized by an R(8) motif (Bernstein et al., 1995).
In the second submotif, the 41 screw axis at x = , y = generates helical chains of molecules of (I) linked by O2—H2⋯O2 hydrogen bonds, forming C(2) chains (Fig. 3). Space-group symmetry results in an equal number of clockwise and anticlockwise helices, by way of the alternating (with respect to both [100] and [010]) array of 41 and 43 axes.
Finally, π–π stacking interactions are present in (I). The inversion centre at (, , ) and equivalent locations generates pairs of molecules of (I), with a Cg⋯Cgiii separation of 3.6397 (12) Å [Cg is the centroid of the C1–C6 ring at (0.3348, 0.2915, 0.7669); symmetry code: (iii) − x, − y, − z]. The best least-squares ring planes for Cg and Cgiii are exactly parallel (dihedral angle = 0.0°) and are separated by 3.470 Å. The lateral displacement of Cgiii relative to the normal from the Cg best least-squares plane at Cg to the Cgiii best least-squares plane is 1.098 Å. The unit-cell packing of (I) is shown in Fig. 4.
Although the local hydrogen-bonding motifs are similar, the structure of (I) is entirely different to that of 1,3,5-tribromo-2,6-dihydroxybenzene (Kirsop et al., 2004), which contains chain-like associations of molecules and is chiral by way of the molecular packing.
Experimental
A solution of Na2SO4 (3.04 g, 0.024 mol) and NaOH (0.96 g, 0.024 mol) in distilled water (36 ml) was added to a suspension of 1,3,5-tribromo-2,6-dihydroxybenzene (Kirsop et al., 2004; 4.16 g, 0.012 mol) in a 1:5 mixture of methanol and water (50 ml). The resulting mixture was stirred at 293 K for 1 h, after which time the suspension had disappeared, leaving a pale-yellow liquid. The solution was acidified with 1 M HCl (4 ml) and extracted with diethyl ether (4 × 50 ml), and the extract was dried over anhydrous MgSO4 for 10 min. The MgSO4 was removed by filtration and the solvent was removed at reduced pressure to give a pale-cream powder (yield 1.86 g, 82%). A sample of this powder was recrystallized from hot ethyl acetate to give large colourless needles of (I) [m.p. 373 K; literature value (Rice, 1926) 375.5 K]. 1H NMR (CDCl3): δ 5.37 (2H, s, OH), 6.60 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, Ar-H), 7.10 (1H, t, J = 9 Hz, Ar-H); 13C NMR (CDCl3): δ 99.4, 108.1, 129.0, 152.9; IR (νmax, cm−1): 3330, 1460, 1295, 1035.
Crystal data
|
Refinement
|
|
H atoms bound to O atoms were located from difference maps and refined as riding. H atoms bound to C atoms were placed geometrically and refined as riding. For all H atoms, the constraint Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(parent atom) was applied.
Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 1999); cell SAINT (Bruker, 1999); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97.
Supporting information
10.1107/S0108270104006882/gd1314sup1.cif
contains datablocks I, global. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S0108270104006882/gd1314Isup2.hkl
A solution of Na2SO4 (3.04 g, 0.024 mol) and NaOH (0.96 g, 0.024 mol) in distilled water (36 ml) was added to a suspension of 1,3,5-tribromo-2,6-dihydroxybenzene (Kirsop et al., 2004; 4.16 g, 0.012 mol) in a 1:5 mixture of methanol and water (50 ml). The mixture was stirred at 293 K for 1 h, after which the suspension had disappeared, leaving a pale-yellow liquid. The solution was acidified with 1M HCl (4 ml) and extracted with diethyl ether (4 × 50 ml), and the extract was dried over anhydrous MgSO4 for 10 min. The MgSO4 was removed by filtration and the solvent removed at reduced pressure to give a pale-cream powder (1.86 g, 82%). A sample of this powder was recrystallized from hot ethyl acetate to give large colourless needles of (I) [m.p 373 K; literature value (Rice, 1926) 375.5 K]. 1H NMR (CDCl3, δ, p.p.m.): 5.37 (2H, s, OH), 6.60 (2H, d, J = 8 Hz, Ar—H), 7.10 (1H, t, J = 9 Hz, Ar—H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, δ, p.p.m.): 99.4, 108.1, 129.0, 152.9; IR (νmax, cm−1): 3330, 1460, 1295, 1035.
H atoms bound to O atoms were located from difference maps and refined as riding. H atoms bound to C atoms were placed geometrically and refined as riding. For all H atoms, the constraint Uiso(H) = 1.2 Ueq(parent atom) was applied.
Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 1999); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 1999); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 (Farrugia, 1997); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97.C6H5BrO2 | Dx = 1.958 Mg m−3 |
Mr = 189.01 | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Tetragonal, I41/a | Cell parameters from 3773 reflections |
Hall symbol: -I 4ad | θ = 3.0–29.6° |
a = 19.2497 (10) Å | µ = 6.32 mm−1 |
c = 6.9209 (4) Å | T = 293 K |
V = 2564.5 (2) Å3 | Shard, colourless |
Z = 16 | 0.41 × 0.39 × 0.18 mm |
F(000) = 1472 |
Bruker SMART1000 CCD area-detector diffractometer | 1869 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 1395 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.041 |
ω scans | θmax = 30.0°, θmin = 2.1° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 1999) | h = −23→27 |
Tmin = 0.118, Tmax = 0.321 | k = −27→19 |
10408 measured reflections | l = −9→9 |
Refinement on F2 | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: difmap (O-H) and geom (C-H) |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.026 | H-atom parameters constrained |
wR(F2) = 0.064 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0357P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
S = 0.97 | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
1869 reflections | Δρmax = 0.48 e Å−3 |
83 parameters | Δρmin = −0.43 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Extinction correction: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997), Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4 |
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods | Extinction coefficient: 0.00240 (17) |
C6H5BrO2 | Z = 16 |
Mr = 189.01 | Mo Kα radiation |
Tetragonal, I41/a | µ = 6.32 mm−1 |
a = 19.2497 (10) Å | T = 293 K |
c = 6.9209 (4) Å | 0.41 × 0.39 × 0.18 mm |
V = 2564.5 (2) Å3 |
Bruker SMART1000 CCD area-detector diffractometer | 1869 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 1999) | 1395 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.118, Tmax = 0.321 | Rint = 0.041 |
10408 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.026 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.064 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 0.97 | Δρmax = 0.48 e Å−3 |
1869 reflections | Δρmin = −0.43 e Å−3 |
83 parameters |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
C1 | 0.33307 (10) | 0.33911 (10) | 0.6176 (3) | 0.0309 (4) | |
C2 | 0.36916 (10) | 0.27674 (11) | 0.5953 (3) | 0.0352 (4) | |
C3 | 0.37147 (11) | 0.22959 (11) | 0.7465 (4) | 0.0438 (5) | |
H3 | 0.3964 | 0.1884 | 0.7341 | 0.053* | |
C4 | 0.33656 (12) | 0.24419 (12) | 0.9151 (3) | 0.0454 (6) | |
H4 | 0.3375 | 0.2121 | 1.0156 | 0.055* | |
C5 | 0.29995 (11) | 0.30584 (12) | 0.9383 (3) | 0.0403 (5) | |
H5 | 0.2768 | 0.3151 | 1.0534 | 0.048* | |
C6 | 0.29828 (10) | 0.35326 (10) | 0.7883 (3) | 0.0330 (4) | |
O1 | 0.40242 (8) | 0.26601 (8) | 0.4230 (2) | 0.0468 (4) | |
H1 | 0.4196 | 0.2255 | 0.4054 | 0.056* | |
O2 | 0.26280 (8) | 0.41440 (8) | 0.8179 (2) | 0.0422 (4) | |
H2 | 0.2508 | 0.4299 | 0.7034 | 0.051* | |
Br1 | 0.332289 (12) | 0.403689 (11) | 0.41277 (3) | 0.04201 (10) |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
C1 | 0.0294 (10) | 0.0304 (10) | 0.0329 (10) | −0.0052 (8) | −0.0018 (7) | 0.0001 (7) |
C2 | 0.0311 (10) | 0.0325 (11) | 0.0421 (12) | −0.0029 (8) | 0.0028 (9) | −0.0038 (9) |
C3 | 0.0413 (12) | 0.0302 (11) | 0.0601 (15) | 0.0016 (9) | −0.0017 (11) | 0.0036 (10) |
C4 | 0.0510 (14) | 0.0400 (13) | 0.0452 (13) | −0.0033 (11) | −0.0059 (11) | 0.0114 (10) |
C5 | 0.0410 (12) | 0.0459 (13) | 0.0341 (12) | −0.0037 (9) | −0.0019 (9) | 0.0027 (9) |
C6 | 0.0301 (10) | 0.0327 (10) | 0.0361 (11) | −0.0004 (8) | −0.0025 (8) | −0.0031 (8) |
O1 | 0.0494 (10) | 0.0347 (8) | 0.0563 (10) | 0.0032 (7) | 0.0188 (8) | −0.0064 (7) |
O2 | 0.0489 (9) | 0.0423 (9) | 0.0354 (9) | 0.0117 (7) | 0.0029 (7) | −0.0023 (6) |
Br1 | 0.05029 (16) | 0.04044 (15) | 0.03530 (14) | 0.00434 (10) | 0.00310 (9) | 0.00424 (9) |
C1—C6 | 1.385 (3) | C4—C5 | 1.389 (3) |
C1—C2 | 1.396 (3) | C4—H4 | 0.9300 |
C1—Br1 | 1.885 (2) | C5—C6 | 1.383 (3) |
C2—O1 | 1.369 (3) | C5—H5 | 0.9300 |
C2—C3 | 1.386 (3) | C6—O2 | 1.376 (2) |
C3—C4 | 1.376 (3) | O1—H1 | 0.8558 |
C3—H3 | 0.9300 | O2—H2 | 0.8779 |
C6—C1—C2 | 120.28 (19) | C3—C4—H4 | 119.3 |
C6—C1—Br1 | 120.51 (15) | C5—C4—H4 | 119.3 |
C2—C1—Br1 | 119.21 (15) | C6—C5—C4 | 119.3 (2) |
O1—C2—C3 | 122.9 (2) | C6—C5—H5 | 120.4 |
O1—C2—C1 | 117.31 (19) | C4—C5—H5 | 120.4 |
C3—C2—C1 | 119.7 (2) | O2—C6—C5 | 117.64 (19) |
C4—C3—C2 | 119.4 (2) | O2—C6—C1 | 122.38 (18) |
C4—C3—H3 | 120.3 | C5—C6—C1 | 119.95 (19) |
C2—C3—H3 | 120.3 | C2—O1—H1 | 116.2 |
C3—C4—C5 | 121.4 (2) | C6—O2—H2 | 106.7 |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O1—H1···O1i | 0.86 | 1.95 | 2.773 (2) | 160 |
O1—H1···Br1i | 0.86 | 3.13 | 3.7451 (16) | 131 |
O2—H2···O2ii | 0.88 | 2.20 | 2.9233 (17) | 139 |
O2—H2···Br1 | 0.88 | 2.60 | 3.1137 (15) | 118 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −y+3/4, x−1/4, −z+3/4; (ii) y−1/4, −x+3/4, z−1/4. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C6H5BrO2 |
Mr | 189.01 |
Crystal system, space group | Tetragonal, I41/a |
Temperature (K) | 293 |
a, c (Å) | 19.2497 (10), 6.9209 (4) |
V (Å3) | 2564.5 (2) |
Z | 16 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 6.32 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.41 × 0.39 × 0.18 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker SMART1000 CCD area-detector diffractometer |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 1999) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.118, 0.321 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 10408, 1869, 1395 |
Rint | 0.041 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.703 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.026, 0.064, 0.97 |
No. of reflections | 1869 |
No. of parameters | 83 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.48, −0.43 |
Computer programs: SMART (Bruker, 1999), SAINT (Bruker, 1999), SAINT, SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997), ORTEP-3 (Farrugia, 1997), SHELXL97.
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O1—H1···O1i | 0.86 | 1.95 | 2.773 (2) | 160 |
O1—H1···Br1i | 0.86 | 3.13 | 3.7451 (16) | 131 |
O2—H2···O2ii | 0.88 | 2.20 | 2.9233 (17) | 139 |
O2—H2···Br1 | 0.88 | 2.60 | 3.1137 (15) | 118 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −y+3/4, x−1/4, −z+3/4; (ii) y−1/4, −x+3/4, z−1/4. |
References
Bernstein, J., Davis, R. E., Shimoni, L. & Chang, N.-L. (1995). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 34, 1555–1573. CrossRef CAS Web of Science Google Scholar
Bruker (1999). SMART (Version 5.624), SAINT (Version 6.02a) and SADABS (Version 2.03). Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Google Scholar
Farrugia, L. J. (1997). J. Appl. Cryst. 30, 565–565. CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Kirsop, P., Storey, J. M. D. & Harrison, W. T. A. (2004). Acta Cryst. E60, o222–o224. Web of Science CSD CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Rice, G. P. (1926). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 48, 3125–3130. CrossRef Google Scholar
Sheldrick, G. M. (1997). SHELXS97 and SHELXL97. University of Göttingen, Germany. Google Scholar
Spek, A. L. (2003). J. Appl. Cryst. 36, 7–13. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
© International Union of Crystallography. Prior permission is not required to reproduce short quotations, tables and figures from this article, provided the original authors and source are cited. For more information, click here.
The title compound, (I) (Fig. 1), also known as bromoresorcinol, arose during our studies to determine the philicity of aryl radicals by competitive cyclization (Kirsop et al., 2004). \sch
Compound (I) possesses normal geometrical parameters [mean C—C bond 1.386 (2), C1—Br1 1.885 (2) and mean C—O bond 1.373 (3) Å] and, as expected, is essentially planar [for the non-H atoms, the r.m.s deviation from the best least-squares plane is 0.008 Å].
As well as van der Waals' forces, the crystal packing is strongly influenced by hydrogen bonds (Table 1). The hydrogen bond involving atom H2 is bifurcated to an intermolecular O and an intramolecular Br acceptor species, and the donor-acceptor bond-angle sum about atom H2 is 360°. The situation involving atom H1 is less clear cut. As well as the intermolecular O1—H1···O1i bond (see Table 1 for symmetry code), there is also a possible, very long, intermolecular O1—H1···Br1i contact with H···Br 3.13 Å, although this was flagged as being of questionable significance in a PLATON (Spek, 2003) analysis of (I). However, the donor-acceptor bond-angle sum for atoms O1, O1i and Br1i about H1 is 358°, which suggests that this interaction may have some significance beyond being merely a packing contact.
The hydrogen-bonding scheme in (I) results in two distinctive sub-motifs to the unit-cell packing. In the first of these, the 4 axis along [001] at (x = 1/2, y = 1/4) with the inversion point at z = 3/8, and equivalent locations, generates a closed ring of four molecules of (I) by way of four O1—H1···O1 bonds (Fig. 2), thus characterized by an R44(8) motif (Bernstein et al., 1995).
In the second sub-motif, the 41 screw axis at (x = 1/4, y = 1/2) generates helical chains of molecules of (I) linked by O2—H2···O2 hydrogen bonds, forming C(2) chains (Fig. 3). Space-group symmetry results in an equal number of clockwise and anticlockwise helices, by way of the alternating (with respect to both [100] and [010]) array of 41 and 43 axes.
Finally, π–π stacking interactions are present in (I). The inversion centre at (1/4, 1/4, 1/4) and equivalent locations generates pairs of molecules of (I), with a Cg···Cgiii separation of 3.6397 (12) Å [Cg is the centroid of the C1—C6 ring at (0.3348, 0.2915, 0.7669); symmetry code: (iii) 1/2 − x, 1/2 − y, 3/2 − z]. The best least-squares ring planes for Cg and Cgiii are exactly parallel (dihedral angle 0.0°) and are separated by 3.470 Å. The lateral displacement of Cgiii relative to the normal from the Cg best least-squares plane at Cg to the Cgiii best least squares plane is 1.098 Å. The unit-cell packing of (I) is shown in Fig. 4.
Although the local hydrogen-bonding motifs are similar, the structure of (I) is entirely different to that of 1,3,5-tribromo-2,6-dihydroxy benzene (Kirsop et al., 2004), which contains chain-like associations of molecules and is chiral by way of the molecular packing.
Table 1. Geometry of hydrogen bonds and short intramolecular contacts (Å, °)