organic compounds
rac-5-Acetyl-6-(4-nitrophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-g]quinoline-8-one: chains of rings built from C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π(arene) hydrogen bonds
aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Old Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, bDepartamento de Química Inorgánica y Orgánica, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain, cGrupo de Investigación de Compuestos Heterociclícos, Departamento de Química, Universidad de Valle, AA 25360 Colombia, and dSchool of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, Scotland
*Correspondence e-mail: cg@st-andrews.ac.uk
Molecules of the title compound, C18H14N2O6, are linked into chains by a combination of one C—H⋯O and one C—H⋯π(arene) hydrogen bond, augmented by a dipolar carbonyl–carbonyl interaction.
Comment
The title compound, (I), was prepared as an intermediate in the preparation of new bis-amides derived from tetrahydroquinolones, for use as model compounds for DNA intercalating agents (Gamage et al., 1999; Chacón-García & Martínez, 2001; Deady et al., 2001).
Compound (I) (Fig. 1) crystallizes in the polar Pna21. The molecule contains a stereogenic centre at C6, and the selected reference molecule is of S configuration; however, the accommodates equal numbers of R and S enantiomers.
For the heterocyclic ring (N5/C4A/C8A/C8/C7/C6), the ring-puckering parameters (Cremer & Pople, 1975) for this atom sequence, θ = 124.7 (3)° and φ = 120.3 (4)°, indicate an almost pure envelope form (Evans & Boeyens, 1989). The inter-bond angles at N5 (Table 1) indicate that this atom has effectively planar coordination, as expected for amidic N, but, unexpectedly, the nitrophenyl substituent at C6 occupies an axial site. Within the fused-ring system, the bond lengths (Table 1) show several unexpected features. In particular, the bonds C3A—C4 and C9—C9A are significantly shorter than the other bonds in the carbocyclic aromatic ring, and the bond C4A—N5 is very long for its type: the mean value for bonds of this type (Allen et al., 1987) is 1.371 Å. It may also be noted that the two carbonyl C=O distances are identical, despite their different local environments.
The molecules of (I) are linked into chains by a combination of C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π(arene) hydrogen bonds, augmented by a dipolar carbonyl–carbonyl interaction. Atoms C62 and C63 in the molecule at (x, y, z) act as hydrogen-bond donors, respectively, to amidic atom O51 and to the ring C61—C66, both in the molecule at ( + x, − y, z), and propagation of these interactions produces a chain of rings running parallel to the [100] direction and generated by the a glide plane at y = 0.75 (Fig. 2). In addition, carbonyl atom O51 in the molecule at (x, y, z) forms a short contact with the carbonyl atom C51 in the molecule at (x − , − y, z): the O⋯C distance is 3.001 (3) Å, the C—O⋯C angle is 150 (4)° and the O⋯C—O angle is 87.4 (2)°, indicative of a type I interaction (Allen et al., 1998), which reinforces the [100] chain.
Two antiparallel chains of this type pass through each a glide planes at y = 0.25 and 0.75, but there are no direction-specific interactions between adjacent chains. In particular, there are no π–π stacking interaction and no C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the nitro O atoms.
generated by theExperimental
A mixture of 6-(4-nitrophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]quinolin-8-one (250 mg, 0.71 mmol) (Donnelly & Farell, 1990) and acetic anhydride (3 ml) was heated at 353 K for 90 min. After reaction was complete (as shown by thin-layer chromatography), the solvent was removed under vacuum and the resulting solid was washed with water and then purified by on silica gel with chloroform–ethyl acetate (9:1 v/v) as eluant, to give a pale yellow solid (60% yield, m.p. 483 K). MS (70 eV): m/e (%) 354 (40, M+), 312 (86), 190 (39), 43 (100). Crystals suitable for single-crystal X-ray diffraction were grown from a solution in 96% aqueous ethanol.
Crystal data
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Data collection
Refinement
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All H atoms were located in difference maps and subsequently treated as riding atoms, with distances C—H = 0.95 (aromatic), 0.98 (methyl), 0.99 (CH2) or 1.00 Å (aliphatic CH), and with Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C), or 1.5Ueq(C) for the methyl group. The value of the [0.2 (13); Flack, 1983] was indeterminate (Flack & Bernardinelli, 2000), and hence the correct orientation of the structure relative to the polar axis direction could not be established (Jones, 1986). Accordingly, the Friedel-equivalent reflections were merged prior to the final refinement.
Data collection: KappaCCD Server Software (Nonius, 1997); cell DENZO–SMN (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997); data reduction: DENZO–SMN; program(s) used to solve structure: OSCAIL (McArdle, 2003) and SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997); program(s) used to refine structure: OSCAIL and SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997); molecular graphics: PLATON (Spek, 2003); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 and PRPKAPPA (Ferguson, 1999).
Supporting information
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536804012140/lh6221sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536804012140/lh6221Isup2.hkl
Data collection: KappaCCD Server Software (Nonius, 1997); cell
DENZO-SMN (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997); data reduction: DENZO-SMN; program(s) used to solve structure: OSCAIL (McArdle, 2003) and SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997); program(s) used to refine structure: OSCAIL and SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997); molecular graphics: PLATON (Spek, 2003); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 and PRPKAPPA (Ferguson, 1999).C18H14N2O6 | F(000) = 736 |
Mr = 354.31 | Dx = 1.556 Mg m−3 |
Orthorhombic, Pna21 | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: P 2c -2n | Cell parameters from 1952 reflections |
a = 6.5253 (2) Å | θ = 3.3–27.1° |
b = 21.4286 (5) Å | µ = 0.12 mm−1 |
c = 10.8198 (9) Å | T = 120 K |
V = 1512.91 (14) Å3 | Plate, colourless |
Z = 4 | 0.30 × 0.10 × 0.09 mm |
Nonius KappaCCD diffractometer | 1762 independent reflections |
Radiation source: rotating anode | 1360 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.082 |
φ scans, and ω scans with κ offsets | θmax = 27.1°, θmin = 3.3° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SORTAV; Blessing, 1995, 1997) | h = −8→7 |
Tmin = 0.956, Tmax = 0.989 | k = −27→27 |
15335 measured reflections | l = −13→13 |
Refinement on F2 | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.042 | H-atom parameters constrained |
wR(F2) = 0.087 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0457P)2 + 0.0405P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
S = 1.06 | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
1762 reflections | Δρmax = 0.21 e Å−3 |
237 parameters | Δρmin = −0.22 e Å−3 |
1 restraint | Extinction correction: SHELXL97, Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4 |
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods | Extinction coefficient: 0.0110 (18) |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
O1 | 0.5209 (4) | 0.45991 (10) | 0.5921 (2) | 0.0450 (6) | |
C2 | 0.6518 (5) | 0.49285 (15) | 0.5084 (4) | 0.0429 (8) | |
O3 | 0.5919 (3) | 0.55753 (10) | 0.5100 (2) | 0.0383 (6) | |
C3A | 0.4110 (4) | 0.55944 (14) | 0.5736 (3) | 0.0278 (7) | |
C4 | 0.2903 (4) | 0.61069 (13) | 0.5940 (3) | 0.0265 (6) | |
C4A | 0.1148 (4) | 0.60062 (12) | 0.6658 (2) | 0.0237 (6) | |
N5 | −0.0191 (3) | 0.65140 (12) | 0.6922 (2) | 0.0262 (5) | |
C51 | −0.1005 (4) | 0.69175 (13) | 0.6047 (3) | 0.0291 (7) | |
O51 | −0.2149 (3) | 0.73380 (10) | 0.63757 (19) | 0.0426 (6) | |
C52 | −0.0541 (5) | 0.68171 (14) | 0.4710 (3) | 0.0313 (7) | |
C6 | −0.1136 (4) | 0.65011 (13) | 0.8158 (3) | 0.0278 (6) | |
C61 | 0.0432 (4) | 0.65684 (13) | 0.9186 (3) | 0.0249 (6) | |
C62 | 0.2377 (4) | 0.68212 (13) | 0.8979 (3) | 0.0268 (6) | |
C63 | 0.3740 (4) | 0.69024 (13) | 0.9951 (3) | 0.0273 (6) | |
C64 | 0.3144 (4) | 0.67328 (12) | 1.1127 (2) | 0.0246 (6) | |
N64 | 0.4578 (4) | 0.68102 (11) | 1.2154 (2) | 0.0298 (6) | |
O41 | 0.3963 (3) | 0.67045 (11) | 1.3207 (2) | 0.0451 (6) | |
O42 | 0.6331 (3) | 0.69795 (11) | 1.1920 (2) | 0.0410 (6) | |
C65 | 0.1243 (4) | 0.64875 (13) | 1.1358 (3) | 0.0292 (7) | |
C66 | −0.0106 (4) | 0.64056 (13) | 1.0388 (3) | 0.0306 (7) | |
C7 | −0.2388 (4) | 0.59007 (15) | 0.8248 (3) | 0.0358 (7) | |
C8 | −0.1070 (5) | 0.53365 (14) | 0.8006 (3) | 0.0347 (7) | |
O8 | −0.1483 (4) | 0.48271 (11) | 0.8451 (2) | 0.0578 (8) | |
C8A | 0.0733 (4) | 0.54239 (13) | 0.7194 (3) | 0.0278 (6) | |
C9 | 0.2061 (5) | 0.49165 (13) | 0.6998 (3) | 0.0327 (7) | |
C9A | 0.3695 (4) | 0.50171 (13) | 0.6255 (3) | 0.0307 (7) | |
H2A | 0.6375 | 0.4756 | 0.4239 | 0.051* | |
H2B | 0.7966 | 0.4886 | 0.5344 | 0.051* | |
H4 | 0.3235 | 0.6506 | 0.5614 | 0.032* | |
H52A | −0.1760 | 0.6913 | 0.4216 | 0.047* | |
H52B | −0.0145 | 0.6381 | 0.4577 | 0.047* | |
H52C | 0.0586 | 0.7092 | 0.4460 | 0.047* | |
H6 | −0.2106 | 0.6861 | 0.8215 | 0.033* | |
H62 | 0.2769 | 0.6939 | 0.8166 | 0.032* | |
H63 | 0.5064 | 0.7072 | 0.9807 | 0.033* | |
H65 | 0.0859 | 0.6375 | 1.2175 | 0.035* | |
H66 | −0.1425 | 0.6235 | 1.0544 | 0.037* | |
H7A | −0.2999 | 0.5868 | 0.9083 | 0.043* | |
H7B | −0.3519 | 0.5914 | 0.7639 | 0.043* | |
H9 | 0.1822 | 0.4522 | 0.7369 | 0.039* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
O1 | 0.0547 (14) | 0.0436 (13) | 0.0369 (12) | 0.0229 (12) | 0.0026 (11) | −0.0028 (11) |
C2 | 0.0360 (17) | 0.046 (2) | 0.047 (2) | 0.0074 (15) | 0.0007 (16) | −0.0128 (17) |
O3 | 0.0296 (11) | 0.0476 (13) | 0.0378 (13) | 0.0056 (9) | 0.0066 (10) | −0.0047 (10) |
C3A | 0.0234 (15) | 0.0373 (17) | 0.0226 (16) | 0.0023 (12) | −0.0028 (11) | −0.0051 (12) |
C4 | 0.0256 (14) | 0.0304 (15) | 0.0235 (15) | −0.0023 (12) | −0.0032 (11) | 0.0008 (12) |
C4A | 0.0238 (14) | 0.0286 (14) | 0.0188 (14) | 0.0023 (12) | −0.0033 (11) | −0.0020 (11) |
N5 | 0.0261 (12) | 0.0312 (12) | 0.0212 (12) | 0.0050 (10) | 0.0008 (10) | 0.0007 (10) |
C51 | 0.0289 (16) | 0.0326 (16) | 0.0258 (16) | 0.0017 (13) | −0.0048 (12) | −0.0009 (13) |
O51 | 0.0499 (13) | 0.0473 (13) | 0.0306 (12) | 0.0214 (11) | −0.0031 (11) | −0.0018 (11) |
C52 | 0.0350 (18) | 0.0357 (17) | 0.0230 (15) | 0.0031 (13) | −0.0029 (12) | 0.0026 (13) |
C6 | 0.0272 (15) | 0.0352 (15) | 0.0211 (14) | 0.0055 (12) | 0.0016 (12) | −0.0010 (13) |
C61 | 0.0288 (16) | 0.0245 (14) | 0.0213 (15) | 0.0028 (12) | 0.0012 (12) | −0.0011 (12) |
C62 | 0.0303 (16) | 0.0296 (15) | 0.0206 (13) | 0.0000 (12) | 0.0026 (11) | 0.0010 (12) |
C63 | 0.0267 (15) | 0.0276 (15) | 0.0277 (16) | 0.0009 (12) | 0.0026 (12) | 0.0029 (12) |
C64 | 0.0291 (15) | 0.0248 (14) | 0.0199 (15) | 0.0015 (11) | −0.0017 (12) | −0.0023 (12) |
N64 | 0.0297 (14) | 0.0332 (14) | 0.0265 (14) | −0.0014 (11) | −0.0012 (11) | 0.0013 (11) |
O41 | 0.0463 (14) | 0.0687 (16) | 0.0204 (12) | −0.0099 (11) | −0.0024 (11) | 0.0060 (11) |
O42 | 0.0290 (12) | 0.0580 (14) | 0.0360 (13) | −0.0080 (10) | −0.0031 (10) | 0.0002 (11) |
C65 | 0.0322 (16) | 0.0363 (16) | 0.0192 (15) | −0.0025 (13) | 0.0036 (13) | 0.0019 (13) |
C66 | 0.0296 (16) | 0.0363 (17) | 0.0259 (15) | −0.0023 (12) | 0.0028 (12) | −0.0013 (13) |
C7 | 0.0278 (15) | 0.058 (2) | 0.0216 (14) | −0.0085 (14) | 0.0020 (13) | −0.0019 (15) |
C8 | 0.0430 (19) | 0.0398 (18) | 0.0214 (16) | −0.0138 (14) | 0.0013 (13) | −0.0032 (14) |
O8 | 0.0848 (19) | 0.0412 (14) | 0.0474 (16) | −0.0206 (13) | 0.0283 (14) | −0.0019 (13) |
C8A | 0.0324 (16) | 0.0309 (16) | 0.0201 (14) | −0.0057 (12) | −0.0012 (12) | −0.0024 (12) |
C9 | 0.0469 (18) | 0.0242 (15) | 0.0270 (17) | −0.0016 (13) | 0.0005 (15) | −0.0001 (13) |
C9A | 0.0389 (17) | 0.0291 (15) | 0.0242 (17) | 0.0080 (13) | −0.0068 (14) | −0.0056 (13) |
O1—C2 | 1.431 (4) | C9—C9A | 1.352 (4) |
C2—O3 | 1.440 (4) | C9—H9 | 0.95 |
C2—H2A | 0.99 | C9A—O1 | 1.381 (3) |
C2—H2B | 0.99 | C3A—C9A | 1.385 (4) |
O3—C3A | 1.367 (3) | C4A—C8A | 1.403 (4) |
C3A—C4 | 1.369 (4) | N5—C51 | 1.388 (4) |
C4—C4A | 1.400 (4) | C51—O51 | 1.223 (3) |
C4—H4 | 0.95 | C8—O8 | 1.223 (4) |
C4A—N5 | 1.425 (3) | C61—C66 | 1.391 (4) |
N5—C6 | 1.472 (4) | C61—C62 | 1.398 (4) |
C51—C52 | 1.493 (4) | C62—C63 | 1.388 (4) |
C52—H52A | 0.98 | C62—H62 | 0.95 |
C52—H52B | 0.98 | C63—C64 | 1.379 (4) |
C52—H52C | 0.98 | C63—H63 | 0.95 |
C6—C61 | 1.519 (4) | C64—C65 | 1.370 (4) |
C6—C7 | 1.527 (4) | C64—N64 | 1.463 (4) |
C6—H6 | 1.00 | N64—O42 | 1.226 (3) |
C7—C8 | 1.506 (4) | N64—O41 | 1.229 (3) |
C7—H7A | 0.99 | C65—C66 | 1.381 (4) |
C7—H7B | 0.99 | C65—H65 | 0.95 |
C8—C8A | 1.480 (4) | C66—H66 | 0.95 |
C8A—C9 | 1.407 (4) | ||
C9A—O1—C2 | 105.8 (2) | C62—C61—C6 | 122.1 (2) |
O1—C2—O3 | 107.8 (2) | C63—C62—C61 | 120.6 (3) |
O1—C2—H2A | 110.2 | C63—C62—H62 | 119.7 |
O3—C2—H2A | 110.2 | C61—C62—H62 | 119.7 |
O1—C2—H2B | 110.2 | C64—C63—C62 | 119.0 (3) |
O3—C2—H2B | 110.2 | C64—C63—H63 | 120.5 |
H2A—C2—H2B | 108.5 | C62—C63—H63 | 120.5 |
C3A—O3—C2 | 105.6 (2) | C65—C64—C63 | 121.7 (3) |
O3—C3A—C4 | 127.0 (3) | C65—C64—N64 | 118.9 (2) |
O3—C3A—C9A | 110.2 (2) | C63—C64—N64 | 119.4 (2) |
C4—C3A—C9A | 122.6 (3) | O42—N64—O41 | 123.4 (3) |
C3A—C4—C4A | 115.8 (3) | O42—N64—C64 | 118.3 (2) |
C3A—C4—H4 | 122.1 | O41—N64—C64 | 118.3 (2) |
C4A—C4—H4 | 122.1 | C64—C65—C66 | 119.1 (2) |
C4—C4A—C8A | 121.6 (2) | C64—C65—H65 | 120.4 |
C4—C4A—N5 | 119.7 (2) | C66—C65—H65 | 120.4 |
C8A—C4A—N5 | 118.5 (2) | C65—C66—C61 | 121.2 (3) |
C51—N5—C4A | 125.0 (2) | C65—C66—H66 | 119.4 |
C51—N5—C6 | 118.1 (2) | C61—C66—H66 | 119.4 |
C4A—N5—C6 | 115.1 (2) | C8—C7—C6 | 111.1 (2) |
O51—C51—N5 | 119.6 (3) | C8—C7—H7A | 109.4 |
O51—C51—C52 | 120.8 (3) | C6—C7—H7A | 109.4 |
N5—C51—C52 | 119.6 (2) | C8—C7—H7B | 109.4 |
C51—C52—H52A | 109.5 | C6—C7—H7B | 109.4 |
C51—C52—H52B | 109.5 | H7A—C7—H7B | 108.0 |
H52A—C52—H52B | 109.5 | O8—C8—C8A | 121.4 (3) |
C51—C52—H52C | 109.5 | O8—C8—C7 | 121.5 (3) |
H52A—C52—H52C | 109.5 | C8A—C8—C7 | 117.1 (2) |
H52B—C52—H52C | 109.5 | C4A—C8A—C9 | 120.4 (3) |
N5—C6—C61 | 112.4 (2) | C4A—C8A—C8 | 120.8 (3) |
N5—C6—C7 | 107.3 (2) | C9—C8A—C8 | 118.8 (3) |
C61—C6—C7 | 113.2 (2) | C9A—C9—C8A | 116.9 (3) |
N5—C6—H6 | 107.9 | C9A—C9—H9 | 121.6 |
C61—C6—H6 | 107.9 | C8A—C9—H9 | 121.6 |
C7—C6—H6 | 107.9 | C9—C9A—O1 | 128.0 (3) |
C66—C61—C62 | 118.4 (3) | C9—C9A—C3A | 122.5 (3) |
C66—C61—C6 | 119.4 (2) | O1—C9A—C3A | 109.5 (3) |
C9A—O1—C2—O3 | 9.3 (3) | C63—C64—N64—O42 | −5.6 (4) |
O1—C2—O3—C3A | −10.7 (3) | C65—C64—N64—O41 | −6.4 (4) |
C2—O3—C3A—C4 | −176.6 (3) | C63—C64—N64—O41 | 174.2 (3) |
C2—O3—C3A—C9A | 8.0 (3) | C63—C64—C65—C66 | 0.3 (4) |
O3—C3A—C4—C4A | −178.0 (3) | N64—C64—C65—C66 | −179.1 (2) |
C9A—C3A—C4—C4A | −3.1 (4) | C64—C65—C66—C61 | −0.1 (4) |
C3A—C4—C4A—C8A | 3.8 (4) | C62—C61—C66—C65 | −0.3 (4) |
C3A—C4—C4A—N5 | 179.6 (2) | C6—C61—C66—C65 | −176.9 (3) |
C4—C4A—N5—C51 | 51.2 (4) | N5—C6—C7—C8 | 56.7 (3) |
C8A—C4A—N5—C51 | −132.8 (3) | C61—C6—C7—C8 | −67.9 (3) |
C4—C4A—N5—C6 | −144.3 (3) | C6—C7—C8—O8 | 152.7 (3) |
C8A—C4A—N5—C6 | 31.7 (3) | C6—C7—C8—C8A | −28.0 (4) |
C4A—N5—C51—O51 | 179.7 (3) | C4—C4A—C8A—C9 | −1.5 (4) |
C6—N5—C51—O51 | 15.7 (4) | N5—C4A—C8A—C9 | −177.4 (3) |
C4A—N5—C51—C52 | 2.2 (4) | C4—C4A—C8A—C8 | 176.6 (3) |
C6—N5—C51—C52 | −161.9 (3) | N5—C4A—C8A—C8 | 0.7 (4) |
C51—N5—C6—C61 | −129.5 (3) | O8—C8—C8A—C4A | 177.9 (3) |
C4A—N5—C6—C61 | 64.8 (3) | C7—C8—C8A—C4A | −1.5 (4) |
C51—N5—C6—C7 | 105.4 (3) | O8—C8—C8A—C9 | −3.9 (4) |
C4A—N5—C6—C7 | −60.2 (3) | C7—C8—C8A—C9 | 176.7 (3) |
N5—C6—C61—C66 | −163.4 (2) | C4A—C8A—C9—C9A | −1.5 (4) |
C7—C6—C61—C66 | −41.6 (4) | C8—C8A—C9—C9A | −179.7 (3) |
N5—C6—C61—C62 | 20.1 (4) | C8A—C9—C9A—O1 | 179.9 (3) |
C7—C6—C61—C62 | 141.9 (3) | C8A—C9—C9A—C3A | 2.2 (4) |
C66—C61—C62—C63 | 0.5 (4) | C2—O1—C9A—C9 | 177.5 (3) |
C6—C61—C62—C63 | 177.0 (3) | C2—O1—C9A—C3A | −4.5 (3) |
C61—C62—C63—C64 | −0.3 (4) | O3—C3A—C9A—C9 | 175.8 (3) |
C62—C63—C64—C65 | −0.1 (4) | C4—C3A—C9A—C9 | 0.2 (4) |
C62—C63—C64—N64 | 179.3 (2) | O3—C3A—C9A—O1 | −2.3 (3) |
C65—C64—N64—O42 | 173.8 (2) | C4—C3A—C9A—O1 | −177.9 (3) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
C62—H62···O51i | 0.95 | 2.48 | 3.358 (4) | 153 |
C63—H63···Cg1i | 0.95 | 2.98 | 3.693 (3) | 132 |
Symmetry code: (i) x+1/2, −y+3/2, z. |
Acknowledgements
X-ray data were collected at the EPSRC X-ray Crystallographic Service, University of Southampton, England; the authors thank the staff for all their help and advice. JNL thanks NCR Self-Service, Dundee, for grants which have provided computing facilities for this work. JC thanks the Consejería de Educación y Ciencia (Junta de Andalucía, Spain) and the Universidad de Jaén for financial support; RA thanks Fundación para la Promoción de la Investigación y la Tecnología (Banco de la República) and Universidad del Valle for financial support. PC thanks COLCIENCIAS for a doctoral fellowship.
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