organic compounds
2-Hydroxy-N′-[(1Z)-1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-2-methylpropylidene]benzohydrazide
aDepartment of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Taishan University, 271021 Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
*Correspondence e-mail: tsucjg@163.com
The title compound, C18H20N2O3, adopts a cis conformation with respect to the C=N double bond. The is stabilized by intramolecular N—H⋯O and intermolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Related literature
For further details of the chemistry of the title compound, see: Carcelli et al. (1995); Salem (1998).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Refinement
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Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2005); cell SAINT (Bruker, 2005); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997a); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997a); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 1997b); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL.
Supporting information
https://doi.org/10.1107/S160053680706357X/pk2070sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S160053680706357X/pk2070Isup2.hkl
2-hydroxybenzohydrazide (0.01 mol,1.52 g) was dissolved in anhydrous ethanol (50 ml) and 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-one (0.01 mol, 1.78 g) was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 6 h with stirring, and the resulting precipitate was collected by filtration, washed several times with ethanol and dried in vacuo (yield 85%). The compound (1.0 mmol, 0.31 g) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (15 ml) and kept at room temperature for 30 d to obtain colourless single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction.
All H atoms were positioned geometrically and treated as riding on their parent atoms, with C—H(methyl) = 0.96 Å, C—H(tertiary) = 0.98 Å, C—H(aromatic) = 0.93 Å, O—H = 0.82 Å, N—H =0.86 Å and with Uiso(H) =1.5Ueq(Cmethyl, O) and 1.2Ueq(Caromatic, Ctertiary, N).
The chemistry of aroylhydrazones continues to attract much attention due to their ability to coordinate metal ions (Salem, 1998) and their biological activity (Carcelli et al., 1995). As an extension of work on the structural characterization of aroylhydrazone derivatives, the title compound was synthesized and its
is reported here.The title molecule displays a
conformation with respect to the C8=N2 double bond (Fig. 1). The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 75.01 (6)°. The is stabilized by intramolecular N—H···O and intermolecular O—H···O hydrogen bonds (Table 1. and Fig. 2).For further details of the chemistry of the title compound, see: Carcelli et al. (1995); Salem (1998).
Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2005); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 2005); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2005); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997a); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997a); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 1997b); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 1997b).C18H20N2O3 | F(000) = 664 |
Mr = 312.36 | Dx = 1.255 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ybc | Cell parameters from 2019 reflections |
a = 11.2144 (11) Å | θ = 2.6–23.2° |
b = 11.2887 (11) Å | µ = 0.09 mm−1 |
c = 13.6535 (13) Å | T = 273 K |
β = 107.000 (2)° | Block, yellow |
V = 1653.0 (3) Å3 | 0.25 × 0.22 × 0.16 mm |
Z = 4 |
Bruker APEX2 CCD area-detector diffractometer | 2924 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 2094 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.026 |
φ and ω scans | θmax = 25.1°, θmin = 1.9° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 2003) | h = −13→10 |
Tmin = 0.987, Tmax = 0.991 | k = −12→13 |
8523 measured reflections | l = −10→16 |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.042 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.139 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.00 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0879P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
2924 reflections | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
210 parameters | Δρmax = 0.20 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.15 e Å−3 |
C18H20N2O3 | V = 1653.0 (3) Å3 |
Mr = 312.36 | Z = 4 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 11.2144 (11) Å | µ = 0.09 mm−1 |
b = 11.2887 (11) Å | T = 273 K |
c = 13.6535 (13) Å | 0.25 × 0.22 × 0.16 mm |
β = 107.000 (2)° |
Bruker APEX2 CCD area-detector diffractometer | 2924 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 2003) | 2094 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.987, Tmax = 0.991 | Rint = 0.026 |
8523 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.042 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.139 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.00 | Δρmax = 0.20 e Å−3 |
2924 reflections | Δρmin = −0.15 e Å−3 |
210 parameters |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F^2^ against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F^2^, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F^2^. The threshold expression of F^2^ > 2σ(F^2^) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F^2^ are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
O1 | 0.14313 (13) | 0.32510 (11) | 0.31013 (11) | 0.0609 (4) | |
H1 | 0.1500 | 0.3965 | 0.3215 | 0.091* | |
O2 | 0.01561 (11) | 0.20180 (13) | −0.04931 (10) | 0.0629 (4) | |
H2 | 0.0461 | 0.2149 | −0.0960 | 0.094* | |
O3 | −0.20731 (11) | 0.03822 (11) | 0.10448 (9) | 0.0555 (4) | |
N1 | −0.01360 (13) | 0.10594 (12) | 0.11865 (10) | 0.0445 (4) | |
H1A | 0.0346 | 0.1442 | 0.0910 | 0.053* | |
N2 | 0.03470 (14) | 0.05414 (12) | 0.21453 (11) | 0.0444 (4) | |
C1 | 0.21322 (16) | 0.29390 (14) | 0.24792 (13) | 0.0426 (4) | |
C2 | 0.21798 (15) | 0.17485 (15) | 0.22370 (12) | 0.0397 (4) | |
C3 | 0.28605 (16) | 0.14187 (17) | 0.15787 (14) | 0.0496 (5) | |
H3 | 0.2892 | 0.0623 | 0.1412 | 0.060* | |
C4 | 0.34956 (16) | 0.22417 (19) | 0.11622 (14) | 0.0546 (5) | |
C5 | 0.34352 (18) | 0.34066 (19) | 0.14234 (14) | 0.0566 (5) | |
H5 | 0.3857 | 0.3972 | 0.1156 | 0.068* | |
C6 | 0.27685 (18) | 0.37622 (17) | 0.20703 (14) | 0.0553 (5) | |
H6 | 0.2744 | 0.4560 | 0.2235 | 0.066* | |
C7 | 0.4215 (2) | 0.1856 (2) | 0.04319 (17) | 0.0788 (7) | |
H7A | 0.4735 | 0.2495 | 0.0337 | 0.118* | |
H7B | 0.3640 | 0.1644 | −0.0216 | 0.118* | |
H7C | 0.4725 | 0.1184 | 0.0713 | 0.118* | |
C8 | 0.14484 (16) | 0.08723 (14) | 0.26466 (13) | 0.0416 (4) | |
C9 | 0.20075 (18) | 0.03997 (16) | 0.37216 (14) | 0.0538 (5) | |
H9 | 0.2179 | 0.1089 | 0.4178 | 0.065* | |
C10 | 0.1119 (2) | −0.0383 (2) | 0.40763 (17) | 0.0856 (8) | |
H10A | 0.0360 | 0.0042 | 0.4018 | 0.128* | |
H10B | 0.1495 | −0.0605 | 0.4777 | 0.128* | |
H10C | 0.0938 | −0.1081 | 0.3658 | 0.128* | |
C11 | 0.3253 (2) | −0.0202 (2) | 0.38364 (17) | 0.0832 (7) | |
H11A | 0.3138 | −0.0853 | 0.3366 | 0.125* | |
H11B | 0.3584 | −0.0490 | 0.4524 | 0.125* | |
H11C | 0.3824 | 0.0357 | 0.3692 | 0.125* | |
C12 | −0.13535 (15) | 0.09610 (14) | 0.06947 (13) | 0.0399 (4) | |
C13 | −0.18372 (15) | 0.16196 (14) | −0.02863 (12) | 0.0394 (4) | |
C14 | −0.11049 (17) | 0.21255 (15) | −0.08482 (13) | 0.0443 (4) | |
C15 | −0.1663 (2) | 0.27366 (17) | −0.17470 (15) | 0.0580 (5) | |
H15 | −0.1175 | 0.3059 | −0.2125 | 0.070* | |
C16 | −0.2935 (2) | 0.28657 (18) | −0.20782 (16) | 0.0655 (6) | |
H16 | −0.3301 | 0.3283 | −0.2678 | 0.079* | |
C17 | −0.3677 (2) | 0.23870 (19) | −0.15361 (16) | 0.0633 (6) | |
H17 | −0.4538 | 0.2483 | −0.1762 | 0.076* | |
C18 | −0.31253 (17) | 0.17651 (16) | −0.06546 (15) | 0.0522 (5) | |
H18 | −0.3627 | 0.1431 | −0.0293 | 0.063* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
O1 | 0.0832 (10) | 0.0437 (7) | 0.0734 (9) | 0.0020 (7) | 0.0506 (8) | −0.0056 (7) |
O2 | 0.0526 (8) | 0.0929 (11) | 0.0496 (8) | −0.0065 (7) | 0.0248 (7) | 0.0118 (7) |
O3 | 0.0500 (8) | 0.0617 (8) | 0.0590 (8) | −0.0089 (6) | 0.0224 (7) | 0.0137 (6) |
N1 | 0.0446 (8) | 0.0515 (9) | 0.0388 (8) | −0.0079 (6) | 0.0144 (7) | 0.0083 (7) |
N2 | 0.0531 (9) | 0.0425 (8) | 0.0390 (8) | −0.0005 (7) | 0.0159 (7) | 0.0044 (6) |
C1 | 0.0462 (10) | 0.0433 (10) | 0.0424 (10) | 0.0036 (8) | 0.0193 (8) | −0.0023 (8) |
C2 | 0.0377 (9) | 0.0448 (10) | 0.0356 (9) | 0.0011 (7) | 0.0091 (7) | −0.0026 (7) |
C3 | 0.0451 (10) | 0.0563 (11) | 0.0489 (11) | −0.0003 (8) | 0.0159 (9) | −0.0156 (9) |
C4 | 0.0395 (10) | 0.0822 (15) | 0.0439 (11) | −0.0058 (9) | 0.0150 (9) | −0.0101 (10) |
C5 | 0.0545 (12) | 0.0673 (13) | 0.0523 (12) | −0.0135 (10) | 0.0222 (10) | 0.0019 (10) |
C6 | 0.0665 (13) | 0.0441 (10) | 0.0600 (12) | −0.0056 (9) | 0.0258 (10) | −0.0020 (9) |
C7 | 0.0599 (13) | 0.119 (2) | 0.0680 (15) | −0.0099 (12) | 0.0356 (12) | −0.0210 (13) |
C8 | 0.0488 (10) | 0.0365 (9) | 0.0405 (10) | 0.0040 (8) | 0.0145 (8) | −0.0015 (8) |
C9 | 0.0671 (13) | 0.0478 (11) | 0.0421 (11) | 0.0050 (9) | 0.0090 (9) | 0.0029 (8) |
C10 | 0.103 (2) | 0.0882 (18) | 0.0617 (14) | −0.0075 (14) | 0.0178 (14) | 0.0322 (13) |
C11 | 0.0838 (17) | 0.0863 (17) | 0.0682 (15) | 0.0305 (13) | 0.0047 (13) | 0.0085 (13) |
C12 | 0.0441 (10) | 0.0372 (9) | 0.0424 (10) | −0.0035 (7) | 0.0189 (8) | −0.0023 (7) |
C13 | 0.0462 (10) | 0.0373 (9) | 0.0374 (9) | −0.0018 (7) | 0.0161 (8) | −0.0043 (7) |
C14 | 0.0482 (10) | 0.0467 (10) | 0.0395 (10) | −0.0063 (8) | 0.0154 (8) | −0.0023 (8) |
C15 | 0.0756 (15) | 0.0597 (12) | 0.0397 (11) | −0.0133 (10) | 0.0185 (10) | 0.0026 (9) |
C16 | 0.0818 (16) | 0.0580 (13) | 0.0460 (12) | −0.0033 (11) | 0.0021 (11) | 0.0042 (9) |
C17 | 0.0544 (12) | 0.0653 (13) | 0.0603 (13) | 0.0054 (10) | 0.0012 (10) | −0.0001 (11) |
C18 | 0.0468 (11) | 0.0572 (11) | 0.0542 (12) | −0.0003 (9) | 0.0172 (9) | −0.0044 (10) |
O1—C1 | 1.3615 (19) | C7—H7C | 0.9600 |
O1—H1 | 0.8200 | C8—C9 | 1.515 (2) |
O2—C14 | 1.360 (2) | C9—C10 | 1.513 (3) |
O2—H2 | 0.8200 | C9—C11 | 1.519 (3) |
O3—C12 | 1.2377 (19) | C9—H9 | 0.9800 |
N1—C12 | 1.338 (2) | C10—H10A | 0.9600 |
N1—N2 | 1.3909 (19) | C10—H10B | 0.9600 |
N1—H1A | 0.8600 | C10—H10C | 0.9600 |
N2—C8 | 1.280 (2) | C11—H11A | 0.9600 |
C1—C6 | 1.385 (2) | C11—H11B | 0.9600 |
C1—C2 | 1.389 (2) | C11—H11C | 0.9600 |
C2—C3 | 1.389 (2) | C12—C13 | 1.489 (2) |
C2—C8 | 1.494 (2) | C13—C18 | 1.393 (2) |
C3—C4 | 1.389 (3) | C13—C14 | 1.399 (2) |
C3—H3 | 0.9300 | C14—C15 | 1.387 (3) |
C4—C5 | 1.369 (3) | C15—C16 | 1.372 (3) |
C4—C7 | 1.518 (2) | C15—H15 | 0.9300 |
C5—C6 | 1.373 (3) | C16—C17 | 1.376 (3) |
C5—H5 | 0.9300 | C16—H16 | 0.9300 |
C6—H6 | 0.9300 | C17—C18 | 1.374 (3) |
C7—H7A | 0.9600 | C17—H17 | 0.9300 |
C7—H7B | 0.9600 | C18—H18 | 0.9300 |
C1—O1—H1 | 109.5 | C10—C9—H9 | 106.6 |
C14—O2—H2 | 109.5 | C8—C9—H9 | 106.6 |
C12—N1—N2 | 119.78 (13) | C11—C9—H9 | 106.6 |
C12—N1—H1A | 120.1 | C9—C10—H10A | 109.5 |
N2—N1—H1A | 120.1 | C9—C10—H10B | 109.5 |
C8—N2—N1 | 115.46 (14) | H10A—C10—H10B | 109.5 |
O1—C1—C6 | 122.51 (15) | C9—C10—H10C | 109.5 |
O1—C1—C2 | 117.92 (15) | H10A—C10—H10C | 109.5 |
C6—C1—C2 | 119.56 (16) | H10B—C10—H10C | 109.5 |
C1—C2—C3 | 118.68 (16) | C9—C11—H11A | 109.5 |
C1—C2—C8 | 119.21 (14) | C9—C11—H11B | 109.5 |
C3—C2—C8 | 122.03 (15) | H11A—C11—H11B | 109.5 |
C2—C3—C4 | 122.00 (18) | C9—C11—H11C | 109.5 |
C2—C3—H3 | 119.0 | H11A—C11—H11C | 109.5 |
C4—C3—H3 | 119.0 | H11B—C11—H11C | 109.5 |
C5—C4—C3 | 117.72 (16) | O3—C12—N1 | 122.33 (15) |
C5—C4—C7 | 121.53 (18) | O3—C12—C13 | 120.26 (15) |
C3—C4—C7 | 120.74 (19) | N1—C12—C13 | 117.38 (13) |
C4—C5—C6 | 121.73 (17) | C18—C13—C14 | 117.82 (16) |
C4—C5—H5 | 119.1 | C18—C13—C12 | 116.76 (14) |
C6—C5—H5 | 119.1 | C14—C13—C12 | 125.40 (15) |
C5—C6—C1 | 120.31 (18) | O2—C14—C15 | 120.87 (16) |
C5—C6—H6 | 119.8 | O2—C14—C13 | 118.95 (15) |
C1—C6—H6 | 119.8 | C15—C14—C13 | 120.18 (17) |
C4—C7—H7A | 109.5 | C16—C15—C14 | 120.07 (18) |
C4—C7—H7B | 109.5 | C16—C15—H15 | 120.0 |
H7A—C7—H7B | 109.5 | C14—C15—H15 | 120.0 |
C4—C7—H7C | 109.5 | C15—C16—C17 | 121.00 (19) |
H7A—C7—H7C | 109.5 | C15—C16—H16 | 119.5 |
H7B—C7—H7C | 109.5 | C17—C16—H16 | 119.5 |
N2—C8—C2 | 122.85 (15) | C18—C17—C16 | 118.89 (19) |
N2—C8—C9 | 118.46 (15) | C18—C17—H17 | 120.6 |
C2—C8—C9 | 118.62 (15) | C16—C17—H17 | 120.6 |
C10—C9—C8 | 113.01 (17) | C17—C18—C13 | 122.03 (18) |
C10—C9—C11 | 112.20 (18) | C17—C18—H18 | 119.0 |
C8—C9—C11 | 111.40 (16) | C13—C18—H18 | 119.0 |
C12—N1—N2—C8 | −166.53 (15) | C2—C8—C9—C10 | 174.27 (17) |
O1—C1—C2—C3 | 178.11 (16) | N2—C8—C9—C11 | 124.62 (19) |
C6—C1—C2—C3 | −0.6 (3) | C2—C8—C9—C11 | −58.3 (2) |
O1—C1—C2—C8 | 1.2 (2) | N2—N1—C12—O3 | −2.8 (2) |
C6—C1—C2—C8 | −177.50 (16) | N2—N1—C12—C13 | 174.85 (14) |
C1—C2—C3—C4 | 0.3 (3) | O3—C12—C13—C18 | 13.7 (2) |
C8—C2—C3—C4 | 177.10 (16) | N1—C12—C13—C18 | −163.97 (15) |
C2—C3—C4—C5 | 0.2 (3) | O3—C12—C13—C14 | −168.03 (16) |
C2—C3—C4—C7 | −179.04 (17) | N1—C12—C13—C14 | 14.3 (2) |
C3—C4—C5—C6 | −0.3 (3) | C18—C13—C14—O2 | 178.59 (16) |
C7—C4—C5—C6 | 178.90 (19) | C12—C13—C14—O2 | 0.4 (2) |
C4—C5—C6—C1 | 0.0 (3) | C18—C13—C14—C15 | −0.7 (2) |
O1—C1—C6—C5 | −178.17 (18) | C12—C13—C14—C15 | −178.97 (16) |
C2—C1—C6—C5 | 0.5 (3) | O2—C14—C15—C16 | −178.11 (17) |
N1—N2—C8—C2 | −0.4 (2) | C13—C14—C15—C16 | 1.2 (3) |
N1—N2—C8—C9 | 176.55 (14) | C14—C15—C16—C17 | −0.6 (3) |
C1—C2—C8—N2 | 93.6 (2) | C15—C16—C17—C18 | −0.5 (3) |
C3—C2—C8—N2 | −83.1 (2) | C16—C17—C18—C13 | 0.9 (3) |
C1—C2—C8—C9 | −83.3 (2) | C14—C13—C18—C17 | −0.3 (3) |
C3—C2—C8—C9 | 99.94 (19) | C12—C13—C18—C17 | 178.06 (17) |
N2—C8—C9—C10 | −2.8 (3) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1A···O2 | 0.86 | 1.98 | 2.6413 (18) | 133 |
O2—H2···O1i | 0.82 | 1.96 | 2.7249 (17) | 155 |
O1—H1···O3ii | 0.82 | 1.90 | 2.6787 (18) | 158 |
Symmetry codes: (i) x, −y+1/2, z−1/2; (ii) −x, y+1/2, −z+1/2. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C18H20N2O3 |
Mr | 312.36 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/c |
Temperature (K) | 273 |
a, b, c (Å) | 11.2144 (11), 11.2887 (11), 13.6535 (13) |
β (°) | 107.000 (2) |
V (Å3) | 1653.0 (3) |
Z | 4 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.09 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.25 × 0.22 × 0.16 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker APEX2 CCD area-detector |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 2003) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.987, 0.991 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 8523, 2924, 2094 |
Rint | 0.026 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.597 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.042, 0.139, 1.00 |
No. of reflections | 2924 |
No. of parameters | 210 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.20, −0.15 |
Computer programs: APEX2 (Bruker, 2005), SAINT (Bruker, 2005), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 1997a), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 1997a), SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 1997b).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1A···O2 | 0.86 | 1.98 | 2.6413 (18) | 133.4 |
O2—H2···O1i | 0.82 | 1.96 | 2.7249 (17) | 154.6 |
O1—H1···O3ii | 0.82 | 1.90 | 2.6787 (18) | 157.9 |
Symmetry codes: (i) x, −y+1/2, z−1/2; (ii) −x, y+1/2, −z+1/2. |
Acknowledgements
This project was supported by the Postgraduate Foundation of Taishan University (No. Y05–2–09).
References
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The chemistry of aroylhydrazones continues to attract much attention due to their ability to coordinate metal ions (Salem, 1998) and their biological activity (Carcelli et al., 1995). As an extension of work on the structural characterization of aroylhydrazone derivatives, the title compound was synthesized and its crystal structure is reported here.
The title molecule displays a cis conformation with respect to the C8=N2 double bond (Fig. 1). The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 75.01 (6)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by intramolecular N—H···O and intermolecular O—H···O hydrogen bonds (Table 1. and Fig. 2).