organic compounds
N-Butyl-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxamide 1,1-dioxide
aInstitute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan, bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Pakistan, and cDepartment of Chemistry, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
*Correspondence e-mail: drhamidlatif@yahoo.com
The title compound, C14H18N2O4S, contains hydrogen-bonded dimeric pairs of molecules arranged around inversion centers, forming 14-membered rings with an R22(14) motif. The structure is stabilized by extensive intramolecular interactions. The thiazine ring adopts a half-chair conformation, with the S and N atoms displaced by −0.485 (3) and 0.296 (3) Å, respectively, from the plane formed by the remaining atoms of the ring.
Related literature
For related literature, see: Ahmad, Siddiqui, Ahmad et al. (2008); Ahmad, Siddiqui, Zia-ur-Rehman et al. (2008); Bernstein et al. (1994); Gupta et al. (1993, 2002); Kojić-Prodić & Rużić-Toroš (1982); Lombardino (1971); Lombardino & Wiseman (1972); Rehman et al. (2005, 2006); Sianesi et al. (1973); Siddiqui et al. (2008); Zinnes et al. (1982); Drebushchak et al. (2006).
Experimental
Crystal data
|
Refinement
|
Data collection: COLLECT (Hooft, 1998); cell HKL DENZO (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997); data reduction: SCALEPACK (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97.
Supporting information
10.1107/S160053680801670X/bh2176sup1.cif
contains datablocks Global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S160053680801670X/bh2176Isup2.hkl
Methyl-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-2H-1,2-benzothiazine-3-carboxylate-1,1-dioxide (1.0 g, 3.72 mmoles) was dissolved in n-butyl amine (5 ml) in a test tube. The mixture was placed at room temperature for 7 days. Crystals of (I) suitable for crystallographic analysis were found, which were washed with MeOH.
Though all the H atoms could be found in a difference map, the H atoms bonded to C atoms were included at geometrically idealized positions and refined in riding-model approximation with the following constraints: C—H distances were set to 0.95, 0.98 and 0.99 Å for aryl, methyl and methylene H atoms, respectively, and Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C). H atoms bonded to N2 and O3 were taken from a difference map and were allowed to refine with Uiso = 1.2 times Ueq of the parent atom. The final difference map was free of any chemically significant features.
Data collection: COLLECT (Hooft, 1998); cell
HKL DENZO (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997); data reduction: SCALEPACK (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008).C14H18N2O4S | F(000) = 656 |
Mr = 310.36 | Dx = 1.389 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ybc | Cell parameters from 12380 reflections |
a = 10.233 (2) Å | θ = 3.4–27.6° |
b = 14.780 (4) Å | µ = 0.24 mm−1 |
c = 10.365 (5) Å | T = 173 K |
β = 108.79 (2)° | Prism, colorless |
V = 1484.1 (9) Å3 | 0.14 × 0.12 × 0.06 mm |
Z = 4 |
Nonius KappaCCD diffractometer | 3405 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 2646 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.041 |
ω and ϕ scans | θmax = 27.6°, θmin = 3.4° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SORTAV; Blessing, 1997) | h = −13→13 |
Tmin = 0.968, Tmax = 0.986 | k = −19→19 |
12380 measured reflections | l = −13→13 |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.039 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.100 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.03 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.045P)2 + 0.606P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
3405 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
198 parameters | Δρmax = 0.30 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.43 e Å−3 |
C14H18N2O4S | V = 1484.1 (9) Å3 |
Mr = 310.36 | Z = 4 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 10.233 (2) Å | µ = 0.24 mm−1 |
b = 14.780 (4) Å | T = 173 K |
c = 10.365 (5) Å | 0.14 × 0.12 × 0.06 mm |
β = 108.79 (2)° |
Nonius KappaCCD diffractometer | 3405 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SORTAV; Blessing, 1997) | 2646 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.968, Tmax = 0.986 | Rint = 0.041 |
12380 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.039 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.100 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.03 | Δρmax = 0.30 e Å−3 |
3405 reflections | Δρmin = −0.43 e Å−3 |
198 parameters |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
S1 | 0.53051 (4) | 0.13868 (3) | 0.96872 (5) | 0.03033 (13) | |
O1 | 0.45310 (12) | 0.12905 (9) | 0.82760 (14) | 0.0384 (3) | |
O2 | 0.46724 (13) | 0.11547 (9) | 1.06916 (15) | 0.0400 (3) | |
O3 | 0.86081 (13) | 0.22923 (9) | 0.83438 (13) | 0.0336 (3) | |
H3O | 0.899 (2) | 0.1799 (16) | 0.816 (2) | 0.050* | |
O4 | 0.92527 (12) | 0.06200 (9) | 0.82242 (13) | 0.0356 (3) | |
N1 | 0.67274 (13) | 0.07980 (9) | 0.99855 (14) | 0.0265 (3) | |
N2 | 0.78434 (15) | −0.04424 (10) | 0.86553 (16) | 0.0327 (3) | |
H2N | 0.714 (2) | −0.0525 (14) | 0.894 (2) | 0.039* | |
C1 | 0.59359 (17) | 0.24980 (11) | 0.99677 (17) | 0.0283 (4) | |
C2 | 0.53309 (18) | 0.31325 (12) | 1.05849 (19) | 0.0342 (4) | |
H2 | 0.4587 | 0.2967 | 1.0897 | 0.041* | |
C3 | 0.58309 (19) | 0.40116 (12) | 1.07376 (19) | 0.0359 (4) | |
H3 | 0.5430 | 0.4455 | 1.1159 | 0.043* | |
C4 | 0.69144 (19) | 0.42436 (12) | 1.02763 (18) | 0.0349 (4) | |
H4 | 0.7235 | 0.4851 | 1.0363 | 0.042* | |
C5 | 0.75381 (17) | 0.36033 (12) | 0.96906 (18) | 0.0309 (4) | |
H5 | 0.8289 | 0.3772 | 0.9392 | 0.037* | |
C6 | 0.70664 (17) | 0.27103 (11) | 0.95385 (17) | 0.0276 (4) | |
C7 | 0.77716 (16) | 0.19970 (12) | 0.90287 (17) | 0.0272 (4) | |
C8 | 0.76003 (16) | 0.11021 (12) | 0.92283 (17) | 0.0269 (4) | |
C9 | 0.74832 (19) | 0.05636 (13) | 1.14249 (18) | 0.0355 (4) | |
H9A | 0.8206 | 0.0121 | 1.1457 | 0.043* | |
H9B | 0.6839 | 0.0305 | 1.1848 | 0.043* | |
H9C | 0.7905 | 0.1110 | 1.1921 | 0.043* | |
C10 | 0.82934 (17) | 0.04054 (12) | 0.86719 (17) | 0.0288 (4) | |
C11 | 0.8470 (2) | −0.12047 (12) | 0.8176 (2) | 0.0385 (4) | |
H11A | 0.9478 | −0.1107 | 0.8430 | 0.046* | |
H11B | 0.8091 | −0.1238 | 0.7170 | 0.046* | |
C12 | 0.82004 (18) | −0.20820 (12) | 0.8775 (2) | 0.0335 (4) | |
H12A | 0.7192 | −0.2189 | 0.8486 | 0.040* | |
H12B | 0.8537 | −0.2034 | 0.9781 | 0.040* | |
C13 | 0.88952 (19) | −0.28900 (12) | 0.83487 (19) | 0.0339 (4) | |
H13A | 0.8496 | −0.2975 | 0.7351 | 0.041* | |
H13B | 0.9892 | −0.2761 | 0.8562 | 0.041* | |
C14 | 0.8724 (2) | −0.37560 (13) | 0.9058 (2) | 0.0405 (5) | |
H14A | 0.9237 | −0.4245 | 0.8799 | 0.049* | |
H14B | 0.7743 | −0.3916 | 0.8787 | 0.049* | |
H14C | 0.9079 | −0.3668 | 1.0048 | 0.049* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
S1 | 0.0252 (2) | 0.0286 (2) | 0.0417 (3) | −0.00243 (16) | 0.01704 (18) | −0.00165 (18) |
O1 | 0.0263 (6) | 0.0414 (8) | 0.0450 (8) | −0.0039 (5) | 0.0078 (5) | −0.0038 (6) |
O2 | 0.0400 (7) | 0.0340 (7) | 0.0597 (9) | −0.0031 (5) | 0.0352 (7) | −0.0005 (6) |
O3 | 0.0347 (7) | 0.0328 (7) | 0.0411 (7) | −0.0041 (5) | 0.0232 (6) | 0.0015 (6) |
O4 | 0.0316 (6) | 0.0379 (7) | 0.0455 (8) | −0.0004 (5) | 0.0239 (6) | 0.0008 (6) |
N1 | 0.0267 (7) | 0.0273 (7) | 0.0306 (8) | −0.0003 (5) | 0.0160 (6) | 0.0018 (6) |
N2 | 0.0306 (8) | 0.0311 (8) | 0.0433 (9) | −0.0001 (6) | 0.0215 (7) | −0.0031 (7) |
C1 | 0.0269 (8) | 0.0267 (8) | 0.0330 (9) | 0.0003 (6) | 0.0121 (7) | 0.0023 (7) |
C2 | 0.0317 (9) | 0.0342 (10) | 0.0404 (10) | 0.0042 (7) | 0.0167 (8) | 0.0028 (8) |
C3 | 0.0400 (10) | 0.0296 (9) | 0.0393 (10) | 0.0073 (8) | 0.0142 (8) | 0.0019 (8) |
C4 | 0.0407 (10) | 0.0269 (9) | 0.0353 (10) | −0.0007 (7) | 0.0097 (8) | 0.0024 (7) |
C5 | 0.0306 (9) | 0.0309 (9) | 0.0315 (9) | −0.0027 (7) | 0.0104 (7) | 0.0040 (7) |
C6 | 0.0255 (8) | 0.0307 (9) | 0.0267 (8) | −0.0011 (7) | 0.0087 (7) | 0.0019 (7) |
C7 | 0.0229 (8) | 0.0338 (9) | 0.0264 (8) | −0.0028 (6) | 0.0098 (7) | 0.0014 (7) |
C8 | 0.0234 (8) | 0.0318 (9) | 0.0282 (9) | −0.0018 (6) | 0.0122 (7) | 0.0008 (7) |
C9 | 0.0385 (10) | 0.0390 (10) | 0.0331 (10) | −0.0019 (8) | 0.0171 (8) | 0.0021 (8) |
C10 | 0.0245 (8) | 0.0345 (9) | 0.0290 (9) | 0.0006 (7) | 0.0107 (7) | 0.0003 (7) |
C11 | 0.0432 (10) | 0.0326 (10) | 0.0502 (12) | 0.0037 (8) | 0.0294 (9) | −0.0028 (8) |
C12 | 0.0324 (9) | 0.0340 (10) | 0.0398 (10) | 0.0013 (7) | 0.0194 (8) | −0.0026 (8) |
C13 | 0.0329 (9) | 0.0348 (10) | 0.0367 (10) | 0.0015 (7) | 0.0152 (8) | −0.0036 (8) |
C14 | 0.0365 (10) | 0.0356 (10) | 0.0486 (12) | −0.0003 (8) | 0.0128 (9) | −0.0003 (9) |
S1—O1 | 1.4286 (15) | C5—C6 | 1.397 (2) |
S1—O2 | 1.4335 (14) | C5—H5 | 0.9500 |
S1—N1 | 1.6375 (14) | C6—C7 | 1.469 (2) |
S1—C1 | 1.7543 (18) | C7—C8 | 1.359 (2) |
O3—C7 | 1.349 (2) | C8—C10 | 1.470 (2) |
O3—H3O | 0.88 (2) | C9—H9A | 0.9800 |
O4—C10 | 1.254 (2) | C9—H9B | 0.9800 |
N1—C8 | 1.438 (2) | C9—H9C | 0.9800 |
N1—C9 | 1.484 (2) | C11—C12 | 1.501 (3) |
N2—C10 | 1.333 (2) | C11—H11A | 0.9900 |
N2—C11 | 1.460 (2) | C11—H11B | 0.9900 |
N2—H2N | 0.87 (2) | C12—C13 | 1.526 (2) |
C1—C2 | 1.388 (2) | C12—H12A | 0.9900 |
C1—C6 | 1.402 (2) | C12—H12B | 0.9900 |
C2—C3 | 1.387 (3) | C13—C14 | 1.514 (3) |
C2—H2 | 0.9500 | C13—H13A | 0.9900 |
C3—C4 | 1.385 (3) | C13—H13B | 0.9900 |
C3—H3 | 0.9500 | C14—H14A | 0.9800 |
C4—C5 | 1.386 (3) | C14—H14B | 0.9800 |
C4—H4 | 0.9500 | C14—H14C | 0.9800 |
O1—S1—O2 | 119.25 (9) | C7—C8—C10 | 121.34 (15) |
O1—S1—N1 | 107.84 (8) | N1—C8—C10 | 117.28 (14) |
O2—S1—N1 | 108.51 (8) | N1—C9—H9A | 109.5 |
O1—S1—C1 | 108.42 (8) | N1—C9—H9B | 109.5 |
O2—S1—C1 | 109.38 (8) | H9A—C9—H9B | 109.5 |
N1—S1—C1 | 102.07 (8) | N1—C9—H9C | 109.5 |
C7—O3—H3O | 104.4 (15) | H9A—C9—H9C | 109.5 |
C8—N1—C9 | 114.06 (13) | H9B—C9—H9C | 109.5 |
C8—N1—S1 | 113.67 (11) | O4—C10—N2 | 122.76 (16) |
C9—N1—S1 | 117.24 (11) | O4—C10—C8 | 120.15 (15) |
C10—N2—C11 | 122.83 (15) | N2—C10—C8 | 117.08 (15) |
C10—N2—H2N | 116.6 (14) | N2—C11—C12 | 111.55 (15) |
C11—N2—H2N | 120.6 (14) | N2—C11—H11A | 109.3 |
C2—C1—C6 | 122.08 (16) | C12—C11—H11A | 109.3 |
C2—C1—S1 | 120.92 (13) | N2—C11—H11B | 109.3 |
C6—C1—S1 | 117.00 (13) | C12—C11—H11B | 109.3 |
C3—C2—C1 | 118.85 (16) | H11A—C11—H11B | 108.0 |
C3—C2—H2 | 120.6 | C11—C12—C13 | 113.08 (14) |
C1—C2—H2 | 120.6 | C11—C12—H12A | 109.0 |
C4—C3—C2 | 119.98 (17) | C13—C12—H12A | 109.0 |
C4—C3—H3 | 120.0 | C11—C12—H12B | 109.0 |
C2—C3—H3 | 120.0 | C13—C12—H12B | 109.0 |
C3—C4—C5 | 121.00 (17) | H12A—C12—H12B | 107.8 |
C3—C4—H4 | 119.5 | C14—C13—C12 | 112.53 (15) |
C5—C4—H4 | 119.5 | C14—C13—H13A | 109.1 |
C4—C5—C6 | 120.23 (16) | C12—C13—H13A | 109.1 |
C4—C5—H5 | 119.9 | C14—C13—H13B | 109.1 |
C6—C5—H5 | 119.9 | C12—C13—H13B | 109.1 |
C5—C6—C1 | 117.78 (16) | H13A—C13—H13B | 107.8 |
C5—C6—C7 | 121.80 (15) | C13—C14—H14A | 109.5 |
C1—C6—C7 | 120.31 (15) | C13—C14—H14B | 109.5 |
O3—C7—C8 | 122.01 (15) | H14A—C14—H14B | 109.5 |
O3—C7—C6 | 115.20 (15) | C13—C14—H14C | 109.5 |
C8—C7—C6 | 122.79 (15) | H14A—C14—H14C | 109.5 |
C7—C8—N1 | 121.38 (14) | H14B—C14—H14C | 109.5 |
O1—S1—N1—C8 | 61.67 (13) | S1—C1—C6—C7 | −6.9 (2) |
O2—S1—N1—C8 | −167.86 (11) | C5—C6—C7—O3 | −19.3 (2) |
C1—S1—N1—C8 | −52.42 (13) | C1—C6—C7—O3 | 164.56 (15) |
O1—S1—N1—C9 | −161.75 (12) | C5—C6—C7—C8 | 160.65 (16) |
O2—S1—N1—C9 | −31.28 (14) | C1—C6—C7—C8 | −15.5 (2) |
C1—S1—N1—C9 | 84.16 (13) | O3—C7—C8—N1 | 178.67 (14) |
O1—S1—C1—C2 | 103.81 (15) | C6—C7—C8—N1 | −1.3 (2) |
O2—S1—C1—C2 | −27.73 (17) | O3—C7—C8—C10 | −1.7 (3) |
N1—S1—C1—C2 | −142.53 (15) | C6—C7—C8—C10 | 178.33 (15) |
O1—S1—C1—C6 | −76.03 (15) | C9—N1—C8—C7 | −98.65 (19) |
O2—S1—C1—C6 | 152.43 (13) | S1—N1—C8—C7 | 39.3 (2) |
N1—S1—C1—C6 | 37.63 (15) | C9—N1—C8—C10 | 81.71 (18) |
C6—C1—C2—C3 | 2.3 (3) | S1—N1—C8—C10 | −140.30 (13) |
S1—C1—C2—C3 | −177.53 (14) | C11—N2—C10—O4 | 3.1 (3) |
C1—C2—C3—C4 | 0.1 (3) | C11—N2—C10—C8 | −177.77 (16) |
C2—C3—C4—C5 | −1.7 (3) | C7—C8—C10—O4 | 13.4 (3) |
C3—C4—C5—C6 | 0.9 (3) | N1—C8—C10—O4 | −166.94 (15) |
C4—C5—C6—C1 | 1.4 (2) | C7—C8—C10—N2 | −165.76 (16) |
C4—C5—C6—C7 | −174.82 (16) | N1—C8—C10—N2 | 13.9 (2) |
C2—C1—C6—C5 | −3.0 (3) | C10—N2—C11—C12 | 156.43 (17) |
S1—C1—C6—C5 | 176.82 (13) | N2—C11—C12—C13 | −177.35 (16) |
C2—C1—C6—C7 | 173.25 (16) | C11—C12—C13—C14 | 174.83 (17) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O3—H3O···O4 | 0.88 (2) | 1.76 (2) | 2.572 (2) | 153 (2) |
N2—H2N···O2i | 0.87 (2) | 2.21 (2) | 3.052 (2) | 161 (2) |
N2—H2N···N1 | 0.87 (2) | 2.34 (2) | 2.753 (2) | 109 (2) |
C9—H9B···O2 | 0.98 | 2.49 | 2.864 (2) | 102 |
Symmetry code: (i) −x+1, −y, −z+2. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C14H18N2O4S |
Mr | 310.36 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/c |
Temperature (K) | 173 |
a, b, c (Å) | 10.233 (2), 14.780 (4), 10.365 (5) |
β (°) | 108.79 (2) |
V (Å3) | 1484.1 (9) |
Z | 4 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.24 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.14 × 0.12 × 0.06 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Nonius KappaCCD diffractometer |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SORTAV; Blessing, 1997) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.968, 0.986 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 12380, 3405, 2646 |
Rint | 0.041 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.652 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.039, 0.100, 1.03 |
No. of reflections | 3405 |
No. of parameters | 198 |
H-atom treatment | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.30, −0.43 |
Computer programs: COLLECT (Hooft, 1998), HKL DENZO (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997), SCALEPACK (Otwinowski & Minor, 1997), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O3—H3O···O4 | 0.88 (2) | 1.76 (2) | 2.572 (2) | 153 (2) |
N2—H2N···O2i | 0.87 (2) | 2.21 (2) | 3.052 (2) | 161 (2) |
N2—H2N···N1 | 0.87 (2) | 2.34 (2) | 2.753 (2) | 109 (2) |
C9—H9B···O2 | 0.98 | 2.49 | 2.864 (2) | 102 |
Symmetry code: (i) −x+1, −y, −z+2. |
References
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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited.
Several benzothiazine derivatives like piroxicam, sudoxicam (Lombardino & Wiseman, 1972; Rehman et al., 2005) and isoxicam (Zinnes et al., 1982) have been reported in the literature to be potential anti-inflammatory agents. Some of the derivatives of benzothiazines are found to be analgesic (Gupta et al., 2002), anti-cancer (Gupta et al., 1993) and exhibitors of central nervous system activity (Sianesi et al., 1973). We have reported anti-bacterial activities (Rehman et al., 2006) of a series of 1,2-benzothiazines. In continuation of our work on 1,2-benzothiazines 1,1-dioxides (Ahmad, Siddiqui, Ahmad, Irfan Ashiq & Tizzard, 2008; Ahmad, Siddiqui, Zia-ur-Rehman, Ashiq & Tizzard, 2008), we report in this paper the crystal structure of the title compound, (I), which was patented for Pfizer Inc. (Lombardino, 1971).
The structure of (I), (Fig. 1), contains dimeric pairs of molecules lying about inversion centers resulting from N2—H2N···O2 hydrogen bonds (Fig. 2). The 14-membered rings thus formed represent R22(14) motif in the graph set notation (Bernstein et al., 1994). Similar hydrogen-bonded dimers have been reported in structures related to the title compound (Siddiqui et al., 2008; Drebushchak et al., 2006; Kojić-Prodić & Rużić-Toroš, 1982). The structure is stabilized by extensive intramolecular interactions (Fig. 1 and Table 1). The thiazine ring in (I) adopts a half-chair conformation with atoms S1 and N1 displaced by -0.485 (3) and 0.296 (3) Å, respectively, from the plane formed by the remaining atoms of the ring.