metal-organic compounds
Bis(tetraphenylphosphonium) bis(1-carboxybenzene-2,3-diolato-κ2O,O′)-cis-dioxomolybdate(VI)
aDepartment of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece, and bUniversity of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, Scotland
*Correspondence e-mail: akaraliota@chem.uoa.gr
The title compound, (C24H20P)2[Mo(C7H4O4)2O2], contains a distorted octahedral molybdenum(VI) complex having the characteristic cis-MoO22+ group and the ligand 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid coordinated through the two phenolate O atoms, while the carboxyl group is not deprotonated. No π–π overlap between the benzene rings of the ligands or those of the tetraphenylphosphonium ions is observed.
Comment
The title compound, (I), results from the reaction of a mixture of tetraphenylphosphonium bromide (PPh4Br), 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3-DHBA) and Na2MoO4·2H2O in an aqueous solution (pH 6) with subsequent redissolution of the precipitate in dichloromethane. This method of preparation differs from that reported for the same metal–organic anion in (NMe4)2MoO2(C7H4O4)2·1.5H2O, (II) (Griffith et al., 1995), and is less complicated. At lower pH values, the formation of oligomeric molybdenum complexes is preferred due to the presence of the ligand in its semi-oxidized form (semiquinone), which promotes (Lymberopoulou-Karaliota et al., 2005; Karaliota et al., 2002).
In the complex anion of (I), the MoVI atom has a distorted octahedral geometry (Fig. 1). The Mo=O bond lengths and O1=Mo=O2 bond angle (Table 1) have values typical for cis-MoO22+ groups. The two types of phenolic C—O bond lengths [mean values 1.332 (2) and 1.352 (2) Å] of the 2,3-DHBA ligands compare well with those observed for the catecholate (fully reduced) form of the ligand (Buchanan & Pierpont, 1980). The difference in the distances is attributed to the intramolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond (Table 2).
In the packing diagram (Fig. 2), it is important to notice that the large tetraphenylphosphonium ions bring only two molybdenum complex ions into relative proximity. Moreover, no π–π interactions are observed, even though there are a number of benzene rings in both the ligands and the tetraphenylphosphonium ions. This absence of π–π interactions between the ligands may explain the different colour of the crystal of (I) compared with (II), where there is π–π interaction between the two molybdenum complex anions.
The cyclic voltammograph of (I) in dichloromethane confirmed its catecholate form, showing only a two-electron redox peak corresponding to the catechol-to-quinone oxidation of the ligand. The cis-MoO22+ group can also contain a pentavalent molybdenum ion (Lu et al., 2001), but in the voltammograph no peak due to the MoV-to-MoVI conversion was observed.
Experimental
All reagents were purchased from Aldrich. An aqueous solution (10.0 ml) of 2,3-DHBA (77.1 mg, 0.5 mmol) and Na2MoO4·2H2O (121.0 mg, 0.5 mmol) was added to an aqueous solution (12.5 ml) of PPh4Br (210.0 mg, 0.5 mmol), producing a yellow precipitate. The precipitate (29.1 mg, 0.03 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (15 ml) and, after slow evaporation, crystals of (I) were obtained. Analysis calculated for C62H48O10P2Mo: C 66.90, H 4.35%; found C 66.82, H 4.27%.
Crystal data
|
Data collection
Refinement
|
|
The hydroxyl H atoms were located in difference maps and the OH groups were subsequently refined as rotating rigid groups, with O—H = 0.84 Å and Uiso(H) = 1.5Ueq(O). Other H atoms were placed in calculated positions, with C—H = 0.95 Å and Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C).
Data collection: SMART (Siemens, 1993); cell SAINT (Siemens, 1995); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: DIRDIF (Beurskens et al., 1996); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997); molecular graphics: XP (Sheldrick, 1997); software used to prepare material for publication: XCIF (Sheldrick, 1993) and PLATON (Spek, 2003).
Supporting information
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536806010907/ob2002sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536806010907/ob2002Isup2.hkl
Data collection: SMART (Siemens, 1993); cell
SAINT (Siemens, 1995); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: DIRDIF (Beurskens et al., 1996); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997); molecular graphics: XP (Sheldrick, 1997); software used to prepare material for publication: XCIF (Sheldrick, 1993) and PLATON (Spek, 2003).(C24H20P)2[MoO2(C7H4O4)2] | F(000) = 4576 |
Mr = 1110.88 | Dx = 1.425 Mg m−3 |
Orthorhombic, Pbca | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ac 2ab | Cell parameters from 8839 reflections |
a = 13.3595 (3) Å | θ = 2–28.5° |
b = 16.9998 (4) Å | µ = 0.38 mm−1 |
c = 45.5887 (13) Å | T = 150 K |
V = 10353.6 (4) Å3 | Block, yellow |
Z = 8 | 0.60 × 0.54 × 0.35 mm |
Bruker SMART Apex CCD area-detector diffractometer | 15149 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 11301 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.058 |
ω scans | θmax = 30.1°, θmin = 1.8° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 2004) | h = −18→18 |
Tmin = 0.732, Tmax = 0.880 | k = −23→23 |
122211 measured reflections | l = −64→63 |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: Patterson |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.045 | Hydrogen site location: geom/difmap |
wR(F2) = 0.100 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.06 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0315P)2 + 9.6314P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
15149 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.002 |
678 parameters | Δρmax = 0.48 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.50 e Å−3 |
Experimental. Oxford Cryosystems LT device. |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Carboxylic H-atoms were located in a difference map. They were refined using the Sheldrick rotating rigid group model. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
Mo1 | 0.206905 (13) | 0.196939 (10) | 0.091417 (4) | 0.02289 (5) | |
O1 | 0.19498 (11) | 0.20131 (9) | 0.05420 (3) | 0.0323 (3) | |
O2 | 0.33046 (11) | 0.21966 (9) | 0.09713 (3) | 0.0317 (3) | |
O11 | 0.04116 (10) | 0.18788 (8) | 0.09495 (3) | 0.0246 (3) | |
C21 | 0.00137 (15) | 0.25113 (12) | 0.10764 (4) | 0.0214 (4) | |
C31 | −0.10046 (15) | 0.25929 (12) | 0.11429 (4) | 0.0243 (4) | |
C41 | −0.13435 (17) | 0.33021 (14) | 0.12682 (5) | 0.0315 (5) | |
H41 | −0.2034 | 0.3367 | 0.1312 | 0.038* | |
C51 | −0.06842 (18) | 0.38993 (14) | 0.13276 (5) | 0.0329 (5) | |
H51 | −0.0921 | 0.4371 | 0.1415 | 0.039* | |
C61 | 0.03361 (17) | 0.38214 (12) | 0.12612 (5) | 0.0274 (4) | |
H61 | 0.0787 | 0.4239 | 0.1302 | 0.033* | |
C71 | 0.06798 (15) | 0.31351 (12) | 0.11361 (4) | 0.0228 (4) | |
O81 | 0.16441 (10) | 0.30099 (8) | 0.10622 (3) | 0.0257 (3) | |
C91 | −0.17163 (16) | 0.19583 (14) | 0.10773 (5) | 0.0304 (5) | |
O911 | −0.26002 (12) | 0.19749 (10) | 0.11417 (4) | 0.0414 (4) | |
O912 | −0.13367 (12) | 0.13328 (9) | 0.09371 (4) | 0.0364 (4) | |
H912 | −0.0716 | 0.1390 | 0.0917 | 0.055* | |
O12 | 0.18515 (10) | 0.16267 (8) | 0.13797 (3) | 0.0236 (3) | |
C22 | 0.17779 (14) | 0.08526 (12) | 0.14171 (4) | 0.0212 (4) | |
C32 | 0.15990 (15) | 0.04828 (12) | 0.16871 (4) | 0.0242 (4) | |
C42 | 0.15562 (17) | −0.03415 (13) | 0.16968 (5) | 0.0300 (5) | |
H42 | 0.1418 | −0.0597 | 0.1878 | 0.036* | |
C52 | 0.17103 (17) | −0.07845 (13) | 0.14493 (5) | 0.0326 (5) | |
H52 | 0.1691 | −0.1342 | 0.1461 | 0.039* | |
C62 | 0.18966 (16) | −0.04165 (12) | 0.11789 (5) | 0.0276 (4) | |
H62 | 0.2013 | −0.0724 | 0.1008 | 0.033* | |
C72 | 0.19089 (14) | 0.03906 (12) | 0.11629 (4) | 0.0231 (4) | |
O82 | 0.20553 (11) | 0.08009 (8) | 0.09117 (3) | 0.0260 (3) | |
C92 | 0.14697 (15) | 0.09525 (13) | 0.19572 (5) | 0.0269 (4) | |
O921 | 0.13182 (13) | 0.06764 (10) | 0.21997 (3) | 0.0374 (4) | |
O922 | 0.15274 (12) | 0.17366 (9) | 0.19233 (3) | 0.0302 (3) | |
H922 | 0.1591 | 0.1844 | 0.1744 | 0.045* | |
P3 | 0.65504 (4) | 0.15450 (3) | 0.714012 (11) | 0.02261 (11) | |
C13 | 0.69312 (15) | 0.07204 (12) | 0.69218 (4) | 0.0254 (4) | |
C23 | 0.6461 (2) | 0.05277 (15) | 0.66601 (5) | 0.0376 (5) | |
H23 | 0.5944 | 0.0851 | 0.6584 | 0.045* | |
C33 | 0.6761 (2) | −0.01455 (17) | 0.65121 (6) | 0.0500 (7) | |
H33 | 0.6445 | −0.0281 | 0.6332 | 0.060* | |
C43 | 0.7506 (2) | −0.06192 (15) | 0.66210 (6) | 0.0423 (6) | |
H43 | 0.7701 | −0.1079 | 0.6517 | 0.051* | |
C53 | 0.79673 (18) | −0.04284 (14) | 0.68800 (6) | 0.0355 (5) | |
H53 | 0.8486 | −0.0755 | 0.6954 | 0.043* | |
C63 | 0.76825 (17) | 0.02365 (14) | 0.70337 (5) | 0.0313 (5) | |
H63 | 0.7997 | 0.0363 | 0.7215 | 0.038* | |
C73 | 0.61305 (15) | 0.11326 (12) | 0.74811 (4) | 0.0235 (4) | |
C83 | 0.54830 (17) | 0.04872 (13) | 0.74639 (5) | 0.0305 (5) | |
H83 | 0.5245 | 0.0312 | 0.7279 | 0.037* | |
C93 | 0.51931 (18) | 0.01074 (14) | 0.77170 (5) | 0.0355 (5) | |
H93 | 0.4752 | −0.0330 | 0.7707 | 0.043* | |
C103 | 0.55456 (19) | 0.03633 (15) | 0.79874 (5) | 0.0378 (6) | |
H103 | 0.5352 | 0.0096 | 0.8161 | 0.045* | |
C113 | 0.61749 (19) | 0.10041 (16) | 0.80038 (5) | 0.0408 (6) | |
H113 | 0.6402 | 0.1183 | 0.8190 | 0.049* | |
C123 | 0.64781 (17) | 0.13894 (15) | 0.77512 (5) | 0.0344 (5) | |
H123 | 0.6920 | 0.1826 | 0.7763 | 0.041* | |
C133 | 0.55634 (15) | 0.20708 (12) | 0.69606 (4) | 0.0248 (4) | |
C143 | 0.57544 (17) | 0.23877 (14) | 0.66827 (5) | 0.0325 (5) | |
H143 | 0.6399 | 0.2338 | 0.6597 | 0.039* | |
C153 | 0.50017 (18) | 0.27720 (14) | 0.65352 (5) | 0.0355 (5) | |
H153 | 0.5118 | 0.2966 | 0.6343 | 0.043* | |
C163 | 0.40719 (17) | 0.28781 (14) | 0.66657 (5) | 0.0334 (5) | |
H163 | 0.3559 | 0.3153 | 0.6564 | 0.040* | |
C173 | 0.38956 (17) | 0.25820 (14) | 0.69431 (5) | 0.0338 (5) | |
H173 | 0.3262 | 0.2662 | 0.7033 | 0.041* | |
C183 | 0.46332 (16) | 0.21698 (13) | 0.70914 (5) | 0.0294 (5) | |
H183 | 0.4504 | 0.1957 | 0.7280 | 0.035* | |
C193 | 0.75707 (15) | 0.22173 (12) | 0.71907 (4) | 0.0247 (4) | |
C203 | 0.74107 (17) | 0.28993 (13) | 0.73566 (5) | 0.0284 (4) | |
H203 | 0.6781 | 0.2990 | 0.7448 | 0.034* | |
C213 | 0.81758 (18) | 0.34387 (14) | 0.73866 (5) | 0.0331 (5) | |
H213 | 0.8077 | 0.3896 | 0.7503 | 0.040* | |
C223 | 0.90834 (18) | 0.33187 (15) | 0.72490 (5) | 0.0373 (5) | |
H223 | 0.9606 | 0.3693 | 0.7271 | 0.045* | |
C233 | 0.92337 (17) | 0.26563 (15) | 0.70790 (6) | 0.0378 (5) | |
H233 | 0.9856 | 0.2583 | 0.6982 | 0.045* | |
C243 | 0.84856 (16) | 0.20972 (14) | 0.70488 (5) | 0.0308 (5) | |
H243 | 0.8593 | 0.1639 | 0.6934 | 0.037* | |
P4 | 0.81351 (4) | 0.06554 (3) | 0.534167 (11) | 0.02358 (11) | |
C14 | 0.90070 (15) | 0.01809 (13) | 0.55830 (4) | 0.0254 (4) | |
C24 | 1.00354 (16) | 0.02603 (14) | 0.55345 (5) | 0.0299 (5) | |
H24 | 1.0272 | 0.0595 | 0.5383 | 0.036* | |
C34 | 1.07087 (16) | −0.01478 (14) | 0.57072 (5) | 0.0315 (5) | |
H34 | 1.1408 | −0.0089 | 0.5676 | 0.038* | |
C44 | 1.03637 (17) | −0.06406 (13) | 0.59258 (5) | 0.0326 (5) | |
H44 | 1.0826 | −0.0923 | 0.6044 | 0.039* | |
C54 | 0.93460 (17) | −0.07233 (14) | 0.59731 (6) | 0.0349 (5) | |
H54 | 0.9114 | −0.1063 | 0.6124 | 0.042* | |
C64 | 0.86626 (16) | −0.03151 (13) | 0.58027 (5) | 0.0299 (5) | |
H64 | 0.7965 | −0.0374 | 0.5836 | 0.036* | |
C74 | 0.77355 (16) | −0.00462 (13) | 0.50710 (4) | 0.0273 (4) | |
C84 | 0.81683 (17) | −0.07898 (14) | 0.50557 (5) | 0.0330 (5) | |
H84 | 0.8678 | −0.0936 | 0.5190 | 0.040* | |
C94 | 0.7850 (2) | −0.13176 (15) | 0.48422 (6) | 0.0411 (6) | |
H94 | 0.8137 | −0.1828 | 0.4832 | 0.049* | |
C104 | 0.7118 (2) | −0.10995 (16) | 0.46458 (5) | 0.0433 (6) | |
H104 | 0.6906 | −0.1460 | 0.4499 | 0.052* | |
C114 | 0.6691 (2) | −0.03634 (16) | 0.46603 (5) | 0.0427 (6) | |
H114 | 0.6191 | −0.0219 | 0.4522 | 0.051* | |
C124 | 0.69846 (17) | 0.01693 (15) | 0.48746 (5) | 0.0345 (5) | |
H124 | 0.6678 | 0.0673 | 0.4887 | 0.041* | |
C134 | 0.87584 (15) | 0.14727 (12) | 0.51721 (4) | 0.0253 (4) | |
C144 | 0.92668 (17) | 0.20141 (14) | 0.53512 (5) | 0.0319 (5) | |
H144 | 0.9260 | 0.1954 | 0.5558 | 0.038* | |
C154 | 0.97760 (17) | 0.26332 (14) | 0.52253 (5) | 0.0337 (5) | |
H154 | 1.0117 | 0.3002 | 0.5346 | 0.040* | |
C164 | 0.97899 (17) | 0.27162 (14) | 0.49230 (5) | 0.0340 (5) | |
H164 | 1.0144 | 0.3142 | 0.4837 | 0.041* | |
C174 | 0.92932 (17) | 0.21859 (14) | 0.47455 (5) | 0.0324 (5) | |
H174 | 0.9306 | 0.2249 | 0.4539 | 0.039* | |
C184 | 0.87773 (16) | 0.15624 (13) | 0.48685 (4) | 0.0269 (4) | |
H184 | 0.8437 | 0.1197 | 0.4746 | 0.032* | |
C194 | 0.70383 (15) | 0.09733 (13) | 0.55397 (4) | 0.0266 (4) | |
C204 | 0.68853 (16) | 0.17597 (14) | 0.56100 (5) | 0.0330 (5) | |
H204 | 0.7348 | 0.2149 | 0.5548 | 0.040* | |
C214 | 0.60466 (18) | 0.19692 (16) | 0.57728 (6) | 0.0415 (6) | |
H214 | 0.5934 | 0.2506 | 0.5820 | 0.050* | |
C224 | 0.53781 (17) | 0.14085 (17) | 0.58663 (5) | 0.0407 (6) | |
H224 | 0.4810 | 0.1559 | 0.5978 | 0.049* | |
C234 | 0.55306 (17) | 0.06269 (16) | 0.57977 (5) | 0.0367 (5) | |
H234 | 0.5073 | 0.0239 | 0.5865 | 0.044* | |
C244 | 0.63496 (16) | 0.04057 (14) | 0.56300 (5) | 0.0313 (5) | |
H244 | 0.6441 | −0.0130 | 0.5577 | 0.038* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Mo1 | 0.01984 (8) | 0.02600 (9) | 0.02284 (9) | 0.00288 (7) | 0.00173 (7) | 0.00276 (7) |
O1 | 0.0310 (8) | 0.0399 (9) | 0.0260 (7) | 0.0072 (7) | 0.0025 (6) | 0.0062 (7) |
O2 | 0.0228 (7) | 0.0367 (9) | 0.0355 (8) | 0.0015 (6) | 0.0018 (6) | 0.0035 (7) |
O11 | 0.0222 (7) | 0.0245 (7) | 0.0272 (7) | 0.0000 (5) | 0.0001 (6) | −0.0033 (6) |
C21 | 0.0219 (10) | 0.0251 (10) | 0.0173 (9) | 0.0007 (8) | −0.0023 (8) | 0.0009 (8) |
C31 | 0.0235 (10) | 0.0305 (11) | 0.0190 (9) | 0.0003 (8) | 0.0002 (8) | 0.0060 (8) |
C41 | 0.0273 (11) | 0.0414 (13) | 0.0257 (10) | 0.0098 (9) | 0.0055 (9) | 0.0051 (9) |
C51 | 0.0405 (13) | 0.0312 (12) | 0.0270 (11) | 0.0117 (10) | 0.0030 (10) | −0.0025 (9) |
C61 | 0.0352 (12) | 0.0247 (10) | 0.0224 (10) | 0.0011 (9) | −0.0032 (9) | −0.0009 (8) |
C71 | 0.0234 (10) | 0.0255 (10) | 0.0196 (9) | 0.0011 (8) | −0.0023 (8) | 0.0041 (8) |
O81 | 0.0210 (7) | 0.0232 (7) | 0.0328 (8) | −0.0008 (6) | −0.0005 (6) | 0.0015 (6) |
C91 | 0.0267 (11) | 0.0382 (13) | 0.0264 (10) | −0.0041 (9) | −0.0028 (9) | 0.0136 (10) |
O911 | 0.0224 (8) | 0.0535 (11) | 0.0484 (10) | −0.0046 (7) | −0.0001 (7) | 0.0225 (9) |
O912 | 0.0304 (8) | 0.0354 (9) | 0.0435 (10) | −0.0108 (7) | −0.0032 (8) | 0.0020 (7) |
O12 | 0.0252 (7) | 0.0219 (7) | 0.0238 (7) | −0.0001 (5) | 0.0004 (6) | −0.0011 (6) |
C22 | 0.0151 (9) | 0.0245 (10) | 0.0241 (10) | 0.0011 (7) | −0.0012 (7) | −0.0005 (8) |
C32 | 0.0193 (10) | 0.0295 (11) | 0.0237 (10) | −0.0005 (8) | −0.0011 (8) | −0.0002 (8) |
C42 | 0.0304 (11) | 0.0307 (11) | 0.0289 (11) | −0.0013 (9) | −0.0001 (9) | 0.0066 (9) |
C52 | 0.0364 (12) | 0.0222 (11) | 0.0392 (13) | 0.0000 (9) | −0.0056 (10) | 0.0025 (9) |
C62 | 0.0291 (11) | 0.0267 (11) | 0.0269 (10) | 0.0030 (8) | −0.0048 (9) | −0.0054 (8) |
C72 | 0.0181 (9) | 0.0272 (10) | 0.0241 (10) | 0.0031 (7) | −0.0025 (8) | −0.0004 (8) |
O82 | 0.0296 (8) | 0.0270 (7) | 0.0213 (7) | 0.0056 (6) | 0.0019 (6) | −0.0006 (6) |
C92 | 0.0191 (10) | 0.0357 (12) | 0.0257 (10) | −0.0023 (8) | 0.0018 (8) | −0.0015 (9) |
O921 | 0.0390 (9) | 0.0470 (10) | 0.0260 (8) | −0.0040 (8) | 0.0061 (7) | 0.0012 (7) |
O922 | 0.0316 (8) | 0.0347 (8) | 0.0244 (7) | −0.0027 (6) | 0.0050 (7) | −0.0057 (6) |
P3 | 0.0200 (2) | 0.0282 (3) | 0.0196 (2) | −0.0010 (2) | 0.0001 (2) | −0.0025 (2) |
C13 | 0.0243 (10) | 0.0291 (11) | 0.0228 (10) | −0.0036 (8) | 0.0049 (8) | −0.0043 (8) |
C23 | 0.0461 (14) | 0.0417 (14) | 0.0250 (11) | 0.0005 (11) | −0.0056 (10) | −0.0068 (10) |
C33 | 0.0663 (19) | 0.0523 (16) | 0.0314 (13) | −0.0016 (14) | −0.0086 (13) | −0.0180 (12) |
C43 | 0.0506 (15) | 0.0369 (14) | 0.0394 (13) | −0.0051 (12) | 0.0115 (12) | −0.0143 (11) |
C53 | 0.0320 (12) | 0.0322 (12) | 0.0424 (13) | 0.0003 (9) | 0.0079 (11) | −0.0056 (10) |
C63 | 0.0277 (11) | 0.0359 (12) | 0.0302 (11) | −0.0010 (9) | −0.0005 (9) | −0.0072 (9) |
C73 | 0.0206 (10) | 0.0289 (10) | 0.0210 (9) | 0.0029 (8) | 0.0016 (8) | −0.0006 (8) |
C83 | 0.0334 (12) | 0.0334 (12) | 0.0247 (11) | −0.0032 (9) | 0.0034 (9) | −0.0053 (9) |
C93 | 0.0391 (13) | 0.0333 (12) | 0.0342 (12) | −0.0043 (10) | 0.0119 (10) | −0.0021 (10) |
C103 | 0.0389 (14) | 0.0466 (14) | 0.0280 (12) | 0.0023 (11) | 0.0074 (10) | 0.0076 (10) |
C113 | 0.0395 (14) | 0.0611 (17) | 0.0217 (11) | −0.0043 (12) | −0.0026 (10) | 0.0021 (11) |
C123 | 0.0298 (12) | 0.0471 (14) | 0.0262 (11) | −0.0073 (10) | −0.0029 (9) | −0.0005 (10) |
C133 | 0.0222 (10) | 0.0293 (11) | 0.0227 (9) | −0.0018 (8) | −0.0024 (8) | 0.0002 (8) |
C143 | 0.0247 (11) | 0.0402 (13) | 0.0328 (12) | −0.0002 (9) | 0.0063 (9) | 0.0074 (10) |
C153 | 0.0384 (13) | 0.0383 (13) | 0.0298 (12) | −0.0004 (10) | 0.0013 (10) | 0.0107 (10) |
C163 | 0.0301 (12) | 0.0367 (13) | 0.0333 (12) | 0.0027 (9) | −0.0039 (10) | 0.0060 (10) |
C173 | 0.0232 (11) | 0.0480 (14) | 0.0304 (11) | 0.0051 (10) | 0.0039 (9) | 0.0025 (10) |
C183 | 0.0253 (11) | 0.0410 (13) | 0.0221 (10) | 0.0017 (9) | 0.0020 (9) | 0.0016 (9) |
C193 | 0.0218 (10) | 0.0308 (11) | 0.0213 (9) | −0.0032 (8) | −0.0019 (8) | 0.0012 (8) |
C203 | 0.0282 (11) | 0.0320 (12) | 0.0250 (10) | −0.0003 (9) | 0.0007 (9) | −0.0016 (9) |
C213 | 0.0407 (13) | 0.0304 (12) | 0.0282 (11) | −0.0053 (9) | −0.0037 (10) | −0.0031 (9) |
C223 | 0.0318 (12) | 0.0384 (13) | 0.0418 (13) | −0.0101 (10) | −0.0044 (11) | 0.0010 (11) |
C233 | 0.0241 (11) | 0.0447 (14) | 0.0447 (14) | −0.0059 (10) | 0.0049 (10) | 0.0004 (11) |
C243 | 0.0249 (11) | 0.0351 (12) | 0.0325 (11) | −0.0018 (9) | 0.0023 (9) | −0.0049 (9) |
P4 | 0.0203 (3) | 0.0313 (3) | 0.0191 (2) | 0.0007 (2) | −0.0010 (2) | −0.0019 (2) |
C14 | 0.0216 (10) | 0.0312 (11) | 0.0233 (10) | 0.0038 (8) | −0.0007 (8) | −0.0046 (8) |
C24 | 0.0228 (10) | 0.0412 (13) | 0.0258 (11) | 0.0020 (9) | 0.0021 (9) | −0.0001 (9) |
C34 | 0.0201 (10) | 0.0419 (13) | 0.0324 (12) | 0.0038 (9) | 0.0010 (9) | −0.0063 (10) |
C44 | 0.0254 (11) | 0.0310 (11) | 0.0413 (13) | 0.0086 (9) | −0.0054 (10) | −0.0010 (10) |
C54 | 0.0297 (12) | 0.0312 (12) | 0.0440 (14) | 0.0030 (9) | −0.0007 (10) | 0.0115 (10) |
C64 | 0.0192 (10) | 0.0345 (12) | 0.0360 (12) | 0.0003 (8) | 0.0003 (9) | 0.0031 (10) |
C74 | 0.0261 (11) | 0.0344 (12) | 0.0213 (10) | −0.0056 (8) | 0.0028 (8) | −0.0039 (9) |
C84 | 0.0309 (12) | 0.0375 (13) | 0.0305 (11) | −0.0040 (9) | 0.0043 (9) | −0.0047 (10) |
C94 | 0.0464 (15) | 0.0382 (14) | 0.0386 (13) | −0.0108 (11) | 0.0113 (12) | −0.0099 (11) |
C104 | 0.0538 (16) | 0.0467 (15) | 0.0293 (12) | −0.0242 (12) | 0.0075 (11) | −0.0102 (11) |
C114 | 0.0413 (14) | 0.0575 (17) | 0.0292 (12) | −0.0192 (12) | −0.0066 (11) | −0.0008 (11) |
C124 | 0.0305 (12) | 0.0428 (13) | 0.0302 (11) | −0.0047 (10) | −0.0037 (10) | −0.0021 (10) |
C134 | 0.0222 (10) | 0.0320 (11) | 0.0219 (10) | 0.0001 (8) | −0.0014 (8) | −0.0021 (8) |
C144 | 0.0296 (11) | 0.0421 (13) | 0.0241 (10) | −0.0023 (10) | −0.0019 (9) | −0.0059 (10) |
C154 | 0.0304 (12) | 0.0373 (13) | 0.0334 (12) | −0.0052 (9) | −0.0045 (10) | −0.0068 (10) |
C164 | 0.0316 (12) | 0.0342 (12) | 0.0362 (12) | −0.0031 (9) | −0.0022 (10) | 0.0031 (10) |
C174 | 0.0355 (12) | 0.0379 (12) | 0.0238 (10) | −0.0009 (10) | −0.0044 (9) | 0.0025 (9) |
C184 | 0.0276 (11) | 0.0307 (11) | 0.0224 (10) | 0.0012 (8) | −0.0053 (9) | −0.0023 (8) |
C194 | 0.0203 (10) | 0.0397 (12) | 0.0198 (9) | 0.0046 (9) | −0.0046 (8) | −0.0027 (8) |
C204 | 0.0258 (11) | 0.0402 (13) | 0.0328 (12) | 0.0000 (9) | −0.0050 (9) | −0.0103 (10) |
C214 | 0.0291 (12) | 0.0541 (16) | 0.0411 (13) | 0.0076 (11) | −0.0050 (11) | −0.0230 (12) |
C224 | 0.0221 (11) | 0.0714 (18) | 0.0285 (12) | 0.0073 (11) | −0.0020 (9) | −0.0133 (12) |
C234 | 0.0215 (11) | 0.0589 (16) | 0.0297 (11) | 0.0030 (10) | −0.0013 (9) | 0.0066 (11) |
C244 | 0.0247 (11) | 0.0396 (13) | 0.0296 (11) | 0.0051 (9) | −0.0013 (9) | 0.0041 (10) |
Mo1—O1 | 1.7056 (15) | C153—C163 | 1.389 (3) |
Mo1—O2 | 1.7151 (15) | C153—H153 | 0.9500 |
Mo1—O81 | 1.9765 (14) | C163—C173 | 1.381 (3) |
Mo1—O82 | 1.9865 (14) | C163—H163 | 0.9500 |
Mo1—O12 | 2.2198 (14) | C173—C183 | 1.386 (3) |
Mo1—O11 | 2.2255 (14) | C173—H173 | 0.9500 |
O11—C21 | 1.332 (2) | C183—H183 | 0.9500 |
O12—C22 | 1.331 (2) | C193—C243 | 1.398 (3) |
C21—C31 | 1.401 (3) | C193—C203 | 1.401 (3) |
C21—C71 | 1.411 (3) | C203—C213 | 1.380 (3) |
C31—C41 | 1.409 (3) | C203—H203 | 0.9500 |
C31—C91 | 1.469 (3) | C213—C223 | 1.380 (3) |
C41—C51 | 1.371 (3) | C213—H213 | 0.9500 |
C41—H41 | 0.9500 | C223—C233 | 1.382 (4) |
C51—C61 | 1.403 (3) | C223—H223 | 0.9500 |
C51—H51 | 0.9500 | C233—C243 | 1.386 (3) |
C61—C71 | 1.377 (3) | C233—H233 | 0.9500 |
C61—H61 | 0.9500 | C243—H243 | 0.9500 |
C71—O81 | 1.349 (2) | P4—C14 | 1.794 (2) |
C72—O82 | 1.355 (2) | P4—C134 | 1.795 (2) |
C91—O911 | 1.217 (3) | P4—C74 | 1.797 (2) |
C91—O912 | 1.340 (3) | P4—C194 | 1.804 (2) |
O912—H912 | 0.8400 | C14—C64 | 1.388 (3) |
C22—C32 | 1.403 (3) | C14—C24 | 1.398 (3) |
C22—C72 | 1.411 (3) | C24—C34 | 1.382 (3) |
C32—C42 | 1.403 (3) | C24—H24 | 0.9500 |
C32—C92 | 1.478 (3) | C34—C44 | 1.381 (3) |
C42—C52 | 1.372 (3) | C34—H34 | 0.9500 |
C42—H42 | 0.9500 | C44—C54 | 1.384 (3) |
C52—C62 | 1.405 (3) | C44—H44 | 0.9500 |
C52—H52 | 0.9500 | C54—C64 | 1.385 (3) |
C62—C72 | 1.374 (3) | C54—H54 | 0.9500 |
C62—H62 | 0.9500 | C64—H64 | 0.9500 |
C92—O921 | 1.218 (3) | C74—C84 | 1.392 (3) |
C92—O922 | 1.344 (3) | C74—C124 | 1.394 (3) |
O922—H922 | 0.8400 | C84—C94 | 1.390 (3) |
P3—C133 | 1.791 (2) | C84—H84 | 0.9500 |
P3—C13 | 1.793 (2) | C94—C104 | 1.376 (4) |
P3—C193 | 1.794 (2) | C94—H94 | 0.9500 |
P3—C73 | 1.795 (2) | C104—C114 | 1.377 (4) |
C13—C23 | 1.387 (3) | C104—H104 | 0.9500 |
C13—C63 | 1.394 (3) | C114—C124 | 1.389 (3) |
C23—C33 | 1.387 (4) | C114—H114 | 0.9500 |
C23—H23 | 0.9500 | C124—H124 | 0.9500 |
C33—C43 | 1.373 (4) | C134—C184 | 1.393 (3) |
C33—H33 | 0.9500 | C134—C144 | 1.405 (3) |
C43—C53 | 1.371 (4) | C144—C154 | 1.378 (3) |
C43—H43 | 0.9500 | C144—H144 | 0.9500 |
C53—C63 | 1.383 (3) | C154—C164 | 1.385 (3) |
C53—H53 | 0.9500 | C154—H154 | 0.9500 |
C63—H63 | 0.9500 | C164—C174 | 1.381 (3) |
C73—C123 | 1.387 (3) | C164—H164 | 0.9500 |
C73—C83 | 1.399 (3) | C174—C184 | 1.383 (3) |
C83—C93 | 1.378 (3) | C174—H174 | 0.9500 |
C83—H83 | 0.9500 | C184—H184 | 0.9500 |
C93—C103 | 1.389 (3) | C194—C204 | 1.390 (3) |
C93—H93 | 0.9500 | C194—C244 | 1.395 (3) |
C103—C113 | 1.378 (4) | C204—C214 | 1.390 (3) |
C103—H103 | 0.9500 | C204—H204 | 0.9500 |
C113—C123 | 1.385 (3) | C214—C224 | 1.374 (4) |
C113—H113 | 0.9500 | C214—H214 | 0.9500 |
C123—H123 | 0.9500 | C224—C234 | 1.380 (4) |
C133—C183 | 1.389 (3) | C224—H224 | 0.9500 |
C133—C143 | 1.400 (3) | C234—C244 | 1.387 (3) |
C143—C153 | 1.375 (3) | C234—H234 | 0.9500 |
C143—H143 | 0.9500 | C244—H244 | 0.9500 |
O1—Mo1—O2 | 103.36 (7) | C133—C143—H143 | 120.3 |
O1—Mo1—O81 | 105.89 (7) | C143—C153—C163 | 120.4 (2) |
O2—Mo1—O81 | 91.32 (7) | C143—C153—H153 | 119.8 |
O1—Mo1—O82 | 92.12 (7) | C163—C153—H153 | 119.8 |
O2—Mo1—O82 | 103.59 (7) | C173—C163—C153 | 119.8 (2) |
O81—Mo1—O82 | 153.40 (6) | C173—C163—H163 | 120.1 |
O1—Mo1—O12 | 161.83 (7) | C153—C163—H163 | 120.1 |
O2—Mo1—O12 | 92.29 (6) | C163—C173—C183 | 120.7 (2) |
O81—Mo1—O12 | 82.58 (6) | C163—C173—H173 | 119.7 |
O82—Mo1—O12 | 75.03 (5) | C183—C173—H173 | 119.7 |
O1—Mo1—O11 | 88.97 (6) | C173—C183—C133 | 119.2 (2) |
O2—Mo1—O11 | 164.19 (7) | C173—C183—H183 | 120.4 |
O81—Mo1—O11 | 75.61 (5) | C133—C183—H183 | 120.4 |
O82—Mo1—O11 | 85.53 (5) | C243—C193—C203 | 120.3 (2) |
O12—Mo1—O11 | 77.43 (5) | C243—C193—P3 | 120.79 (16) |
C21—O11—Mo1 | 111.89 (12) | C203—C193—P3 | 118.74 (16) |
O11—C21—C31 | 124.17 (18) | C213—C203—C193 | 119.4 (2) |
O11—C21—C71 | 116.03 (17) | C213—C203—H203 | 120.3 |
C31—C21—C71 | 119.77 (19) | C193—C203—H203 | 120.3 |
C22—O12—Mo1 | 113.07 (12) | C203—C213—C223 | 120.5 (2) |
O12—C22—C32 | 124.64 (18) | C203—C213—H213 | 119.8 |
O12—C22—C72 | 115.85 (18) | C223—C213—H213 | 119.8 |
C32—C22—C72 | 119.51 (18) | C213—C223—C233 | 120.2 (2) |
C21—C31—C41 | 119.0 (2) | C213—C223—H223 | 119.9 |
C21—C31—C91 | 120.80 (19) | C233—C223—H223 | 119.9 |
C41—C31—C91 | 120.20 (19) | C223—C233—C243 | 120.6 (2) |
C51—C41—C31 | 120.5 (2) | C223—C233—H233 | 119.7 |
C51—C41—H41 | 119.8 | C243—C233—H233 | 119.7 |
C31—C41—H41 | 119.8 | C233—C243—C193 | 119.0 (2) |
C41—C51—C61 | 120.8 (2) | C233—C243—H243 | 120.5 |
C41—C51—H51 | 119.6 | C193—C243—H243 | 120.5 |
C61—C51—H51 | 119.6 | C14—P4—C134 | 108.11 (10) |
C71—C61—C51 | 119.6 (2) | C14—P4—C74 | 108.39 (10) |
C71—C61—H61 | 120.2 | C134—P4—C74 | 110.85 (10) |
C51—C61—H61 | 120.2 | C14—P4—C194 | 110.81 (10) |
O81—C71—C61 | 123.75 (19) | C134—P4—C194 | 111.13 (10) |
O81—C71—C21 | 115.84 (17) | C74—P4—C194 | 107.53 (10) |
C61—C71—C21 | 120.41 (19) | C64—C14—C24 | 119.9 (2) |
C71—O81—Mo1 | 120.06 (12) | C64—C14—P4 | 120.04 (16) |
O911—C91—O912 | 120.0 (2) | C24—C14—P4 | 119.86 (17) |
O911—C91—C31 | 124.2 (2) | C34—C24—C14 | 120.1 (2) |
O912—C91—C31 | 115.77 (19) | C34—C24—H24 | 120.0 |
C91—O912—H912 | 109.5 | C14—C24—H24 | 120.0 |
C22—C32—C42 | 118.83 (19) | C44—C34—C24 | 119.9 (2) |
C22—C32—C92 | 120.60 (19) | C44—C34—H34 | 120.1 |
C42—C32—C92 | 120.57 (19) | C24—C34—H34 | 120.1 |
C52—C42—C32 | 121.1 (2) | C34—C44—C54 | 120.1 (2) |
C52—C42—H42 | 119.5 | C34—C44—H44 | 119.9 |
C32—C42—H42 | 119.5 | C54—C44—H44 | 119.9 |
C42—C52—C62 | 120.3 (2) | C44—C54—C64 | 120.6 (2) |
C42—C52—H52 | 119.9 | C44—C54—H54 | 119.7 |
C62—C52—H52 | 119.9 | C64—C54—H54 | 119.7 |
C72—C62—C52 | 119.6 (2) | C54—C64—C14 | 119.4 (2) |
C72—C62—H62 | 120.2 | C54—C64—H64 | 120.3 |
C52—C62—H62 | 120.2 | C14—C64—H64 | 120.3 |
O82—C72—C62 | 124.10 (19) | C84—C74—C124 | 120.4 (2) |
O82—C72—C22 | 115.18 (18) | C84—C74—P4 | 120.92 (17) |
C62—C72—C22 | 120.71 (19) | C124—C74—P4 | 118.72 (18) |
C72—O82—Mo1 | 120.75 (12) | C94—C84—C74 | 119.6 (2) |
O921—C92—O922 | 119.7 (2) | C94—C84—H84 | 120.2 |
O921—C92—C32 | 124.6 (2) | C74—C84—H84 | 120.2 |
O922—C92—C32 | 115.69 (18) | C104—C94—C84 | 119.9 (2) |
C92—O922—H922 | 109.5 | C104—C94—H94 | 120.0 |
C133—P3—C13 | 110.21 (10) | C84—C94—H94 | 120.0 |
C133—P3—C193 | 107.48 (10) | C114—C104—C94 | 120.5 (2) |
C13—P3—C193 | 110.73 (10) | C114—C104—H104 | 119.7 |
C133—P3—C73 | 111.14 (10) | C94—C104—H104 | 119.7 |
C13—P3—C73 | 105.31 (10) | C104—C114—C124 | 120.6 (2) |
C193—P3—C73 | 112.01 (10) | C104—C114—H114 | 119.7 |
C23—C13—C63 | 120.1 (2) | C124—C114—H114 | 119.7 |
C23—C13—P3 | 122.25 (18) | C114—C124—C74 | 118.9 (2) |
C63—C13—P3 | 117.54 (16) | C114—C124—H124 | 120.5 |
C13—C23—C33 | 118.8 (2) | C74—C124—H124 | 120.5 |
C13—C23—H23 | 120.6 | C184—C134—C144 | 119.8 (2) |
C33—C23—H23 | 120.6 | C184—C134—P4 | 121.41 (16) |
C43—C33—C23 | 121.1 (2) | C144—C134—P4 | 118.76 (16) |
C43—C33—H33 | 119.4 | C154—C144—C134 | 119.8 (2) |
C23—C33—H33 | 119.4 | C154—C144—H144 | 120.1 |
C53—C43—C33 | 119.9 (2) | C134—C144—H144 | 120.1 |
C53—C43—H43 | 120.0 | C144—C154—C164 | 119.9 (2) |
C33—C43—H43 | 120.0 | C144—C154—H154 | 120.1 |
C43—C53—C63 | 120.4 (2) | C164—C154—H154 | 120.1 |
C43—C53—H53 | 119.8 | C174—C164—C154 | 120.7 (2) |
C63—C53—H53 | 119.8 | C174—C164—H164 | 119.7 |
C53—C63—C13 | 119.6 (2) | C154—C164—H164 | 119.7 |
C53—C63—H63 | 120.2 | C164—C174—C184 | 120.1 (2) |
C13—C63—H63 | 120.2 | C164—C174—H174 | 119.9 |
C123—C73—C83 | 120.2 (2) | C184—C174—H174 | 119.9 |
C123—C73—P3 | 122.78 (17) | C174—C184—C134 | 119.7 (2) |
C83—C73—P3 | 116.79 (15) | C174—C184—H184 | 120.1 |
C93—C83—C73 | 119.6 (2) | C134—C184—H184 | 120.1 |
C93—C83—H83 | 120.2 | C204—C194—C244 | 120.0 (2) |
C73—C83—H83 | 120.2 | C204—C194—P4 | 121.53 (17) |
C83—C93—C103 | 120.1 (2) | C244—C194—P4 | 118.43 (17) |
C83—C93—H93 | 120.0 | C194—C204—C214 | 119.2 (2) |
C103—C93—H93 | 120.0 | C194—C204—H204 | 120.4 |
C113—C103—C93 | 120.2 (2) | C214—C204—H204 | 120.4 |
C113—C103—H103 | 119.9 | C224—C214—C204 | 120.8 (2) |
C93—C103—H103 | 119.9 | C224—C214—H214 | 119.6 |
C103—C113—C123 | 120.5 (2) | C204—C214—H214 | 119.6 |
C103—C113—H113 | 119.8 | C214—C224—C234 | 120.1 (2) |
C123—C113—H113 | 119.8 | C214—C224—H224 | 119.9 |
C113—C123—C73 | 119.4 (2) | C234—C224—H224 | 119.9 |
C113—C123—H123 | 120.3 | C224—C234—C244 | 120.2 (2) |
C73—C123—H123 | 120.3 | C224—C234—H234 | 119.9 |
C183—C133—C143 | 120.3 (2) | C244—C234—H234 | 119.9 |
C183—C133—P3 | 121.53 (16) | C234—C244—C194 | 119.7 (2) |
C143—C133—P3 | 118.13 (16) | C234—C244—H244 | 120.1 |
C153—C143—C133 | 119.5 (2) | C194—C244—H244 | 120.1 |
C153—C143—H143 | 120.3 |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O912—H912···O11 | 0.84 | 1.73 | 2.514 (2) | 155 |
O922—H922···O12 | 0.84 | 1.74 | 2.523 (2) | 155 |
C33—H33···O912i | 0.95 | 2.54 | 3.357 (3) | 144 |
C43—H43···O911i | 0.95 | 2.29 | 3.178 (3) | 154 |
C44—H44···O2ii | 0.95 | 2.48 | 3.195 (3) | 132 |
C54—H54···O911i | 0.95 | 2.55 | 3.249 (3) | 131 |
C163—H163···O12iii | 0.95 | 2.46 | 3.348 (3) | 156 |
C173—H173···O922iii | 0.95 | 2.58 | 3.370 (3) | 141 |
C223—H223···O921iv | 0.95 | 2.55 | 3.447 (3) | 158 |
C233—H233···O922iv | 0.95 | 2.53 | 3.310 (3) | 140 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1/2, −y, z+1/2; (ii) −x+3/2, −y, z+1/2; (iii) x, −y+1/2, z+1/2; (iv) x+1, −y+1/2, z+1/2. |
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Special Research Account of Athens University and in particular by the Herakleitos programme (EPEAEK II).
References
Beurskens, P. T., Admiraal, G., Beurskens, G., Bosman, W. P., García-Granda, S., Gould, R. O., Smits, J. M. M. & Smykalla, C. (1996). The DIRDIF96 Program System. Technical Report of the Crystallography Laboratory, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Google Scholar
Buchanan, R. M. & Pierpont, C. G. (1980). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 4951–4957. CSD CrossRef CAS Web of Science Google Scholar
Griffith, W. P., Nogueira, H. I. S., Parkin, B. C., Sheppard, R. N., White, A. J. P. & Williams, D. J. J. (1995). J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. pp. 1775–1781. CrossRef Google Scholar
Karaliota, A., Aletras, V., Hadjipanayioti, D., Kamariotaki, M. & Potamianou, M. (2002). J. Mass Spectrom. 37, 760–763. Web of Science CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Lu, X., Liu, S., Mao, X. & Bu, X. (2001). J. Mol. Struct. 562, 89–94. Web of Science CSD CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Lymberopoulou-Karaliota, A., Hatzipanayioti, D., Kamariotaki, M., Potamianou, M., Litos, C. & Aletras, V. (2005). Inorg. Chim. Acta, 358, 2975–2995. Web of Science CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Sheldrick, G. M. (1993). XCIF. University of Göttingen, Germany. Google Scholar
Sheldrick, G. M. (1997). SHELXL97 and XP. University of Göttingen, Germany. Google Scholar
Sheldrick, G. M. (2004). SADABS. University of Göttingen, Germany. Google Scholar
Siemens (1993). SMART. Siemens Analytical X-ray Instruments Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Google Scholar
Siemens (1995). SAINT. Siemens Analytical X-ray Instruments Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Google Scholar
Spek, A. L. (2003). J. Appl. Cryst. 36, 7–13. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
© International Union of Crystallography. Prior permission is not required to reproduce short quotations, tables and figures from this article, provided the original authors and source are cited. For more information, click here.