organic compounds
n-Butyl 2-(2,4-dichloroanilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclohex-1-enecarbodithioate
aH. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan, and bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
*Correspondence e-mail: seikweng@um.edu.my
The cyclohexene ring in the title compound, C19H23Cl2NOS2, adopts an with the C atom bearing the two methyl groups representing the flap. This atom deviates by 0.630 (2) Å from the plane passing through the other five atoms of the ring (r.m.s. deviation = 0.020 Å). The molecular conformation is stabilized by an intramolecular N—H⋯S hydrogen bond.
Related literature
For the crystal structures of the n-undecanyl and 2-hydroxyethyl analogues, see: El Ashry et al. (2009a,b).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Refinement
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Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2008); cell SAINT (Bruker, 2008); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: X-SEED (Barbour, 2001); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2009).
Supporting information
10.1107/S1600536809036320/ci2904sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809036320/ci2904Isup2.hkl
A cooled (283 K) solution of (2,4-dichloroanilino)-4,4-dimethyl-6-oxocyclohex-1-ene (0.2 mol) and sodium hydroxide (0.2 mol) in DMSO (30 ml) and water (2 ml), was treated with carbon disulfide (0.3 mol). After 40 min, n-bromobutane (0.15 mol) was added and the reaction mixture was left overnight. The mixture was then diluted with water (200 ml) and acidified with 10% hydrochloric acid. The product was purified on silica gel
to give yellow crystals when recrystallized from ethanol (m.p. 401 K).The N-bound H atom was located in a difference Fourier map and was refined freely. C-bound H atoms were placed in calculated positions (C—H = 0.95–0.99 Å) and were included in the
in the riding model approximation, with Uiso(H) set to 1.2 to 1.5Ueq(C).Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2008); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 2008); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2008); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: X-SEED (Barbour, 2001); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2009).Fig. 1. Displacement ellipsoid plot (Barbour, 2001) plot of C19H23Cl2NOS2 at the 70% probability level; H atoms are drawn as spheres of arbitrary radius. |
C19H23Cl2NOS2 | F(000) = 872 |
Mr = 416.40 | Dx = 1.396 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ybc | Cell parameters from 9957 reflections |
a = 9.0321 (1) Å | θ = 2.5–28.2° |
b = 19.4422 (2) Å | µ = 0.55 mm−1 |
c = 11.4700 (1) Å | T = 123 K |
β = 100.331 (1)° | Block, yellow |
V = 1981.52 (3) Å3 | 0.30 × 0.20 × 0.10 mm |
Z = 4 |
Bruker SMART APEX diffractometer | 4554 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 4279 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.016 |
ω scans | θmax = 27.5°, θmin = 2.1° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) | h = −11→11 |
Tmin = 0.853, Tmax = 0.947 | k = −25→25 |
18747 measured reflections | l = −14→14 |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.025 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.070 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.00 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0405P)2 + 0.9836P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
4554 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
230 parameters | Δρmax = 0.41 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.25 e Å−3 |
C19H23Cl2NOS2 | V = 1981.52 (3) Å3 |
Mr = 416.40 | Z = 4 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 9.0321 (1) Å | µ = 0.55 mm−1 |
b = 19.4422 (2) Å | T = 123 K |
c = 11.4700 (1) Å | 0.30 × 0.20 × 0.10 mm |
β = 100.331 (1)° |
Bruker SMART APEX diffractometer | 4554 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) | 4279 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.853, Tmax = 0.947 | Rint = 0.016 |
18747 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.025 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.070 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.00 | Δρmax = 0.41 e Å−3 |
4554 reflections | Δρmin = −0.25 e Å−3 |
230 parameters |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
Cl1 | 0.66246 (3) | 0.420713 (17) | 0.99199 (3) | 0.02548 (8) | |
Cl2 | 1.25630 (3) | 0.391875 (17) | 1.00782 (3) | 0.02572 (8) | |
S1 | 0.17044 (3) | 0.547076 (14) | 0.56447 (2) | 0.01521 (7) | |
S2 | 0.45310 (3) | 0.595199 (14) | 0.71292 (3) | 0.01818 (8) | |
O1 | 0.18119 (12) | 0.41970 (5) | 0.52118 (12) | 0.0435 (3) | |
N1 | 0.65717 (11) | 0.47990 (5) | 0.74995 (8) | 0.01551 (19) | |
H1 | 0.625 (2) | 0.5237 (10) | 0.7584 (16) | 0.033 (4)* | |
C1 | 0.31311 (14) | 0.40793 (6) | 0.56335 (11) | 0.0194 (2) | |
C2 | 0.37252 (13) | 0.33742 (6) | 0.54278 (10) | 0.0176 (2) | |
H2A | 0.4118 | 0.3381 | 0.4676 | 0.021* | |
H2B | 0.2878 | 0.3044 | 0.5331 | 0.021* | |
C3 | 0.49613 (12) | 0.31158 (6) | 0.64090 (10) | 0.0150 (2) | |
C4 | 0.61567 (12) | 0.36787 (6) | 0.66192 (10) | 0.0163 (2) | |
H4A | 0.6925 | 0.3547 | 0.7312 | 0.020* | |
H4B | 0.6662 | 0.3698 | 0.5922 | 0.020* | |
C5 | 0.55899 (12) | 0.43880 (6) | 0.68327 (9) | 0.0133 (2) | |
C6 | 0.41136 (12) | 0.46044 (6) | 0.63000 (10) | 0.0141 (2) | |
C7 | 0.56586 (14) | 0.24599 (6) | 0.60044 (11) | 0.0203 (2) | |
H7A | 0.6051 | 0.2554 | 0.5277 | 0.030* | |
H7B | 0.4890 | 0.2100 | 0.5851 | 0.030* | |
H7C | 0.6482 | 0.2306 | 0.6626 | 0.030* | |
C8 | 0.43521 (15) | 0.29707 (7) | 0.75460 (11) | 0.0246 (3) | |
H8A | 0.3590 | 0.2607 | 0.7397 | 0.037* | |
H8B | 0.3898 | 0.3390 | 0.7800 | 0.037* | |
H8C | 0.5178 | 0.2822 | 0.8170 | 0.037* | |
C9 | 0.80208 (12) | 0.45912 (6) | 0.81146 (10) | 0.0144 (2) | |
C10 | 0.81793 (13) | 0.43077 (6) | 0.92496 (10) | 0.0160 (2) | |
C11 | 0.95775 (13) | 0.40992 (6) | 0.98561 (10) | 0.0171 (2) | |
H11 | 0.9681 | 0.3902 | 1.0624 | 0.021* | |
C12 | 1.08177 (13) | 0.41848 (6) | 0.93158 (10) | 0.0171 (2) | |
C13 | 1.07029 (13) | 0.44805 (6) | 0.82040 (10) | 0.0187 (2) | |
H13 | 1.1572 | 0.4543 | 0.7856 | 0.022* | |
C14 | 0.92928 (13) | 0.46846 (6) | 0.76063 (10) | 0.0169 (2) | |
H14 | 0.9198 | 0.4889 | 0.6845 | 0.020* | |
C15 | 0.35496 (12) | 0.53004 (6) | 0.63903 (9) | 0.0140 (2) | |
C16 | 0.14330 (13) | 0.63819 (6) | 0.58501 (10) | 0.0162 (2) | |
H16A | 0.2411 | 0.6618 | 0.5885 | 0.019* | |
H16B | 0.0737 | 0.6561 | 0.5150 | 0.019* | |
C17 | 0.08095 (13) | 0.65650 (6) | 0.69585 (10) | 0.0169 (2) | |
H17A | 0.1575 | 0.6462 | 0.7669 | 0.020* | |
H17B | −0.0089 | 0.6280 | 0.6994 | 0.020* | |
C18 | 0.03800 (14) | 0.73269 (6) | 0.69634 (11) | 0.0226 (2) | |
H18A | 0.1254 | 0.7609 | 0.6846 | 0.027* | |
H18B | −0.0451 | 0.7418 | 0.6292 | 0.027* | |
C19 | −0.01100 (17) | 0.75431 (7) | 0.81137 (13) | 0.0308 (3) | |
H19A | −0.0374 | 0.8033 | 0.8074 | 0.046* | |
H19B | 0.0716 | 0.7464 | 0.8780 | 0.046* | |
H19C | −0.0988 | 0.7272 | 0.8227 | 0.046* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Cl1 | 0.01664 (14) | 0.03539 (18) | 0.02576 (15) | −0.00287 (11) | 0.00749 (11) | 0.00779 (12) |
Cl2 | 0.01535 (14) | 0.03229 (17) | 0.02687 (16) | 0.00715 (11) | −0.00338 (11) | 0.00089 (12) |
S1 | 0.01301 (13) | 0.01582 (14) | 0.01536 (13) | 0.00136 (9) | −0.00128 (10) | −0.00127 (9) |
S2 | 0.01510 (14) | 0.01493 (14) | 0.02250 (15) | −0.00004 (10) | −0.00210 (11) | −0.00381 (10) |
O1 | 0.0189 (5) | 0.0256 (5) | 0.0756 (8) | 0.0054 (4) | −0.0192 (5) | −0.0213 (5) |
N1 | 0.0130 (4) | 0.0142 (5) | 0.0177 (5) | −0.0003 (3) | −0.0015 (3) | −0.0014 (4) |
C1 | 0.0162 (5) | 0.0169 (5) | 0.0229 (6) | 0.0000 (4) | −0.0023 (4) | −0.0034 (4) |
C2 | 0.0170 (5) | 0.0148 (5) | 0.0188 (5) | −0.0003 (4) | −0.0028 (4) | −0.0027 (4) |
C3 | 0.0135 (5) | 0.0141 (5) | 0.0162 (5) | −0.0014 (4) | 0.0000 (4) | 0.0001 (4) |
C4 | 0.0123 (5) | 0.0148 (5) | 0.0210 (5) | −0.0003 (4) | 0.0012 (4) | −0.0022 (4) |
C5 | 0.0128 (5) | 0.0150 (5) | 0.0125 (5) | −0.0017 (4) | 0.0028 (4) | 0.0006 (4) |
C6 | 0.0122 (5) | 0.0145 (5) | 0.0150 (5) | −0.0011 (4) | 0.0008 (4) | −0.0008 (4) |
C7 | 0.0188 (5) | 0.0145 (5) | 0.0259 (6) | −0.0003 (4) | −0.0010 (4) | −0.0021 (4) |
C8 | 0.0264 (6) | 0.0257 (6) | 0.0225 (6) | −0.0027 (5) | 0.0066 (5) | 0.0050 (5) |
C9 | 0.0124 (5) | 0.0139 (5) | 0.0156 (5) | −0.0009 (4) | −0.0009 (4) | −0.0023 (4) |
C10 | 0.0138 (5) | 0.0169 (5) | 0.0175 (5) | −0.0024 (4) | 0.0035 (4) | −0.0003 (4) |
C11 | 0.0181 (6) | 0.0169 (5) | 0.0153 (5) | −0.0003 (4) | 0.0002 (4) | 0.0009 (4) |
C12 | 0.0128 (5) | 0.0178 (5) | 0.0186 (5) | 0.0025 (4) | −0.0028 (4) | −0.0027 (4) |
C13 | 0.0142 (5) | 0.0239 (6) | 0.0183 (5) | −0.0002 (4) | 0.0037 (4) | −0.0027 (4) |
C14 | 0.0169 (5) | 0.0197 (5) | 0.0137 (5) | −0.0016 (4) | 0.0010 (4) | −0.0012 (4) |
C15 | 0.0126 (5) | 0.0166 (5) | 0.0125 (5) | −0.0006 (4) | 0.0013 (4) | 0.0003 (4) |
C16 | 0.0176 (5) | 0.0144 (5) | 0.0158 (5) | 0.0018 (4) | 0.0007 (4) | 0.0019 (4) |
C17 | 0.0156 (5) | 0.0163 (5) | 0.0184 (5) | 0.0011 (4) | 0.0020 (4) | −0.0009 (4) |
C18 | 0.0224 (6) | 0.0180 (6) | 0.0251 (6) | 0.0033 (4) | −0.0016 (5) | −0.0030 (4) |
C19 | 0.0309 (7) | 0.0264 (7) | 0.0340 (7) | 0.0087 (5) | 0.0030 (6) | −0.0091 (6) |
Cl1—C10 | 1.7287 (11) | C8—H8A | 0.98 |
Cl2—C12 | 1.7387 (12) | C8—H8B | 0.98 |
S1—C15 | 1.7628 (11) | C8—H8C | 0.98 |
S1—C16 | 1.8094 (12) | C9—C14 | 1.3903 (16) |
S2—C15 | 1.6851 (11) | C9—C10 | 1.3973 (16) |
O1—C1 | 1.2244 (16) | C10—C11 | 1.3885 (16) |
N1—C5 | 1.3291 (14) | C11—C12 | 1.3840 (17) |
N1—C9 | 1.4293 (14) | C11—H11 | 0.95 |
N1—H1 | 0.911 (18) | C12—C13 | 1.3856 (17) |
C1—C6 | 1.4733 (15) | C13—C14 | 1.3916 (16) |
C1—C2 | 1.5061 (16) | C13—H13 | 0.95 |
C2—C3 | 1.5214 (15) | C14—H14 | 0.95 |
C2—H2A | 0.99 | C16—C17 | 1.5222 (16) |
C2—H2B | 0.99 | C16—H16A | 0.99 |
C3—C4 | 1.5258 (15) | C16—H16B | 0.99 |
C3—C8 | 1.5300 (16) | C17—C18 | 1.5315 (16) |
C3—C7 | 1.5307 (16) | C17—H17A | 0.99 |
C4—C5 | 1.5063 (15) | C17—H17B | 0.99 |
C4—H4A | 0.99 | C18—C19 | 1.5240 (19) |
C4—H4B | 0.99 | C18—H18A | 0.99 |
C5—C6 | 1.4269 (15) | C18—H18B | 0.99 |
C6—C15 | 1.4562 (15) | C19—H19A | 0.98 |
C7—H7A | 0.98 | C19—H19B | 0.98 |
C7—H7B | 0.98 | C19—H19C | 0.98 |
C7—H7C | 0.98 | ||
C15—S1—C16 | 105.02 (5) | C14—C9—N1 | 120.57 (10) |
C5—N1—C9 | 124.86 (10) | C10—C9—N1 | 120.21 (10) |
C5—N1—H1 | 115.5 (11) | C11—C10—C9 | 120.93 (10) |
C9—N1—H1 | 119.6 (11) | C11—C10—Cl1 | 118.85 (9) |
O1—C1—C6 | 121.90 (11) | C9—C10—Cl1 | 120.22 (9) |
O1—C1—C2 | 117.19 (11) | C12—C11—C10 | 118.49 (10) |
C6—C1—C2 | 120.90 (10) | C12—C11—H11 | 120.8 |
C1—C2—C3 | 114.80 (9) | C10—C11—H11 | 120.8 |
C1—C2—H2A | 108.6 | C11—C12—C13 | 121.94 (11) |
C3—C2—H2A | 108.6 | C11—C12—Cl2 | 118.20 (9) |
C1—C2—H2B | 108.6 | C13—C12—Cl2 | 119.85 (9) |
C3—C2—H2B | 108.6 | C12—C13—C14 | 118.85 (11) |
H2A—C2—H2B | 107.5 | C12—C13—H13 | 120.6 |
C2—C3—C4 | 106.54 (9) | C14—C13—H13 | 120.6 |
C2—C3—C8 | 111.29 (10) | C9—C14—C13 | 120.55 (11) |
C4—C3—C8 | 110.49 (10) | C9—C14—H14 | 119.7 |
C2—C3—C7 | 109.76 (9) | C13—C14—H14 | 119.7 |
C4—C3—C7 | 109.11 (9) | C6—C15—S2 | 125.12 (8) |
C8—C3—C7 | 109.58 (10) | C6—C15—S1 | 116.90 (8) |
C5—C4—C3 | 115.52 (9) | S2—C15—S1 | 117.97 (6) |
C5—C4—H4A | 108.4 | C17—C16—S1 | 114.63 (8) |
C3—C4—H4A | 108.4 | C17—C16—H16A | 108.6 |
C5—C4—H4B | 108.4 | S1—C16—H16A | 108.6 |
C3—C4—H4B | 108.4 | C17—C16—H16B | 108.6 |
H4A—C4—H4B | 107.5 | S1—C16—H16B | 108.6 |
N1—C5—C6 | 123.03 (10) | H16A—C16—H16B | 107.6 |
N1—C5—C4 | 115.65 (10) | C16—C17—C18 | 111.18 (10) |
C6—C5—C4 | 121.26 (10) | C16—C17—H17A | 109.4 |
C5—C6—C15 | 123.74 (10) | C18—C17—H17A | 109.4 |
C5—C6—C1 | 116.59 (10) | C16—C17—H17B | 109.4 |
C15—C6—C1 | 119.67 (10) | C18—C17—H17B | 109.4 |
C3—C7—H7A | 109.5 | H17A—C17—H17B | 108.0 |
C3—C7—H7B | 109.5 | C19—C18—C17 | 112.52 (11) |
H7A—C7—H7B | 109.5 | C19—C18—H18A | 109.1 |
C3—C7—H7C | 109.5 | C17—C18—H18A | 109.1 |
H7A—C7—H7C | 109.5 | C19—C18—H18B | 109.1 |
H7B—C7—H7C | 109.5 | C17—C18—H18B | 109.1 |
C3—C8—H8A | 109.5 | H18A—C18—H18B | 107.8 |
C3—C8—H8B | 109.5 | C18—C19—H19A | 109.5 |
H8A—C8—H8B | 109.5 | C18—C19—H19B | 109.5 |
C3—C8—H8C | 109.5 | H19A—C19—H19B | 109.5 |
H8A—C8—H8C | 109.5 | C18—C19—H19C | 109.5 |
H8B—C8—H8C | 109.5 | H19A—C19—H19C | 109.5 |
C14—C9—C10 | 119.20 (10) | H19B—C19—H19C | 109.5 |
O1—C1—C2—C3 | −149.43 (13) | C14—C9—C10—C11 | −2.07 (17) |
C6—C1—C2—C3 | 31.47 (16) | N1—C9—C10—C11 | 179.58 (10) |
C1—C2—C3—C4 | −52.05 (13) | C14—C9—C10—Cl1 | 178.25 (9) |
C1—C2—C3—C8 | 68.46 (13) | N1—C9—C10—Cl1 | −0.10 (15) |
C1—C2—C3—C7 | −170.06 (10) | C9—C10—C11—C12 | 0.65 (17) |
C2—C3—C4—C5 | 52.18 (12) | Cl1—C10—C11—C12 | −179.66 (9) |
C8—C3—C4—C5 | −68.83 (13) | C10—C11—C12—C13 | 1.04 (17) |
C7—C3—C4—C5 | 170.62 (9) | C10—C11—C12—Cl2 | −179.71 (9) |
C9—N1—C5—C6 | 175.52 (10) | C11—C12—C13—C14 | −1.26 (18) |
C9—N1—C5—C4 | −7.29 (16) | Cl2—C12—C13—C14 | 179.50 (9) |
C3—C4—C5—N1 | 151.63 (10) | C10—C9—C14—C13 | 1.84 (17) |
C3—C4—C5—C6 | −31.13 (15) | N1—C9—C14—C13 | −179.82 (10) |
N1—C5—C6—C15 | 2.50 (17) | C12—C13—C14—C9 | −0.21 (17) |
C4—C5—C6—C15 | −174.53 (10) | C5—C6—C15—S2 | −0.17 (16) |
N1—C5—C6—C1 | −177.12 (10) | C1—C6—C15—S2 | 179.44 (9) |
C4—C5—C6—C1 | 5.84 (15) | C5—C6—C15—S1 | 178.79 (8) |
O1—C1—C6—C5 | 174.85 (13) | C1—C6—C15—S1 | −1.60 (14) |
C2—C1—C6—C5 | −6.09 (16) | C16—S1—C15—C6 | −175.86 (8) |
O1—C1—C6—C15 | −4.79 (19) | C16—S1—C15—S2 | 3.18 (8) |
C2—C1—C6—C15 | 174.27 (10) | C15—S1—C16—C17 | −89.34 (9) |
C5—N1—C9—C14 | 95.10 (14) | S1—C16—C17—C18 | −170.96 (8) |
C5—N1—C9—C10 | −86.58 (14) | C16—C17—C18—C19 | −174.62 (10) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1···S2 | 0.91 (2) | 2.08 (2) | 2.885 (1) | 147 (2) |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C19H23Cl2NOS2 |
Mr | 416.40 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/c |
Temperature (K) | 123 |
a, b, c (Å) | 9.0321 (1), 19.4422 (2), 11.4700 (1) |
β (°) | 100.331 (1) |
V (Å3) | 1981.52 (3) |
Z | 4 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.55 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.30 × 0.20 × 0.10 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker SMART APEX diffractometer |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.853, 0.947 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 18747, 4554, 4279 |
Rint | 0.016 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.650 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.025, 0.070, 1.00 |
No. of reflections | 4554 |
No. of parameters | 230 |
H-atom treatment | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.41, −0.25 |
Computer programs: APEX2 (Bruker, 2008), SAINT (Bruker, 2008), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), X-SEED (Barbour, 2001), publCIF (Westrip, 2009).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1···S2 | 0.91 (2) | 2.08 (2) | 2.885 (1) | 147 (2) |
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the University of Karachi and the University of Malaya for supporting this study.
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