organic compounds
2,7-Dibromo-9-octyl-9H-carbazole
aDépartement de Chimie, Université of Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7, and bSolarisChem Inc., 598 Chaline Street, St-Lazare, Québec, Canada J7T 3E8
*Correspondence e-mail: eric.gagnon.2@umontreal.ca
In the 20H23Br2N, the octyl chains are extended in an anti conformation and form a segregating bilayer, isolating rows of carbazole units. The carbazole moieties are engaged in offset π–π interactions; the smallest centroid-to-centroid distance is 4.2822 (11) Å. This offset packing motif allows the methylene group attached directly to the N atom to be involved in two short C—H⋯π interactions (H⋯centroid distances = 2.96 and 2.99 Å) with an adjacent carbazole. One of the Br atoms also participates in a short contact [3.5475 (3) Å] with a symmetry-related (−x, 1 − y, −z) Br atom. This value is significantly smaller than the sum of the van der Waals radii for bromine (3.70 Å).
of the title compound, CRelated literature
For general background, see: Morin & Leclerc (2001). For the structure of 3,6-dibromo-9-hexyl-9H-carbazole, see: Duan et al. (2005). For the general use of 2,7-dihalogeno-9-alkyl-9H-carbazoles in synthesis, see: Blouin & Leclerc (2008). For details of halogen⋯halogen interactions, see: Desiraju & Parthasarathy (1989). The synthesis of the title compound was performed according to published procedures (Bouchard et al., 2004; Dierschke et al., 2003).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Refinement
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Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2006); cell SAINT (Bruker, 2006); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008) and Material Studio (Accelrys, 2005); software used to prepare material for publication: UdMX (Maris, 2004).
Supporting information
10.1107/S1600536808032121/is2343sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536808032121/is2343Isup2.hkl
The title compound was obtained by a two-step synthesis starting from 4,4'-dibromo-2-nitrobiphenyl. A reductive Cadogan ring-closure reaction was performed according to Dierschke et al. (2003) to afford 2,7-dibromocarbazole, which was alkylated with 1-bromooctane following a procedure reported by Bouchard et al. (2004). Crystallization of the title compound from hexanes afforded needles which were used in this study. Spectroscopic data proved to be consistent with the reported values.
H atoms were placed in idealized positions and allowed to ride on their parent atoms, with C—H distances of 0.99 Å (methylene), 0.98 Å (methyl) and 0.95 Å (aromatic C—H), and with Uiso(H) of 1.2Ueq(C) for aromatic and methylene H atoms and 1.5Ueq(C) for terminal methyl groups.
Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2006); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 2006); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2006); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008) and Material Studio (Accelrys, 2005); software used to prepare material for publication: UdMX (Maris, 2004).C20H23Br2N | F(000) = 880 |
Mr = 437.21 | Dx = 1.533 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Cu Kα radiation, λ = 1.54178 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ybc | Cell parameters from 20371 reflections |
a = 20.7256 (4) Å | θ = 2.9–67.8° |
b = 4.6578 (1) Å | µ = 5.40 mm−1 |
c = 19.7236 (4) Å | T = 150 K |
β = 95.945 (1)° | Needle, colourless |
V = 1893.79 (7) Å3 | 0.13 × 0.07 × 0.04 mm |
Z = 4 |
Bruker Microstar diffractometer | 3301 independent reflections |
Radiation source: Rotating anode | 3158 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Helios optics monochromator | Rint = 0.065 |
Detector resolution: 8.3 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 68.2°, θmin = 4.3° |
ω scans | h = −24→24 |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 2007) | k = −5→5 |
Tmin = 0.633, Tmax = 0.806 | l = −22→23 |
30701 measured reflections |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.030 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.083 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.07 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0431P)2 + 0.9966P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
3301 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
209 parameters | Δρmax = 0.51 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.39 e Å−3 |
C20H23Br2N | V = 1893.79 (7) Å3 |
Mr = 437.21 | Z = 4 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Cu Kα radiation |
a = 20.7256 (4) Å | µ = 5.40 mm−1 |
b = 4.6578 (1) Å | T = 150 K |
c = 19.7236 (4) Å | 0.13 × 0.07 × 0.04 mm |
β = 95.945 (1)° |
Bruker Microstar diffractometer | 3301 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 2007) | 3158 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.633, Tmax = 0.806 | Rint = 0.065 |
30701 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.030 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.083 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.07 | Δρmax = 0.51 e Å−3 |
3301 reflections | Δρmin = −0.39 e Å−3 |
209 parameters |
Experimental. X-ray crystallographic data for the title compound were collected from a single-crystal sample, which was mounted on a loop fiber. Data were collected using a Bruker Microstar diffractometer equipped with a Platinum 135 CCD Detector, Helios optics and a Kappa goniometer. The crystal-to-detector distance was 4.0 cm, and the data collection was carried out in 512 x 512 pixel mode. The initial unit-cell parameters were determined by a least-squares fit of the angular setting of strong reflections, collected by a 10.0 degree scan in 33 frames over three different parts of the reciprocal space (99 frames total). Due to geometrical constraints of the instrument and the use of copper radiation, we consistently obtain a data completeness lower than 100% depending on the crystal system and the orientation of the mounted crystal, even with appropriate data collection routines. Typical values for data completeness range from 83–92% for triclinic, 85–97% for monoclinic and 85–98% for all other crystal systems. |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
Br1 | 0.277870 (14) | 0.91023 (7) | 0.562136 (14) | 0.05940 (12) | |
Br2 | 0.056608 (12) | 0.45377 (7) | 0.073002 (13) | 0.05584 (12) | |
C1 | 0.23693 (9) | 0.8734 (4) | 0.42106 (11) | 0.0366 (5) | |
H1 | 0.2690 | 1.0155 | 0.4159 | 0.044* | |
C2 | 0.22615 (11) | 0.7662 (5) | 0.48414 (11) | 0.0411 (5) | |
C3 | 0.17985 (12) | 0.5585 (5) | 0.49381 (12) | 0.0452 (5) | |
H3 | 0.1744 | 0.4921 | 0.5384 | 0.054* | |
C4 | 0.14194 (11) | 0.4495 (4) | 0.43831 (12) | 0.0405 (5) | |
H4 | 0.1100 | 0.3080 | 0.4443 | 0.049* | |
C5 | 0.07350 (9) | 0.2906 (4) | 0.27976 (11) | 0.0368 (5) | |
H5 | 0.0533 | 0.1671 | 0.3096 | 0.044* | |
C6 | 0.05563 (9) | 0.2808 (4) | 0.21101 (12) | 0.0396 (5) | |
H6 | 0.0231 | 0.1502 | 0.1930 | 0.047* | |
C7 | 0.08542 (10) | 0.4637 (4) | 0.16739 (12) | 0.0377 (5) | |
C8 | 0.13427 (9) | 0.6544 (4) | 0.19041 (10) | 0.0340 (4) | |
H8 | 0.1547 | 0.7739 | 0.1600 | 0.041* | |
C9 | 0.15163 (8) | 0.6612 (4) | 0.26027 (10) | 0.0296 (4) | |
C10 | 0.12158 (9) | 0.4832 (4) | 0.30598 (11) | 0.0313 (4) | |
C11 | 0.15084 (9) | 0.5491 (4) | 0.37300 (11) | 0.0333 (4) | |
C12 | 0.19845 (9) | 0.7622 (4) | 0.36566 (10) | 0.0317 (4) | |
C13 | 0.24263 (9) | 1.0219 (4) | 0.26789 (10) | 0.0312 (4) | |
H13A | 0.2547 | 1.1795 | 0.3004 | 0.037* | |
H13B | 0.2208 | 1.1080 | 0.2257 | 0.037* | |
C14 | 0.30385 (9) | 0.8674 (4) | 0.25132 (11) | 0.0319 (4) | |
H14A | 0.3277 | 0.7976 | 0.2942 | 0.038* | |
H14B | 0.2914 | 0.6981 | 0.2226 | 0.038* | |
C15 | 0.34861 (9) | 1.0575 (4) | 0.21437 (11) | 0.0327 (4) | |
H15A | 0.3241 | 1.1362 | 0.1728 | 0.039* | |
H15B | 0.3631 | 1.2212 | 0.2442 | 0.039* | |
C16 | 0.40776 (9) | 0.8980 (4) | 0.19451 (11) | 0.0341 (4) | |
H16A | 0.3931 | 0.7254 | 0.1680 | 0.041* | |
H16B | 0.4339 | 0.8325 | 0.2365 | 0.041* | |
C17 | 0.45074 (10) | 1.0767 (4) | 0.15261 (12) | 0.0364 (5) | |
H17A | 0.4241 | 1.1515 | 0.1119 | 0.044* | |
H17B | 0.4676 | 1.2434 | 0.1801 | 0.044* | |
C18 | 0.50750 (10) | 0.9090 (4) | 0.12985 (12) | 0.0396 (5) | |
H18A | 0.5331 | 0.8288 | 0.1706 | 0.048* | |
H18B | 0.4904 | 0.7457 | 0.1013 | 0.048* | |
C19 | 0.55238 (10) | 1.0841 (5) | 0.08983 (13) | 0.0442 (5) | |
H19A | 0.5698 | 1.2473 | 0.1182 | 0.053* | |
H19B | 0.5270 | 1.1638 | 0.0488 | 0.053* | |
C20 | 0.60875 (12) | 0.9104 (6) | 0.06785 (16) | 0.0586 (7) | |
H20A | 0.6350 | 0.8366 | 0.1083 | 0.088* | |
H20B | 0.6356 | 1.0334 | 0.0418 | 0.088* | |
H20C | 0.5920 | 0.7494 | 0.0393 | 0.088* | |
N1 | 0.19774 (7) | 0.8298 (3) | 0.29719 (8) | 0.0309 (3) |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Br1 | 0.06460 (19) | 0.0781 (2) | 0.03306 (19) | 0.00348 (13) | −0.00678 (13) | −0.00578 (11) |
Br2 | 0.04915 (17) | 0.0795 (2) | 0.03734 (19) | 0.00033 (11) | −0.00278 (13) | −0.01405 (11) |
C1 | 0.0320 (9) | 0.0419 (10) | 0.0357 (12) | 0.0036 (8) | 0.0031 (9) | −0.0021 (8) |
C2 | 0.0427 (11) | 0.0501 (12) | 0.0298 (12) | 0.0099 (9) | 0.0008 (9) | −0.0031 (9) |
C3 | 0.0529 (13) | 0.0517 (12) | 0.0328 (13) | 0.0090 (10) | 0.0138 (11) | 0.0056 (9) |
C4 | 0.0428 (11) | 0.0422 (11) | 0.0385 (13) | 0.0019 (8) | 0.0140 (10) | 0.0047 (9) |
C5 | 0.0302 (9) | 0.0356 (9) | 0.0458 (13) | −0.0001 (8) | 0.0101 (9) | −0.0009 (9) |
C6 | 0.0286 (9) | 0.0395 (10) | 0.0507 (14) | −0.0002 (8) | 0.0045 (9) | −0.0085 (9) |
C7 | 0.0311 (10) | 0.0460 (11) | 0.0356 (12) | 0.0081 (8) | 0.0019 (9) | −0.0082 (9) |
C8 | 0.0297 (9) | 0.0389 (10) | 0.0338 (12) | 0.0039 (8) | 0.0049 (8) | 0.0005 (8) |
C9 | 0.0255 (8) | 0.0324 (9) | 0.0315 (11) | 0.0041 (7) | 0.0052 (8) | −0.0006 (7) |
C10 | 0.0269 (9) | 0.0334 (9) | 0.0346 (12) | 0.0049 (7) | 0.0077 (8) | 0.0008 (8) |
C11 | 0.0301 (9) | 0.0351 (9) | 0.0359 (12) | 0.0045 (7) | 0.0097 (9) | 0.0015 (8) |
C12 | 0.0295 (9) | 0.0358 (9) | 0.0305 (11) | 0.0055 (7) | 0.0068 (8) | 0.0014 (8) |
C13 | 0.0302 (9) | 0.0325 (9) | 0.0314 (11) | 0.0002 (7) | 0.0051 (8) | 0.0018 (8) |
C14 | 0.0293 (9) | 0.0334 (9) | 0.0333 (11) | 0.0014 (7) | 0.0045 (8) | 0.0037 (8) |
C15 | 0.0301 (9) | 0.0332 (9) | 0.0352 (12) | 0.0004 (7) | 0.0051 (9) | 0.0032 (8) |
C16 | 0.0297 (9) | 0.0367 (9) | 0.0362 (12) | 0.0016 (7) | 0.0049 (9) | 0.0038 (8) |
C17 | 0.0316 (9) | 0.0381 (10) | 0.0401 (13) | 0.0006 (8) | 0.0067 (9) | 0.0032 (8) |
C18 | 0.0344 (10) | 0.0407 (10) | 0.0450 (14) | 0.0008 (8) | 0.0103 (10) | 0.0030 (9) |
C19 | 0.0365 (11) | 0.0469 (12) | 0.0509 (15) | −0.0043 (9) | 0.0133 (10) | 0.0010 (10) |
C20 | 0.0441 (13) | 0.0647 (15) | 0.071 (2) | −0.0028 (11) | 0.0275 (13) | −0.0028 (13) |
N1 | 0.0282 (7) | 0.0360 (8) | 0.0289 (9) | −0.0009 (6) | 0.0050 (7) | 0.0017 (7) |
Br1—C2 | 1.904 (2) | C13—C14 | 1.523 (2) |
Br2—C7 | 1.896 (2) | C13—H13A | 0.9900 |
C1—C2 | 1.380 (3) | C13—H13B | 0.9900 |
C1—C12 | 1.385 (3) | C14—C15 | 1.522 (2) |
C1—H1 | 0.9500 | C14—H14A | 0.9900 |
C2—C3 | 1.390 (3) | C14—H14B | 0.9900 |
C3—C4 | 1.376 (4) | C15—C16 | 1.519 (3) |
C3—H3 | 0.9500 | C15—H15A | 0.9900 |
C4—C11 | 1.399 (3) | C15—H15B | 0.9900 |
C4—H4 | 0.9500 | C16—C17 | 1.524 (3) |
C5—C6 | 1.369 (3) | C16—H16A | 0.9900 |
C5—C10 | 1.399 (3) | C16—H16B | 0.9900 |
C5—H5 | 0.9500 | C17—C18 | 1.518 (3) |
C6—C7 | 1.399 (3) | C17—H17A | 0.9900 |
C6—H6 | 0.9500 | C17—H17B | 0.9900 |
C7—C8 | 1.387 (3) | C18—C19 | 1.518 (3) |
C8—C9 | 1.388 (3) | C18—H18A | 0.9900 |
C8—H8 | 0.9500 | C18—H18B | 0.9900 |
C9—N1 | 1.384 (3) | C19—C20 | 1.520 (3) |
C9—C10 | 1.416 (3) | C19—H19A | 0.9900 |
C10—C11 | 1.429 (3) | C19—H19B | 0.9900 |
C11—C12 | 1.417 (3) | C20—H20A | 0.9800 |
C12—N1 | 1.385 (2) | C20—H20B | 0.9800 |
C13—N1 | 1.453 (2) | C20—H20C | 0.9800 |
C2—C1—C12 | 116.24 (19) | C13—C14—H14A | 109.0 |
C2—C1—H1 | 121.9 | C15—C14—H14B | 109.0 |
C12—C1—H1 | 121.9 | C13—C14—H14B | 109.0 |
C1—C2—C3 | 123.7 (2) | H14A—C14—H14B | 107.8 |
C1—C2—Br1 | 118.09 (17) | C16—C15—C14 | 112.77 (15) |
C3—C2—Br1 | 118.25 (17) | C16—C15—H15A | 109.0 |
C4—C3—C2 | 119.5 (2) | C14—C15—H15A | 109.0 |
C4—C3—H3 | 120.2 | C16—C15—H15B | 109.0 |
C2—C3—H3 | 120.2 | C14—C15—H15B | 109.0 |
C3—C4—C11 | 119.4 (2) | H15A—C15—H15B | 107.8 |
C3—C4—H4 | 120.3 | C15—C16—C17 | 113.92 (16) |
C11—C4—H4 | 120.3 | C15—C16—H16A | 108.8 |
C6—C5—C10 | 119.78 (18) | C17—C16—H16A | 108.8 |
C6—C5—H5 | 120.1 | C15—C16—H16B | 108.8 |
C10—C5—H5 | 120.1 | C17—C16—H16B | 108.8 |
C5—C6—C7 | 119.84 (19) | H16A—C16—H16B | 107.7 |
C5—C6—H6 | 120.1 | C18—C17—C16 | 113.20 (16) |
C7—C6—H6 | 120.1 | C18—C17—H17A | 108.9 |
C8—C7—C6 | 122.8 (2) | C16—C17—H17A | 108.9 |
C8—C7—Br2 | 118.81 (16) | C18—C17—H17B | 108.9 |
C6—C7—Br2 | 118.36 (16) | C16—C17—H17B | 108.9 |
C7—C8—C9 | 116.41 (18) | H17A—C17—H17B | 107.8 |
C7—C8—H8 | 121.8 | C19—C18—C17 | 114.38 (17) |
C9—C8—H8 | 121.8 | C19—C18—H18A | 108.7 |
N1—C9—C8 | 128.98 (17) | C17—C18—H18A | 108.7 |
N1—C9—C10 | 108.81 (17) | C19—C18—H18B | 108.7 |
C8—C9—C10 | 122.21 (18) | C17—C18—H18B | 108.7 |
C5—C10—C9 | 118.90 (19) | H18A—C18—H18B | 107.6 |
C5—C10—C11 | 134.20 (18) | C18—C19—C20 | 113.13 (19) |
C9—C10—C11 | 106.90 (17) | C18—C19—H19A | 109.0 |
C4—C11—C12 | 119.1 (2) | C20—C19—H19A | 109.0 |
C4—C11—C10 | 134.14 (19) | C18—C19—H19B | 109.0 |
C12—C11—C10 | 106.81 (17) | C20—C19—H19B | 109.0 |
C1—C12—N1 | 129.14 (18) | H19A—C19—H19B | 107.8 |
C1—C12—C11 | 122.11 (18) | C19—C20—H20A | 109.5 |
N1—C12—C11 | 108.76 (18) | C19—C20—H20B | 109.5 |
N1—C13—C14 | 112.13 (15) | H20A—C20—H20B | 109.5 |
N1—C13—H13A | 109.2 | C19—C20—H20C | 109.5 |
C14—C13—H13A | 109.2 | H20A—C20—H20C | 109.5 |
N1—C13—H13B | 109.2 | H20B—C20—H20C | 109.5 |
C14—C13—H13B | 109.2 | C9—N1—C12 | 108.71 (15) |
H13A—C13—H13B | 107.9 | C9—N1—C13 | 125.15 (16) |
C15—C14—C13 | 113.00 (15) | C12—N1—C13 | 125.82 (17) |
C15—C14—H14A | 109.0 | ||
C12—C1—C2—C3 | 0.0 (3) | C9—C10—C11—C12 | −0.84 (19) |
C12—C1—C2—Br1 | 179.77 (14) | C2—C1—C12—N1 | 179.21 (18) |
C1—C2—C3—C4 | 0.0 (3) | C2—C1—C12—C11 | −0.4 (3) |
Br1—C2—C3—C4 | −179.72 (16) | C4—C11—C12—C1 | 0.6 (3) |
C2—C3—C4—C11 | 0.3 (3) | C10—C11—C12—C1 | −179.15 (17) |
C10—C5—C6—C7 | −0.1 (3) | C4—C11—C12—N1 | −179.03 (16) |
C5—C6—C7—C8 | 1.5 (3) | C10—C11—C12—N1 | 1.2 (2) |
C5—C6—C7—Br2 | −177.43 (14) | N1—C13—C14—C15 | 174.47 (17) |
C6—C7—C8—C9 | −1.5 (3) | C13—C14—C15—C16 | −176.84 (18) |
Br2—C7—C8—C9 | 177.42 (13) | C14—C15—C16—C17 | 175.50 (18) |
C7—C8—C9—N1 | −179.35 (17) | C15—C16—C17—C18 | −176.75 (19) |
C7—C8—C9—C10 | 0.2 (3) | C16—C17—C18—C19 | −178.2 (2) |
C6—C5—C10—C9 | −1.1 (3) | C17—C18—C19—C20 | 179.9 (2) |
C6—C5—C10—C11 | 179.62 (19) | C8—C9—N1—C12 | −179.81 (18) |
N1—C9—C10—C5 | −179.27 (16) | C10—C9—N1—C12 | 0.58 (19) |
C8—C9—C10—C5 | 1.1 (3) | C8—C9—N1—C13 | −6.1 (3) |
N1—C9—C10—C11 | 0.18 (19) | C10—C9—N1—C13 | 174.33 (16) |
C8—C9—C10—C11 | −179.46 (16) | C1—C12—N1—C9 | 179.27 (18) |
C3—C4—C11—C12 | −0.5 (3) | C11—C12—N1—C9 | −1.12 (19) |
C3—C4—C11—C10 | 179.1 (2) | C1—C12—N1—C13 | 5.6 (3) |
C5—C10—C11—C4 | −1.2 (4) | C11—C12—N1—C13 | −174.82 (16) |
C9—C10—C11—C4 | 179.4 (2) | C14—C13—N1—C9 | −86.0 (2) |
C5—C10—C11—C12 | 178.5 (2) | C14—C13—N1—C12 | 86.7 (2) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
C13—H13A···Cg1i | 0.98 | 2.96 | 3.582 (2) | 121 |
C13—H13A···Cg2i | 0.98 | 2.99 | 3.566 (2) | 119 |
Symmetry code: (i) x, y+1, z. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C20H23Br2N |
Mr | 437.21 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/c |
Temperature (K) | 150 |
a, b, c (Å) | 20.7256 (4), 4.6578 (1), 19.7236 (4) |
β (°) | 95.945 (1) |
V (Å3) | 1893.79 (7) |
Z | 4 |
Radiation type | Cu Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 5.40 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.13 × 0.07 × 0.04 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker Microstar diffractometer |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 2007) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.633, 0.806 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 30701, 3301, 3158 |
Rint | 0.065 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.602 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.030, 0.083, 1.07 |
No. of reflections | 3301 |
No. of parameters | 209 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.51, −0.39 |
Computer programs: APEX2 (Bruker, 2006), SAINT (Bruker, 2006), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008) and Material Studio (Accelrys, 2005), UdMX (Maris, 2004).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
C13—H13A···Cg1i | 0.98 | 2.96 | 3.582 (2) | 121 |
C13—H13A···Cg2i | 0.98 | 2.99 | 3.566 (2) | 119 |
Symmetry code: (i) x, y+1, z. |
Footnotes
‡Fellow of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, 2003–2008.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Canada Foundation for Innovation. Dr Thierry Maris and Professor James D. Wuest are gratefully acknowledged for their help in preparing the manuscript. EG also thanks the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Université de Montréal for graduate scholarships.
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The field of conjugated polymer chemistry is highly dependent on the efficient preparation of suitable monomers. Amongst them, substituted fluorenes, thiophenes and phenylenes are readily accessible, allowing the synthesis of polymers with tailored properties. Until 2001, highly conjugated poly(2,7-carbazoles) could not be prepared because potential precursors such as 2,7-dibromo-9-octyl-9H-carbazole were unavailable (Morin & Leclerc, 2001).
In such compounds, an alkyl group is useful because it increases the solubility and helps control molecular packing, which are important parameters in preparing devices such as organic light-emitting diodes and solar cells (Blouin & Leclerc, 2008).
Crystals of 2,7-dibromo-9-octyl-9H-carbazole belonging to the space group P21/c were grown by slowly cooling a saturated hot solution in hexanes. The octyl chain adopts a fully extended conformation, with torsion angles ranging from 174.47 (17)° to 179.9 (2)° (Fig. 1). The octyl groups are parallel and packed tightly, leading to the formation of a bilayered structure (Fig. 2).
The carbazole units pack together through the formation of offset intermolecular π-=π interactions. The smallest centroid···centroid distance is 4.2822 (11) Å and β = 39.81°, which is defined as the angle between the vector Cg1 → Cg2 and the normal to the least-squares plane of Cg1. Cg1 and its plane are defined by N1/C9–C12 and Cg2 is the centroid of C5–C10. Additional stabilization is provided by C—H···π interactions involving H13A [2.96 Å] and H13B [2.99 Å] (Fig. 3 and Table 1) and short contacts [3.5475 (3) Å] between symmetry-related (-x, 1 - y, -z) bromine atoms (Desiraju & Parthasarathy, 1989). The structure of the related compound, 3,6-dibromo-9-hexyl-9H-carbazole, was reported by Duan et al. (2005).