organic compounds
N-Cyclohexyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamide
aDepartment of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan, bChemistry Division, Directorate of Science, PINSTECH, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan, and cInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
*Correspondence e-mail: aamersaeed@yahoo.com
The 3,5-methoxy groups in the title compound, C16H23NO4, are almost coplanar with the aromatic ring, whereas the 4-methoxy group is bent out of this plane. The three CH3—O—C—C torsion angles are −1.51 (18), 0.73 (19) and 75.33 (15)°. The cyclohexane ring adopts a chair conformation. In the crystal, molecules are connected by intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into chains running along the b axis.
Related literature
For the biological activity of benzanilides, see: Olsson et al. (2002); Lindgren et al. (2001); Calderone et al. (2006). For the use of benzamides in organic synthesis, see: Zhichkin et al. (2007); Beccalli et al. (2005). For related structures, see: Bowes et al. (2003); Chopra & Guru Row (2008); Kashino et al. (1979); Saeed et al. (2008).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Data collection
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Refinement
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Data collection: X-AREA (Stoe & Cie, 2001); cell X-AREA; data reduction: X-AREA; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: XP in SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: PLATON (Spek, 2009) and SHELXL97.
Supporting information
10.1107/S1600536809050284/fj2261sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536809050284/fj2261Isup2.hkl
3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl chloride (1 mmol) in CHCl3 was treated with cyclohexylamine (3.5 mmol) under a nitrogen atmosphere at reflux for 3 h. Upon cooling, the reaction mixture was diluted with CHCl3 and washed consecutively with 1 M aq HCl and saturated aq NaHCO3. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. Crystallization of the residue in methanol afforded the title compound (78%) as colourless crystals: Anal. calcd. for C16H23NO4: C, 65.51; H, 9.70; N, 4.77%; found: C, 65.58; H, 9.65; N, 4.81%.
Hydrogen atoms were located in difference syntheses, but those bonded to C were refined at idealized positions using a riding model with C–H = 0.95–1.00 Å) and with Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C) or Uiso(H) = 1.5Ueq(Cmethyl). The methyl groups were allowed to rotate but not to tip. The H atom bonded to N was freely refined.
Data collection: X-AREA (Stoe & Cie, 2001); cell
X-AREA (Stoe & Cie, 2001); data reduction: X-AREA (Stoe & Cie, 2001); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: XP (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: PLATON (Spek, 2009) and SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008).C16H23NO4 | F(000) = 632 |
Mr = 293.35 | Dx = 1.281 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ybc | Cell parameters from 6103 reflections |
a = 23.4539 (19) Å | θ = 3.4–26.0° |
b = 5.2145 (6) Å | µ = 0.09 mm−1 |
c = 12.4559 (10) Å | T = 173 K |
β = 92.886 (6)° | Block, colourless |
V = 1521.4 (2) Å3 | 0.37 × 0.37 × 0.33 mm |
Z = 4 |
Stoe IPDSII two-circle diffractometer | 2360 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | Rint = 0.062 |
Graphite monochromator | θmax = 25.6°, θmin = 3.4° |
ω scans | h = −28→23 |
6868 measured reflections | k = −5→6 |
2823 independent reflections | l = −15→15 |
Refinement on F2 | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.040 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
wR(F2) = 0.109 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0651P)2 + 0.0617P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
S = 1.05 | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
2823 reflections | Δρmax = 0.27 e Å−3 |
198 parameters | Δρmin = −0.22 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Extinction correction: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4 |
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods | Extinction coefficient: 0.023 (3) |
C16H23NO4 | V = 1521.4 (2) Å3 |
Mr = 293.35 | Z = 4 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 23.4539 (19) Å | µ = 0.09 mm−1 |
b = 5.2145 (6) Å | T = 173 K |
c = 12.4559 (10) Å | 0.37 × 0.37 × 0.33 mm |
β = 92.886 (6)° |
Stoe IPDSII two-circle diffractometer | 2360 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
6868 measured reflections | Rint = 0.062 |
2823 independent reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.040 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.109 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.05 | Δρmax = 0.27 e Å−3 |
2823 reflections | Δρmin = −0.22 e Å−3 |
198 parameters |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
N1 | 0.19554 (5) | 0.4159 (2) | 0.53398 (9) | 0.0237 (3) | |
H1 | 0.2089 (8) | 0.579 (4) | 0.5241 (13) | 0.034 (4)* | |
O1 | 0.21507 (4) | −0.01048 (18) | 0.53804 (8) | 0.0289 (3) | |
O2 | 0.42937 (4) | 0.00520 (19) | 0.45580 (7) | 0.0279 (3) | |
O3 | 0.43346 (4) | 0.36344 (18) | 0.30218 (7) | 0.0242 (2) | |
O4 | 0.34531 (4) | 0.66623 (18) | 0.25120 (7) | 0.0255 (2) | |
C1 | 0.22841 (6) | 0.2119 (2) | 0.51372 (10) | 0.0211 (3) | |
C11 | 0.28301 (5) | 0.2637 (2) | 0.45950 (9) | 0.0198 (3) | |
C12 | 0.32948 (6) | 0.1047 (2) | 0.48557 (9) | 0.0213 (3) | |
H12 | 0.3265 | −0.0265 | 0.5379 | 0.026* | |
C13 | 0.38033 (6) | 0.1395 (3) | 0.43442 (9) | 0.0211 (3) | |
C14 | 0.38357 (5) | 0.3267 (2) | 0.35373 (9) | 0.0202 (3) | |
C15 | 0.33712 (6) | 0.4871 (2) | 0.32918 (9) | 0.0198 (3) | |
C16 | 0.28646 (6) | 0.4586 (2) | 0.38262 (9) | 0.0201 (3) | |
H16 | 0.2550 | 0.5693 | 0.3671 | 0.024* | |
C17 | 0.42929 (6) | −0.1910 (3) | 0.53660 (10) | 0.0268 (3) | |
H17A | 0.4199 | −0.1149 | 0.6055 | 0.040* | |
H17B | 0.4671 | −0.2707 | 0.5438 | 0.040* | |
H17C | 0.4008 | −0.3214 | 0.5157 | 0.040* | |
C18 | 0.44384 (6) | 0.1648 (3) | 0.22488 (11) | 0.0294 (3) | |
H18A | 0.4411 | −0.0034 | 0.2593 | 0.044* | |
H18B | 0.4821 | 0.1863 | 0.1981 | 0.044* | |
H18C | 0.4154 | 0.1767 | 0.1647 | 0.044* | |
C19 | 0.29830 (6) | 0.8303 (3) | 0.22110 (10) | 0.0258 (3) | |
H19A | 0.2659 | 0.7263 | 0.1939 | 0.039* | |
H19B | 0.3095 | 0.9489 | 0.1649 | 0.039* | |
H19C | 0.2873 | 0.9282 | 0.2839 | 0.039* | |
C21 | 0.14322 (6) | 0.3901 (3) | 0.59287 (11) | 0.0247 (3) | |
H21 | 0.1261 | 0.2185 | 0.5755 | 0.030* | |
C22 | 0.15657 (7) | 0.4025 (4) | 0.71420 (11) | 0.0376 (4) | |
H22A | 0.1758 | 0.5670 | 0.7323 | 0.045* | |
H22B | 0.1831 | 0.2617 | 0.7357 | 0.045* | |
C23 | 0.10231 (7) | 0.3799 (4) | 0.77699 (12) | 0.0404 (4) | |
H23A | 0.0851 | 0.2082 | 0.7649 | 0.048* | |
H23B | 0.1122 | 0.3984 | 0.8548 | 0.048* | |
C24 | 0.05945 (7) | 0.5845 (3) | 0.74171 (12) | 0.0372 (4) | |
H24A | 0.0750 | 0.7557 | 0.7612 | 0.045* | |
H24B | 0.0239 | 0.5599 | 0.7800 | 0.045* | |
C25 | 0.04589 (7) | 0.5735 (4) | 0.62060 (12) | 0.0376 (4) | |
H25A | 0.0196 | 0.7153 | 0.5994 | 0.045* | |
H25B | 0.0264 | 0.4097 | 0.6023 | 0.045* | |
C26 | 0.10009 (6) | 0.5950 (3) | 0.55750 (11) | 0.0310 (3) | |
H26A | 0.0901 | 0.5757 | 0.4797 | 0.037* | |
H26B | 0.1173 | 0.7668 | 0.5692 | 0.037* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
N1 | 0.0193 (6) | 0.0209 (6) | 0.0316 (6) | −0.0013 (5) | 0.0099 (4) | 0.0005 (4) |
O1 | 0.0248 (5) | 0.0215 (5) | 0.0413 (6) | −0.0004 (4) | 0.0099 (4) | 0.0034 (4) |
O2 | 0.0198 (5) | 0.0365 (6) | 0.0277 (5) | 0.0075 (4) | 0.0047 (4) | 0.0091 (4) |
O3 | 0.0189 (5) | 0.0278 (5) | 0.0266 (5) | −0.0017 (4) | 0.0083 (4) | −0.0024 (4) |
O4 | 0.0250 (5) | 0.0272 (5) | 0.0248 (4) | 0.0026 (4) | 0.0065 (4) | 0.0070 (4) |
C1 | 0.0188 (6) | 0.0230 (6) | 0.0215 (6) | −0.0005 (5) | 0.0011 (5) | −0.0006 (5) |
C11 | 0.0184 (6) | 0.0221 (6) | 0.0192 (5) | −0.0026 (5) | 0.0036 (5) | −0.0048 (5) |
C12 | 0.0218 (7) | 0.0225 (6) | 0.0197 (6) | −0.0007 (5) | 0.0030 (5) | 0.0009 (5) |
C13 | 0.0175 (6) | 0.0248 (6) | 0.0210 (6) | 0.0015 (5) | 0.0007 (5) | −0.0025 (5) |
C14 | 0.0172 (6) | 0.0240 (6) | 0.0197 (6) | −0.0025 (5) | 0.0039 (5) | −0.0035 (5) |
C15 | 0.0214 (7) | 0.0205 (6) | 0.0178 (6) | −0.0012 (5) | 0.0024 (5) | −0.0011 (4) |
C16 | 0.0176 (6) | 0.0212 (6) | 0.0215 (6) | 0.0018 (5) | 0.0009 (5) | −0.0017 (5) |
C17 | 0.0278 (7) | 0.0269 (7) | 0.0254 (6) | 0.0054 (6) | −0.0003 (5) | 0.0037 (5) |
C18 | 0.0293 (8) | 0.0299 (7) | 0.0301 (7) | 0.0031 (6) | 0.0125 (6) | −0.0023 (6) |
C19 | 0.0287 (7) | 0.0255 (7) | 0.0233 (6) | 0.0040 (6) | 0.0007 (5) | 0.0033 (5) |
C21 | 0.0190 (7) | 0.0246 (7) | 0.0312 (7) | −0.0017 (6) | 0.0086 (5) | −0.0003 (5) |
C22 | 0.0250 (8) | 0.0572 (10) | 0.0312 (8) | 0.0053 (7) | 0.0064 (6) | 0.0073 (7) |
C23 | 0.0338 (9) | 0.0543 (10) | 0.0342 (8) | 0.0028 (8) | 0.0124 (7) | 0.0066 (7) |
C24 | 0.0318 (8) | 0.0385 (9) | 0.0431 (8) | −0.0008 (7) | 0.0184 (7) | −0.0058 (7) |
C25 | 0.0218 (8) | 0.0462 (9) | 0.0456 (9) | 0.0068 (7) | 0.0085 (6) | 0.0034 (7) |
C26 | 0.0238 (8) | 0.0352 (8) | 0.0346 (7) | 0.0050 (6) | 0.0073 (6) | 0.0057 (6) |
N1—C1 | 1.3451 (17) | C18—H18B | 0.9800 |
N1—C21 | 1.4670 (16) | C18—H18C | 0.9800 |
N1—H1 | 0.916 (19) | C19—H19A | 0.9800 |
O1—C1 | 1.2424 (16) | C19—H19B | 0.9800 |
O2—C13 | 1.3615 (16) | C19—H19C | 0.9800 |
O2—C17 | 1.4353 (16) | C21—C26 | 1.521 (2) |
O3—C14 | 1.3761 (15) | C21—C22 | 1.529 (2) |
O3—C18 | 1.4432 (16) | C21—H21 | 1.0000 |
O4—C15 | 1.3681 (15) | C22—C23 | 1.532 (2) |
O4—C19 | 1.4307 (17) | C22—H22A | 0.9900 |
C1—C11 | 1.5020 (17) | C22—H22B | 0.9900 |
C11—C12 | 1.3945 (19) | C23—C24 | 1.516 (2) |
C11—C16 | 1.4015 (18) | C23—H23A | 0.9900 |
C12—C13 | 1.3920 (18) | C23—H23B | 0.9900 |
C12—H12 | 0.9500 | C24—C25 | 1.527 (2) |
C13—C14 | 1.4058 (18) | C24—H24A | 0.9900 |
C14—C15 | 1.3951 (19) | C24—H24B | 0.9900 |
C15—C16 | 1.3988 (18) | C25—C26 | 1.5320 (19) |
C16—H16 | 0.9500 | C25—H25A | 0.9900 |
C17—H17A | 0.9800 | C25—H25B | 0.9900 |
C17—H17B | 0.9800 | C26—H26A | 0.9900 |
C17—H17C | 0.9800 | C26—H26B | 0.9900 |
C18—H18A | 0.9800 | ||
C1—N1—C21 | 121.53 (11) | H19A—C19—H19B | 109.5 |
C1—N1—H1 | 120.3 (11) | O4—C19—H19C | 109.5 |
C21—N1—H1 | 117.0 (11) | H19A—C19—H19C | 109.5 |
C13—O2—C17 | 118.23 (10) | H19B—C19—H19C | 109.5 |
C14—O3—C18 | 112.80 (10) | N1—C21—C26 | 110.57 (11) |
C15—O4—C19 | 117.42 (10) | N1—C21—C22 | 110.82 (11) |
O1—C1—N1 | 122.58 (12) | C26—C21—C22 | 110.89 (12) |
O1—C1—C11 | 120.55 (12) | N1—C21—H21 | 108.1 |
N1—C1—C11 | 116.87 (11) | C26—C21—H21 | 108.1 |
C12—C11—C16 | 121.26 (11) | C22—C21—H21 | 108.2 |
C12—C11—C1 | 117.54 (11) | C21—C22—C23 | 111.55 (13) |
C16—C11—C1 | 121.16 (11) | C21—C22—H22A | 109.3 |
C13—C12—C11 | 119.56 (11) | C23—C22—H22A | 109.3 |
C13—C12—H12 | 120.2 | C21—C22—H22B | 109.3 |
C11—C12—H12 | 120.2 | C23—C22—H22B | 109.3 |
O2—C13—C12 | 125.32 (11) | H22A—C22—H22B | 108.0 |
O2—C13—C14 | 114.92 (11) | C24—C23—C22 | 110.72 (13) |
C12—C13—C14 | 119.75 (12) | C24—C23—H23A | 109.5 |
O3—C14—C15 | 119.15 (11) | C22—C23—H23A | 109.5 |
O3—C14—C13 | 120.54 (12) | C24—C23—H23B | 109.5 |
C15—C14—C13 | 120.22 (11) | C22—C23—H23B | 109.5 |
O4—C15—C14 | 115.40 (11) | H23A—C23—H23B | 108.1 |
O4—C15—C16 | 124.30 (12) | C23—C24—C25 | 111.23 (13) |
C14—C15—C16 | 120.29 (11) | C23—C24—H24A | 109.4 |
C15—C16—C11 | 118.82 (12) | C25—C24—H24A | 109.4 |
C15—C16—H16 | 120.6 | C23—C24—H24B | 109.4 |
C11—C16—H16 | 120.6 | C25—C24—H24B | 109.4 |
O2—C17—H17A | 109.5 | H24A—C24—H24B | 108.0 |
O2—C17—H17B | 109.5 | C24—C25—C26 | 111.54 (13) |
H17A—C17—H17B | 109.5 | C24—C25—H25A | 109.3 |
O2—C17—H17C | 109.5 | C26—C25—H25A | 109.3 |
H17A—C17—H17C | 109.5 | C24—C25—H25B | 109.3 |
H17B—C17—H17C | 109.5 | C26—C25—H25B | 109.3 |
O3—C18—H18A | 109.5 | H25A—C25—H25B | 108.0 |
O3—C18—H18B | 109.5 | C21—C26—C25 | 110.91 (12) |
H18A—C18—H18B | 109.5 | C21—C26—H26A | 109.5 |
O3—C18—H18C | 109.5 | C25—C26—H26A | 109.5 |
H18A—C18—H18C | 109.5 | C21—C26—H26B | 109.5 |
H18B—C18—H18C | 109.5 | C25—C26—H26B | 109.5 |
O4—C19—H19A | 109.5 | H26A—C26—H26B | 108.0 |
O4—C19—H19B | 109.5 | ||
C21—N1—C1—O1 | 4.06 (19) | C19—O4—C15—C16 | −1.51 (18) |
C21—N1—C1—C11 | −175.93 (11) | O3—C14—C15—O4 | 2.05 (17) |
O1—C1—C11—C12 | −32.62 (17) | C13—C14—C15—O4 | 178.53 (11) |
N1—C1—C11—C12 | 147.36 (12) | O3—C14—C15—C16 | −178.18 (11) |
O1—C1—C11—C16 | 145.07 (13) | C13—C14—C15—C16 | −1.70 (18) |
N1—C1—C11—C16 | −34.94 (17) | O4—C15—C16—C11 | 178.64 (11) |
C16—C11—C12—C13 | −0.02 (18) | C14—C15—C16—C11 | −1.11 (18) |
C1—C11—C12—C13 | 177.67 (11) | C12—C11—C16—C15 | 1.99 (18) |
C17—O2—C13—C12 | 0.73 (19) | C1—C11—C16—C15 | −175.62 (11) |
C17—O2—C13—C14 | −179.46 (11) | C1—N1—C21—C26 | −150.78 (12) |
C11—C12—C13—O2 | 177.00 (12) | C1—N1—C21—C22 | 85.85 (16) |
C11—C12—C13—C14 | −2.81 (19) | N1—C21—C22—C23 | 179.14 (13) |
C18—O3—C14—C15 | −108.20 (13) | C26—C21—C22—C23 | 55.95 (18) |
C18—O3—C14—C13 | 75.33 (15) | C21—C22—C23—C24 | −56.00 (19) |
O2—C13—C14—O3 | 0.29 (17) | C22—C23—C24—C25 | 55.59 (19) |
C12—C13—C14—O3 | −179.89 (11) | C23—C24—C25—C26 | −55.74 (19) |
O2—C13—C14—C15 | −176.15 (11) | N1—C21—C26—C25 | −178.60 (12) |
C12—C13—C14—C15 | 3.68 (19) | C22—C21—C26—C25 | −55.27 (17) |
C19—O4—C15—C14 | 178.25 (11) | C24—C25—C26—C21 | 55.42 (18) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1···O1i | 0.916 (19) | 2.153 (19) | 3.0262 (15) | 159.0 (15) |
Symmetry code: (i) x, y+1, z. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C16H23NO4 |
Mr | 293.35 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/c |
Temperature (K) | 173 |
a, b, c (Å) | 23.4539 (19), 5.2145 (6), 12.4559 (10) |
β (°) | 92.886 (6) |
V (Å3) | 1521.4 (2) |
Z | 4 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.09 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.37 × 0.37 × 0.33 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Stoe IPDSII two-circle diffractometer |
Absorption correction | – |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 6868, 2823, 2360 |
Rint | 0.062 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.607 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.040, 0.109, 1.05 |
No. of reflections | 2823 |
No. of parameters | 198 |
H-atom treatment | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.27, −0.22 |
Computer programs: X-AREA (Stoe & Cie, 2001), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), XP (Sheldrick, 2008), PLATON (Spek, 2009) and SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1···O1i | 0.916 (19) | 2.153 (19) | 3.0262 (15) | 159.0 (15) |
Symmetry code: (i) x, y+1, z. |
References
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N-substituted benzamides are well known anticancer compounds and the mechanism of action for N-substituted benzamide-induced apoptosis has been studied, using declopramide as a lead compound (Olsson et al., 2002). N-substituted benzamides inhibit the activity of nuclear factor- B and nuclear factor of activated T cells activity while inducing activator protein 1 activity in T lymphocytes (Lindgren et al., 2001). Heterocyclic analogs of benzanilide derivatives are potassium channel activators (Calderone et al., 2006). N-Alkylated 2-nitrobenzamides are intermediates in the synthesis of dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepines (Zhichkin et al., 2007) and N-Acyl-2-nitrobenzamides are precursors of 2,3-disubstitued 3H-quinazoline-4-ones (Beccalli et al., 2005).
The two m-methoxy groups the title compound are almost coplanar with the aromatic ring [CH3—O—C—C -1.51 (18)° and 0.73 (19)°] whereas the methoxy group in para position is bent out of the plane of the aromatic ring [CH3—O—C—C 75.33 (15)°]. The cyclohexyl ring adops a chair conformation. The molecules are connected by N—H···O hydrogen bonds to chains running along the b axis.