metal-organic compounds
trans-Dibromidobis[diphenyl(p-tolyl)phosphine]palladium(II)
aDepartment of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
*Correspondence e-mail: leokirsten@gmail.com
In the title compound, [PdBr2(C19H17P)2], the PdII ion resides on a centre of symmetry and is coordinated by two Br anions [Pd—Br = 2.4266 (2) Å] and two P-donor ligands [Pd—P = 2.3462 (5) Å] in a slightly distorted square-planar geometry [P—Pd—Br = 93.528 (12)°]. Weak intermolecular C—H⋯Br hydrogen bonds link molecules into chains extended in [10].
Related literature
For the isostructural compound, trans-[PdCl2{P((Ph)2(p-Tol))}2], in which the Pd centers are coordinated by Cl anions instead of Br, see: Steyl et al. (2006).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Refinement
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Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2005); cell SAINT-Plus (Bruker, 2004); data reduction: SAINT-Plus and XPREP (Bruker, 2004); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: DIAMOND (Brandenburg & Putz, 2006); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97.
Supporting information
10.1107/S1600536809045401/cv2640sup1.cif
contains datablocks I, global. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809045401/cv2640Isup2.hkl
The title complex was synthesized by the addition of 2.2 equivalents of diphenyl(p-tolyl)phosphine (16 mg, 0.059 mmol) to [Pd(COD)Br2] (10 mg, 0.026 mmol) in 10 ml of dichloromethane while stirring for 5 minutes. Slow evaporation of the solvent resulted in orange crystals suitable for X-Ray diffraction (yield 71%, 16 mg).
All H atoms were positioned geometrically (C—H = 0.95 or 0.98 Å) and allowed to ride on their parent atoms, with Uiso(H) = (1.2 or 1.5) times Ueq of the parent atom, respectively. The s.u.'s on all the Cell Axes and all the Cell Angles are equal as calculated from the
determination.Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2005); cell
SAINT-Plus (Bruker, 2004); data reduction: SAINT-Plus and XPREP (Bruker, 2004); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: DIAMOND (Brandenburg & Putz, 2006); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008).[PdBr2(C19H17P)2] | Z = 1 |
Mr = 818.81 | F(000) = 408 |
Triclinic, P1 | Dx = 1.649 Mg m−3 |
Hall symbol: -P 1 | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
a = 10.0321 (4) Å | Cell parameters from 6740 reflections |
b = 10.0521 (4) Å | θ = 2.4–28.3° |
c = 10.2967 (4) Å | µ = 3.11 mm−1 |
α = 70.876 (2)° | T = 100 K |
β = 68.288 (2)° | Cuboid, orange |
γ = 60.312 (2)° | 0.33 × 0.11 × 0.09 mm |
V = 824.54 (6) Å3 |
Bruker X8 APEXII 4K Kappa CCD diffractometer | 3982 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 3621 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.029 |
Detector resolution: 512 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 28.0°, θmin = 2.4° |
ϕ and ω scans | h = −13→13 |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 1998) | k = −13→13 |
Tmin = 0.427, Tmax = 0.767 | l = −13→13 |
25915 measured reflections |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.021 | Hydrogen site location: riding model |
wR(F2) = 0.051 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.04 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0199P)2 + 0.7898P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
3982 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
196 parameters | Δρmax = 0.79 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.46 e Å−3 |
[PdBr2(C19H17P)2] | γ = 60.312 (2)° |
Mr = 818.81 | V = 824.54 (6) Å3 |
Triclinic, P1 | Z = 1 |
a = 10.0321 (4) Å | Mo Kα radiation |
b = 10.0521 (4) Å | µ = 3.11 mm−1 |
c = 10.2967 (4) Å | T = 100 K |
α = 70.876 (2)° | 0.33 × 0.11 × 0.09 mm |
β = 68.288 (2)° |
Bruker X8 APEXII 4K Kappa CCD diffractometer | 3982 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 1998) | 3621 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.427, Tmax = 0.767 | Rint = 0.029 |
25915 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.021 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.051 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.04 | Δρmax = 0.79 e Å−3 |
3982 reflections | Δρmin = −0.46 e Å−3 |
196 parameters |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
Pd | 0.5000 | 0.5000 | 0.5000 | 0.01341 (5) | |
Br | 0.39230 (2) | 0.78196 (2) | 0.45123 (2) | 0.02035 (6) | |
P | 0.28802 (5) | 0.49477 (5) | 0.69762 (5) | 0.01335 (9) | |
C11 | 0.3682 (2) | 0.3708 (2) | 0.84911 (18) | 0.0139 (3) | |
C12 | 0.4892 (2) | 0.3878 (2) | 0.8690 (2) | 0.0189 (4) | |
H12 | 0.5284 | 0.4573 | 0.8035 | 0.023* | |
C13 | 0.5507 (2) | 0.3014 (2) | 0.9859 (2) | 0.0195 (4) | |
H13 | 0.6301 | 0.3149 | 0.9986 | 0.023* | |
C14 | 0.4963 (2) | 0.1951 (2) | 1.0847 (2) | 0.0195 (4) | |
C15 | 0.3776 (2) | 0.1772 (2) | 1.0628 (2) | 0.0210 (4) | |
H15 | 0.3408 | 0.1053 | 1.1267 | 0.025* | |
C16 | 0.3131 (2) | 0.2648 (2) | 0.9470 (2) | 0.0178 (4) | |
H16 | 0.2327 | 0.2523 | 0.9351 | 0.021* | |
C141 | 0.5660 (3) | 0.1007 (3) | 1.2101 (2) | 0.0332 (5) | |
H14A | 0.5145 | 0.0339 | 1.2670 | 0.050* | |
H14B | 0.5504 | 0.1693 | 1.2662 | 0.050* | |
H14C | 0.6774 | 0.0386 | 1.1772 | 0.050* | |
C21 | 0.1532 (2) | 0.4290 (2) | 0.68471 (19) | 0.0160 (3) | |
C22 | 0.2059 (2) | 0.3178 (2) | 0.6032 (2) | 0.0235 (4) | |
H22 | 0.3122 | 0.2743 | 0.5549 | 0.028* | |
C23 | 0.1014 (3) | 0.2714 (3) | 0.5934 (2) | 0.0281 (5) | |
H23 | 0.1386 | 0.1952 | 0.5404 | 0.034* | |
C24 | −0.0579 (2) | 0.3376 (2) | 0.6621 (2) | 0.0229 (4) | |
H24 | −0.1280 | 0.3071 | 0.6543 | 0.027* | |
C25 | −0.1120 (2) | 0.4490 (2) | 0.7422 (2) | 0.0225 (4) | |
H25 | −0.2192 | 0.4945 | 0.7878 | 0.027* | |
C26 | −0.0077 (2) | 0.4938 (2) | 0.7553 (2) | 0.0202 (4) | |
H26 | −0.0449 | 0.5673 | 0.8114 | 0.024* | |
C31 | 0.1493 (2) | 0.6787 (2) | 0.75882 (19) | 0.0144 (3) | |
C32 | 0.0568 (2) | 0.8003 (2) | 0.6700 (2) | 0.0181 (4) | |
H32 | 0.0697 | 0.7872 | 0.5801 | 0.022* | |
C33 | −0.0535 (2) | 0.9396 (2) | 0.7151 (2) | 0.0218 (4) | |
H33 | −0.1149 | 1.0196 | 0.6558 | 0.026* | |
C34 | −0.0728 (2) | 0.9604 (2) | 0.8489 (2) | 0.0224 (4) | |
H34 | −0.1464 | 1.0545 | 0.8788 | 0.027* | |
C35 | 0.0175 (2) | 0.8410 (2) | 0.9375 (2) | 0.0202 (4) | |
H35 | 0.0041 | 0.8547 | 1.0274 | 0.024* | |
C36 | 0.1286 (2) | 0.7006 (2) | 0.89275 (19) | 0.0160 (3) | |
H36 | 0.1892 | 0.6208 | 0.9527 | 0.019* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Pd | 0.01211 (9) | 0.01332 (9) | 0.01158 (9) | −0.00500 (7) | −0.00154 (7) | −0.00073 (7) |
Br | 0.01631 (9) | 0.01435 (9) | 0.02261 (10) | −0.00509 (7) | −0.00119 (7) | −0.00071 (7) |
P | 0.0124 (2) | 0.0147 (2) | 0.0114 (2) | −0.00587 (17) | −0.00238 (16) | −0.00109 (16) |
C11 | 0.0122 (8) | 0.0143 (8) | 0.0127 (8) | −0.0038 (7) | −0.0030 (6) | −0.0027 (6) |
C12 | 0.0188 (9) | 0.0186 (9) | 0.0207 (9) | −0.0112 (7) | −0.0061 (7) | 0.0014 (7) |
C13 | 0.0189 (9) | 0.0206 (9) | 0.0229 (10) | −0.0094 (8) | −0.0088 (7) | −0.0030 (8) |
C14 | 0.0199 (9) | 0.0182 (9) | 0.0178 (9) | −0.0057 (7) | −0.0071 (7) | −0.0016 (7) |
C15 | 0.0210 (9) | 0.0222 (10) | 0.0191 (9) | −0.0130 (8) | −0.0051 (7) | 0.0035 (7) |
C16 | 0.0158 (8) | 0.0197 (9) | 0.0183 (9) | −0.0096 (7) | −0.0046 (7) | −0.0003 (7) |
C141 | 0.0392 (13) | 0.0362 (13) | 0.0271 (11) | −0.0181 (11) | −0.0190 (10) | 0.0065 (10) |
C21 | 0.0177 (9) | 0.0173 (9) | 0.0138 (8) | −0.0090 (7) | −0.0068 (7) | 0.0021 (7) |
C22 | 0.0188 (9) | 0.0258 (10) | 0.0261 (10) | −0.0065 (8) | −0.0061 (8) | −0.0095 (8) |
C23 | 0.0297 (11) | 0.0280 (11) | 0.0338 (12) | −0.0112 (9) | −0.0117 (9) | −0.0119 (9) |
C24 | 0.0278 (10) | 0.0268 (10) | 0.0216 (10) | −0.0166 (9) | −0.0132 (8) | 0.0028 (8) |
C25 | 0.0198 (9) | 0.0285 (10) | 0.0198 (10) | −0.0140 (8) | −0.0048 (8) | 0.0008 (8) |
C26 | 0.0202 (9) | 0.0249 (10) | 0.0169 (9) | −0.0113 (8) | −0.0024 (7) | −0.0053 (8) |
C31 | 0.0111 (8) | 0.0160 (8) | 0.0155 (8) | −0.0073 (7) | −0.0009 (6) | −0.0024 (7) |
C32 | 0.0161 (8) | 0.0214 (9) | 0.0151 (9) | −0.0082 (7) | −0.0039 (7) | −0.0007 (7) |
C33 | 0.0158 (9) | 0.0179 (9) | 0.0265 (10) | −0.0063 (7) | −0.0061 (8) | 0.0015 (8) |
C34 | 0.0168 (9) | 0.0174 (9) | 0.0306 (11) | −0.0067 (8) | −0.0014 (8) | −0.0079 (8) |
C35 | 0.0194 (9) | 0.0238 (10) | 0.0213 (9) | −0.0115 (8) | −0.0015 (7) | −0.0087 (8) |
C36 | 0.0142 (8) | 0.0187 (9) | 0.0169 (9) | −0.0095 (7) | −0.0041 (7) | −0.0012 (7) |
Pd—P | 2.3462 (5) | C21—C26 | 1.399 (3) |
Pd—Pi | 2.3462 (5) | C22—C23 | 1.387 (3) |
Pd—Bri | 2.4266 (2) | C22—H22 | 0.9300 |
Pd—Br | 2.4266 (2) | C23—C24 | 1.384 (3) |
P—C11 | 1.8150 (18) | C23—H23 | 0.9300 |
P—C31 | 1.8217 (18) | C24—C25 | 1.379 (3) |
P—C21 | 1.8331 (19) | C24—H24 | 0.9300 |
C11—C16 | 1.387 (3) | C25—C26 | 1.388 (3) |
C11—C12 | 1.399 (2) | C25—H25 | 0.9300 |
C12—C13 | 1.385 (3) | C26—H26 | 0.9300 |
C12—H12 | 0.9300 | C31—C36 | 1.391 (3) |
C13—C14 | 1.389 (3) | C31—C32 | 1.401 (3) |
C13—H13 | 0.9300 | C32—C33 | 1.383 (3) |
C14—C15 | 1.392 (3) | C32—H32 | 0.9300 |
C14—C141 | 1.505 (3) | C33—C34 | 1.389 (3) |
C15—C16 | 1.391 (3) | C33—H33 | 0.9300 |
C15—H15 | 0.9300 | C34—C35 | 1.383 (3) |
C16—H16 | 0.9300 | C34—H34 | 0.9300 |
C141—H14A | 0.9600 | C35—C36 | 1.391 (3) |
C141—H14B | 0.9600 | C35—H35 | 0.9300 |
C141—H14C | 0.9600 | C36—H36 | 0.9300 |
C21—C22 | 1.390 (3) | ||
P—Pd—Pi | 180.0 | C22—C21—C26 | 118.53 (17) |
P—Pd—Bri | 86.472 (12) | C22—C21—P | 121.58 (14) |
Pi—Pd—Bri | 93.528 (12) | C26—C21—P | 119.87 (14) |
P—Pd—Br | 93.528 (12) | C23—C22—C21 | 120.60 (19) |
Pi—Pd—Br | 86.472 (12) | C23—C22—H22 | 119.7 |
Bri—Pd—Br | 180.0 | C21—C22—H22 | 119.7 |
C11—P—C31 | 103.51 (8) | C24—C23—C22 | 120.5 (2) |
C11—P—C21 | 107.56 (8) | C24—C23—H23 | 119.8 |
C31—P—C21 | 101.59 (8) | C22—C23—H23 | 119.8 |
C11—P—Pd | 108.36 (6) | C25—C24—C23 | 119.51 (19) |
C31—P—Pd | 116.57 (6) | C25—C24—H24 | 120.2 |
C21—P—Pd | 118.01 (6) | C23—C24—H24 | 120.2 |
C16—C11—C12 | 118.91 (16) | C24—C25—C26 | 120.46 (19) |
C16—C11—P | 123.69 (14) | C24—C25—H25 | 119.8 |
C12—C11—P | 117.36 (14) | C26—C25—H25 | 119.8 |
C13—C12—C11 | 120.18 (17) | C25—C26—C21 | 120.41 (18) |
C13—C12—H12 | 119.9 | C25—C26—H26 | 119.8 |
C11—C12—H12 | 119.9 | C21—C26—H26 | 119.8 |
C12—C13—C14 | 121.38 (17) | C36—C31—C32 | 118.96 (17) |
C12—C13—H13 | 119.3 | C36—C31—P | 122.06 (14) |
C14—C13—H13 | 119.3 | C32—C31—P | 118.94 (14) |
C13—C14—C15 | 118.01 (17) | C33—C32—C31 | 120.42 (18) |
C13—C14—C141 | 120.66 (18) | C33—C32—H32 | 119.8 |
C15—C14—C141 | 121.32 (18) | C31—C32—H32 | 119.8 |
C16—C15—C14 | 121.24 (18) | C32—C33—C34 | 120.13 (18) |
C16—C15—H15 | 119.4 | C32—C33—H33 | 119.9 |
C14—C15—H15 | 119.4 | C34—C33—H33 | 119.9 |
C11—C16—C15 | 120.26 (17) | C35—C34—C33 | 119.91 (18) |
C11—C16—H16 | 119.9 | C35—C34—H34 | 120.0 |
C15—C16—H16 | 119.9 | C33—C34—H34 | 120.0 |
C14—C141—H14A | 109.5 | C34—C35—C36 | 120.19 (18) |
C14—C141—H14B | 109.5 | C34—C35—H35 | 119.9 |
H14A—C141—H14B | 109.5 | C36—C35—H35 | 119.9 |
C14—C141—H14C | 109.5 | C31—C36—C35 | 120.38 (17) |
H14A—C141—H14C | 109.5 | C31—C36—H36 | 119.8 |
H14B—C141—H14C | 109.5 | C35—C36—H36 | 119.8 |
Bri—Pd—P—C11 | 54.51 (6) | C11—P—C21—C26 | 90.47 (16) |
Br—Pd—P—C11 | −125.49 (6) | C31—P—C21—C26 | −17.89 (17) |
Bri—Pd—P—C31 | 170.70 (7) | Pd—P—C21—C26 | −146.67 (13) |
Br—Pd—P—C31 | −9.30 (7) | C26—C21—C22—C23 | −0.6 (3) |
Bri—Pd—P—C21 | −67.94 (7) | P—C21—C22—C23 | −179.11 (16) |
Br—Pd—P—C21 | 112.06 (7) | C21—C22—C23—C24 | 1.5 (3) |
C31—P—C11—C16 | 97.53 (16) | C22—C23—C24—C25 | −0.9 (3) |
C21—P—C11—C16 | −9.49 (18) | C23—C24—C25—C26 | −0.6 (3) |
Pd—P—C11—C16 | −138.11 (14) | C24—C25—C26—C21 | 1.5 (3) |
C31—P—C11—C12 | −80.59 (15) | C22—C21—C26—C25 | −0.9 (3) |
C21—P—C11—C12 | 172.39 (14) | P—C21—C26—C25 | 177.67 (15) |
Pd—P—C11—C12 | 43.78 (15) | C11—P—C31—C36 | 1.98 (17) |
C16—C11—C12—C13 | −1.0 (3) | C21—P—C31—C36 | 113.45 (15) |
P—C11—C12—C13 | 177.24 (15) | Pd—P—C31—C36 | −116.86 (14) |
C11—C12—C13—C14 | 0.9 (3) | C11—P—C31—C32 | −175.85 (14) |
C12—C13—C14—C15 | 0.1 (3) | C21—P—C31—C32 | −64.39 (16) |
C12—C13—C14—C141 | 179.2 (2) | Pd—P—C31—C32 | 65.30 (15) |
C13—C14—C15—C16 | −1.1 (3) | C36—C31—C32—C33 | −0.1 (3) |
C141—C14—C15—C16 | 179.83 (19) | P—C31—C32—C33 | 177.80 (14) |
C12—C11—C16—C15 | 0.0 (3) | C31—C32—C33—C34 | 0.4 (3) |
P—C11—C16—C15 | −178.07 (15) | C32—C33—C34—C35 | −0.6 (3) |
C14—C15—C16—C11 | 1.0 (3) | C33—C34—C35—C36 | 0.5 (3) |
C11—P—C21—C22 | −91.04 (17) | C32—C31—C36—C35 | 0.0 (3) |
C31—P—C21—C22 | 160.60 (16) | P—C31—C36—C35 | −177.80 (14) |
Pd—P—C21—C22 | 31.82 (18) | C34—C35—C36—C31 | −0.2 (3) |
Symmetry code: (i) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
C32—H32···Br | 0.93 | 2.99 | 3.2380 (18) | 97 |
C33—H33···Brii | 0.93 | 2.88 | 3.7498 (19) | 157 |
C22—H22···Bri | 0.93 | 2.71 | 3.501 (2) | 144 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1; (ii) −x, −y+2, −z+1. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | [PdBr2(C19H17P)2] |
Mr | 818.81 |
Crystal system, space group | Triclinic, P1 |
Temperature (K) | 100 |
a, b, c (Å) | 10.0321 (4), 10.0521 (4), 10.2967 (4) |
α, β, γ (°) | 70.876 (2), 68.288 (2), 60.312 (2) |
V (Å3) | 824.54 (6) |
Z | 1 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 3.11 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.33 × 0.11 × 0.09 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker X8 APEXII 4K Kappa CCD diffractometer |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 1998) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.427, 0.767 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 25915, 3982, 3621 |
Rint | 0.029 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.660 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.021, 0.051, 1.04 |
No. of reflections | 3982 |
No. of parameters | 196 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.79, −0.46 |
Computer programs: APEX2 (Bruker, 2005), SAINT-Plus (Bruker, 2004), SAINT-Plus and XPREP (Bruker, 2004), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), DIAMOND (Brandenburg & Putz, 2006).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
C33—H33···Bri | 0.93 | 2.88 | 3.7498 (19) | 157.2 |
C22—H22···Brii | 0.93 | 2.71 | 3.501 (2) | 143.7 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x, −y+2, −z+1; (ii) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1. |
Acknowledgements
Financial assistance from the University of the Free State is gratefully acknowledged. Part of this material is based on work supported by the South African National Research Foundation (NRF) under grant No. GUN 2068915.
References
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Steyl, G., Kirsten, L. & Roodt, A. (2006). Acta Cryst. E62, m1705–m1707. Web of Science CSD CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
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This study is aimed at expanding the knowledge of trans square-planar palladium complexes containing phosphine donor ligands and bromido or chlorido anions as coordinating atoms.
The title compound is centrosymmetric with a slightly distorted-square-planar geometry, as seen by the cis angle P—Pd—Br of 93.528 (12)°. The packing of the title compound is stabilized by two weak intermolecular C—H···Br hydrogen bonds (Table 1).
The corresponding chloro complex (Steyl et al., 2006) is iso-structural to the title complex when comparing the geometrical parameters as well as the crystallization mode. The RMS error of 0.061 Å also indicate the iso-structurality of the two complexes (the title complex superimposed with the corresponding dichloro-palladium complex (Steyl et al., 2006) including the Pd, Cl(Br), P and first C atoms of the phenyl rings).