organic compounds\(\def\hfill{\hskip 5em}\def\hfil{\hskip 3em}\def\eqno#1{\hfil {#1}}\)

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ISSN: 2056-9890

Di­ethyl 2,2′-(bi­phenyl-2,2′-diyldi­­oxy)di­acetate

aH.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan, bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan, and cChemistry Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0973, USA
*Correspondence e-mail: raza_shahm@yahoo.com

(Received 16 June 2010; accepted 7 July 2010; online 10 July 2010)

In the title compound, C20H22O6, the mean planes through the benzene rings make a dihedral angle of 59.82 (7)° with each other. Weak inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions together with ππ stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.830 (1) Å] between benzene rings are observed in the crystal packing.

Related literature

For related structures, see: Rabnawaz et al. (2008[Rabnawaz, M., Ali, Q., Shah, M. R. & Singh, K. (2008). Acta Cryst. E64, o1909.]); Ali et al. (2008[Ali, Q., Ibad, F., Shah, M. R. & VanDerveer, D. (2008). Acta Cryst. E64, o1408.]); Ibad et al. (2008[Ibad, F., Mustafa, A., Shah, M. R. & VanDerveer, D. (2008). Acta Cryst. E64, o1130-o1131.]).

[Scheme 1]

Experimental

Crystal data
  • C20H22O6

  • Mr = 358.38

  • Triclinic, [P \overline 1]

  • a = 7.4683 (13) Å

  • b = 10.8189 (15) Å

  • c = 12.050 (2) Å

  • α = 104.733 (17)°

  • β = 95.05 (2)°

  • γ = 106.897 (14)°

  • V = 887.1 (3) Å3

  • Z = 2

  • Mo Kα radiation

  • μ = 0.10 mm−1

  • T = 153 K

  • 0.58 × 0.53 × 0.24 mm

Data collection
  • Rigaku AFC-8S diffractometer

  • Absorption correction: multi-scan (REQAB; Jacobson, 1998[Jacobson, R. (1998). REQAB. Molecular Structure Corporation, The Woodlands, Texas, USA.]) Tmin = 0.945, Tmax = 0.977

  • 6640 measured reflections

  • 3104 independent reflections

  • 2787 reflections with I > 2σ(I)

  • Rint = 0.014

Refinement
  • R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.039

  • wR(F2) = 0.099

  • S = 1.04

  • 3104 reflections

  • 235 parameters

  • H-atom parameters constrained

  • Δρmax = 0.18 e Å−3

  • Δρmin = −0.20 e Å−3

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A D—H H⋯A DA D—H⋯A
C4—H4b⋯O1i 0.99 2.50 3.472 (2) 168 (1)
Symmetry code: (i) -x+1, -y+1, -z.

Data collection: CrystalClear (Rigaku/MSC, 2006[Rigaku/MSC (2006). CrystalClear MSC, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, and Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.]); cell refinement: CrystalClear; data reduction: CrystalClear; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXTL; molecular graphics: SHELXTL; software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL.

Supporting information


Comment top

In the continuation of our work on biphenyl derivatives (Rabnawaz et al., 2008) we report here the synthesis and crystal structure of the title compound, I. The molecular structure and atom-numbering scheme of the title compound are shown in Fig. 1. The molecules are essentially non-planar, with a dihedral angle of 59.82 (7)° between the mean planes through the benzene rings. This is slightly more than the corresponding tert butyl ester analogue of I (Ali et al., 2008), due to the presence of the sterically less crowded ethyl ester group. The key C=O and C—O bond distances are in agreement with those observed in the related hydrazide structure (Ibad et al., 2008). NMR data show that the molecule has a non-crystallographic two-fold rotation axis.

Related literature top

For related structures, see: Rabnawaz et al. (2008); Ali et al. (2008); Ibad et al. (2008).

Experimental top

K2CO3 (414 mg, 3 mmol) and 2,2'-dihydroxybiphenyl (186 mg,1 mmol) in 15 ml of acetone were stirred for 10 minutes, followed by addition of ethyl bromoacetate (314 mg, 3 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for three hours. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in a mixture of water (50 ml) and dichloromethane (50 ml). The aqueous layer was extracted three times with dichloromethane. The combined organic phases were evaporated under reduced pressure and the solid residue was dissolved in ethanol. Slow evaporation of ethanol gave colorless crystals (736 mg) in 80% yield.

Refinement top

The H atoms were geometrically placed and treated as riding atoms with C—H = 0.96 Å, and Uiso(H) = 1.2 Ueq(parent C-atom) except for methyl H atoms where Uiso(H) = 1.5 Ueq(methyl C-atom).

Structure description top

In the continuation of our work on biphenyl derivatives (Rabnawaz et al., 2008) we report here the synthesis and crystal structure of the title compound, I. The molecular structure and atom-numbering scheme of the title compound are shown in Fig. 1. The molecules are essentially non-planar, with a dihedral angle of 59.82 (7)° between the mean planes through the benzene rings. This is slightly more than the corresponding tert butyl ester analogue of I (Ali et al., 2008), due to the presence of the sterically less crowded ethyl ester group. The key C=O and C—O bond distances are in agreement with those observed in the related hydrazide structure (Ibad et al., 2008). NMR data show that the molecule has a non-crystallographic two-fold rotation axis.

For related structures, see: Rabnawaz et al. (2008); Ali et al. (2008); Ibad et al. (2008).

Computing details top

Data collection: CrystalClear (Rigaku/MSC, 2006); cell refinement: CrystalClear (Rigaku/MSC, 2006); data reduction: CrystalClear (Rigaku/MSC, 2006); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. Molecular structure of (I) with atom labels and 30% probability displacement ellipsoids.
Diethyl 2,2'-(biphenyl-2,2'-diyldioxy)diacetate top
Crystal data top
C20H22O6Z = 2
Mr = 358.38F(000) = 380
Triclinic, P1Dx = 1.342 Mg m3
a = 7.4683 (13) ÅMo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
b = 10.8189 (15) ÅCell parameters from 2971 reflections
c = 12.050 (2) Åθ = 3.1–26.3°
α = 104.733 (17)°µ = 0.10 mm1
β = 95.05 (2)°T = 153 K
γ = 106.897 (14)°Chip, colorless
V = 887.1 (3) Å30.58 × 0.53 × 0.24 mm
Data collection top
Rigaku AFC-8S
diffractometer
3104 independent reflections
Radiation source: normal-focus sealed tube2787 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Graphite monochromatorRint = 0.014
Detector resolution: 14.6306 pixels mm-1θmax = 25.1°, θmin = 3.1°
ω scansh = 88
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(REQAB; Jacobson, 1998)
k = 1212
Tmin = 0.945, Tmax = 0.977l = 1412
6640 measured reflections
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: fullSecondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.039Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.099H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.04 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0493P)2 + 0.3462P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
3104 reflections(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
235 parametersΔρmax = 0.18 e Å3
0 restraintsΔρmin = 0.20 e Å3
Crystal data top
C20H22O6γ = 106.897 (14)°
Mr = 358.38V = 887.1 (3) Å3
Triclinic, P1Z = 2
a = 7.4683 (13) ÅMo Kα radiation
b = 10.8189 (15) ŵ = 0.10 mm1
c = 12.050 (2) ÅT = 153 K
α = 104.733 (17)°0.58 × 0.53 × 0.24 mm
β = 95.05 (2)°
Data collection top
Rigaku AFC-8S
diffractometer
3104 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(REQAB; Jacobson, 1998)
2787 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Tmin = 0.945, Tmax = 0.977Rint = 0.014
6640 measured reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.0390 restraints
wR(F2) = 0.099H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.04Δρmax = 0.18 e Å3
3104 reflectionsΔρmin = 0.20 e Å3
235 parameters
Special details top

Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > 2sigma(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
O10.26152 (13)0.49153 (10)0.09823 (8)0.0281 (2)
O20.10844 (14)0.63977 (10)0.03410 (9)0.0289 (3)
O30.37964 (13)0.73993 (9)0.17431 (8)0.0229 (2)
O40.64269 (14)1.13019 (10)0.42800 (8)0.0270 (2)
O50.71807 (19)1.39716 (12)0.43450 (10)0.0455 (3)
O60.74896 (14)1.45726 (9)0.62997 (8)0.0284 (2)
C10.2426 (2)0.36891 (16)0.29568 (13)0.0315 (3)
H1A0.17540.34360.37590.047*
H1B0.23290.28720.27230.047*
H1C0.37680.41910.29120.047*
C20.1555 (2)0.45549 (19)0.21611 (13)0.0407 (4)
H2A0.16310.53800.23950.049*
H2B0.02010.40560.21940.049*
C30.22147 (18)0.58407 (13)0.01637 (12)0.0213 (3)
C40.33426 (18)0.60535 (13)0.10190 (11)0.0218 (3)
H4A0.25930.54240.14060.026*
H4B0.45320.58430.09110.026*
C50.50568 (17)0.83979 (13)0.14036 (11)0.0197 (3)
C60.51573 (18)0.97228 (13)0.19636 (11)0.0196 (3)
C70.64460 (19)1.07739 (13)0.16831 (12)0.0239 (3)
H7A0.65531.16820.20680.029*
C80.75716 (19)1.05198 (14)0.08549 (12)0.0261 (3)
H8A0.84281.12470.06670.031*
C90.74388 (19)0.92018 (15)0.03053 (12)0.0267 (3)
H9A0.82030.90230.02660.032*
C100.61985 (19)0.81358 (14)0.05811 (12)0.0244 (3)
H10A0.61290.72320.02100.029*
C110.38246 (18)1.00240 (13)0.27616 (11)0.0207 (3)
C120.18639 (19)0.95132 (13)0.23529 (12)0.0242 (3)
H12A0.13910.88990.15930.029*
C130.0593 (2)0.98855 (14)0.30363 (13)0.0277 (3)
H13A0.07340.95370.27450.033*
C140.1289 (2)1.07714 (14)0.41479 (13)0.0297 (3)
H14A0.04301.10410.46150.036*
C150.3225 (2)1.12712 (14)0.45896 (13)0.0281 (3)
H15A0.36851.18680.53580.034*
C160.44882 (19)1.08923 (13)0.39009 (12)0.0223 (3)
C170.7184 (2)1.23201 (14)0.53605 (12)0.0284 (3)
H17A0.84791.23360.56410.034*
H17B0.63841.21070.59430.034*
C180.72672 (19)1.36982 (14)0.52501 (12)0.0263 (3)
C190.7734 (2)1.59703 (14)0.63189 (14)0.0349 (4)
H19A0.67481.59940.57260.042*
H19B0.89981.63910.61410.042*
C200.7560 (2)1.67243 (15)0.75077 (14)0.0352 (4)
H20A0.77191.76650.75410.053*
H20B0.85441.66990.80880.053*
H20C0.63031.63030.76740.053*
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
O10.0283 (5)0.0326 (6)0.0214 (5)0.0160 (4)0.0003 (4)0.0010 (4)
O20.0284 (5)0.0264 (5)0.0338 (6)0.0133 (4)0.0033 (4)0.0075 (4)
O30.0279 (5)0.0169 (5)0.0224 (5)0.0059 (4)0.0092 (4)0.0032 (4)
O40.0303 (5)0.0263 (5)0.0210 (5)0.0131 (4)0.0000 (4)0.0019 (4)
O50.0766 (9)0.0358 (6)0.0258 (6)0.0188 (6)0.0108 (6)0.0107 (5)
O60.0422 (6)0.0211 (5)0.0213 (5)0.0123 (4)0.0035 (4)0.0036 (4)
C10.0309 (7)0.0337 (8)0.0238 (8)0.0074 (6)0.0037 (6)0.0020 (6)
C20.0376 (8)0.0587 (11)0.0225 (8)0.0246 (8)0.0030 (6)0.0013 (7)
C30.0195 (6)0.0172 (6)0.0270 (7)0.0054 (5)0.0068 (5)0.0058 (5)
C40.0249 (7)0.0167 (6)0.0235 (7)0.0077 (5)0.0054 (5)0.0039 (5)
C50.0204 (6)0.0194 (6)0.0174 (6)0.0047 (5)0.0021 (5)0.0046 (5)
C60.0210 (6)0.0202 (6)0.0170 (6)0.0075 (5)0.0013 (5)0.0041 (5)
C70.0269 (7)0.0203 (7)0.0225 (7)0.0067 (5)0.0021 (5)0.0047 (5)
C80.0241 (7)0.0269 (7)0.0254 (7)0.0039 (5)0.0052 (5)0.0093 (6)
C90.0247 (7)0.0315 (7)0.0212 (7)0.0068 (6)0.0082 (5)0.0044 (6)
C100.0257 (7)0.0221 (7)0.0219 (7)0.0071 (5)0.0053 (5)0.0008 (5)
C110.0265 (7)0.0172 (6)0.0212 (7)0.0094 (5)0.0063 (5)0.0072 (5)
C120.0288 (7)0.0193 (6)0.0265 (7)0.0088 (5)0.0067 (6)0.0085 (5)
C130.0268 (7)0.0240 (7)0.0373 (8)0.0098 (6)0.0119 (6)0.0138 (6)
C140.0370 (8)0.0264 (7)0.0356 (8)0.0171 (6)0.0198 (6)0.0138 (6)
C150.0399 (8)0.0242 (7)0.0241 (7)0.0153 (6)0.0117 (6)0.0063 (6)
C160.0290 (7)0.0189 (6)0.0217 (7)0.0110 (5)0.0054 (5)0.0067 (5)
C170.0362 (8)0.0254 (7)0.0206 (7)0.0137 (6)0.0020 (6)0.0000 (6)
C180.0289 (7)0.0281 (7)0.0200 (7)0.0096 (6)0.0026 (5)0.0040 (6)
C190.0524 (9)0.0208 (7)0.0330 (9)0.0128 (7)0.0078 (7)0.0094 (6)
C200.0516 (9)0.0201 (7)0.0318 (8)0.0105 (7)0.0062 (7)0.0056 (6)
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
O1—C31.3374 (16)C8—C91.381 (2)
O1—C21.4618 (18)C8—H8A0.9500
O2—C31.2044 (16)C9—C101.388 (2)
O3—C51.3864 (16)C9—H9A0.9500
O3—C41.4181 (16)C10—H10A0.9500
O4—C161.3816 (17)C11—C121.399 (2)
O4—C171.4167 (17)C11—C161.402 (2)
O5—C181.2017 (18)C12—C131.3900 (19)
O6—C181.3362 (17)C12—H12A0.9500
O6—C191.4634 (17)C13—C141.385 (2)
C1—C21.492 (2)C13—H13A0.9500
C1—H1A0.9800C14—C151.389 (2)
C1—H1B0.9800C14—H14A0.9500
C1—H1C0.9800C15—C161.3913 (19)
C2—H2A0.9900C15—H15A0.9500
C2—H2B0.9900C17—C181.514 (2)
C3—C41.5175 (19)C17—H17A0.9900
C4—H4A0.9900C17—H17B0.9900
C4—H4B0.9900C19—C201.495 (2)
C5—C101.3916 (18)C19—H19A0.9900
C5—C61.3971 (18)C19—H19B0.9900
C6—C71.3966 (19)C20—H20A0.9800
C6—C111.4897 (18)C20—H20B0.9800
C7—C81.386 (2)C20—H20C0.9800
C7—H7A0.9500
C3—O1—C2116.34 (11)C9—C10—H10A120.2
C5—O3—C4116.66 (10)C5—C10—H10A120.2
C16—O4—C17117.43 (11)C12—C11—C16118.38 (12)
C18—O6—C19115.91 (11)C12—C11—C6119.93 (12)
C2—C1—H1A109.5C16—C11—C6121.54 (12)
C2—C1—H1B109.5C13—C12—C11121.36 (13)
H1A—C1—H1B109.5C13—C12—H12A119.3
C2—C1—H1C109.5C11—C12—H12A119.3
H1A—C1—H1C109.5C14—C13—C12119.08 (13)
H1B—C1—H1C109.5C14—C13—H13A120.5
O1—C2—C1107.38 (12)C12—C13—H13A120.5
O1—C2—H2A110.2C13—C14—C15120.95 (13)
C1—C2—H2A110.2C13—C14—H14A119.5
O1—C2—H2B110.2C15—C14—H14A119.5
C1—C2—H2B110.2C14—C15—C16119.63 (14)
H2A—C2—H2B108.5C14—C15—H15A120.2
O2—C3—O1124.57 (13)C16—C15—H15A120.2
O2—C3—C4125.14 (12)O4—C16—C15123.64 (12)
O1—C3—C4110.27 (11)O4—C16—C11115.79 (12)
O3—C4—C3111.80 (11)C15—C16—C11120.56 (13)
O3—C4—H4A109.3O4—C17—C18111.40 (12)
C3—C4—H4A109.3O4—C17—H17A109.3
O3—C4—H4B109.3C18—C17—H17A109.3
C3—C4—H4B109.3O4—C17—H17B109.3
H4A—C4—H4B107.9C18—C17—H17B109.3
O3—C5—C10123.59 (12)H17A—C17—H17B108.0
O3—C5—C6115.63 (11)O5—C18—O6124.81 (13)
C10—C5—C6120.77 (12)O5—C18—C17124.61 (13)
C7—C6—C5118.18 (12)O6—C18—C17110.57 (12)
C7—C6—C11119.86 (12)O6—C19—C20108.07 (12)
C5—C6—C11121.75 (12)O6—C19—H19A110.1
C8—C7—C6121.36 (13)C20—C19—H19A110.1
C8—C7—H7A119.3O6—C19—H19B110.1
C6—C7—H7A119.3C20—C19—H19B110.1
C9—C8—C7119.49 (13)H19A—C19—H19B108.4
C9—C8—H8A120.3C19—C20—H20A109.5
C7—C8—H8A120.3C19—C20—H20B109.5
C8—C9—C10120.55 (13)H20A—C20—H20B109.5
C8—C9—H9A119.7C19—C20—H20C109.5
C10—C9—H9A119.7H20A—C20—H20C109.5
C9—C10—C5119.64 (13)H20B—C20—H20C109.5
C3—O1—C2—C1171.24 (12)C7—C6—C11—C1658.95 (18)
C2—O1—C3—O21.3 (2)C5—C6—C11—C16126.46 (14)
C2—O1—C3—C4176.98 (12)C16—C11—C12—C132.17 (19)
C5—O3—C4—C367.26 (14)C6—C11—C12—C13173.39 (12)
O2—C3—C4—O333.27 (18)C11—C12—C13—C140.6 (2)
O1—C3—C4—O3148.41 (11)C12—C13—C14—C151.0 (2)
C4—O3—C5—C1015.26 (18)C13—C14—C15—C160.9 (2)
C4—O3—C5—C6166.12 (11)C17—O4—C16—C159.89 (19)
O3—C5—C6—C7178.06 (11)C17—O4—C16—C11171.55 (11)
C10—C5—C6—C70.60 (19)C14—C15—C16—O4177.75 (12)
O3—C5—C6—C117.26 (18)C14—C15—C16—C110.8 (2)
C10—C5—C6—C11174.08 (12)C12—C11—C16—O4176.37 (11)
C5—C6—C7—C81.4 (2)C6—C11—C16—O48.15 (18)
C11—C6—C7—C8173.42 (12)C12—C11—C16—C152.24 (19)
C6—C7—C8—C90.9 (2)C6—C11—C16—C15173.24 (12)
C7—C8—C9—C100.4 (2)C16—O4—C17—C1875.23 (15)
C8—C9—C10—C51.1 (2)C19—O6—C18—O53.1 (2)
O3—C5—C10—C9179.17 (12)C19—O6—C18—C17175.61 (12)
C6—C5—C10—C90.6 (2)O4—C17—C18—O517.8 (2)
C7—C6—C11—C12116.47 (14)O4—C17—C18—O6163.46 (11)
C5—C6—C11—C1258.13 (18)C18—O6—C19—C20168.59 (13)
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C4—H4b···O1i0.992.503.472 (2)168 (1)
Symmetry code: (i) x+1, y+1, z.

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formulaC20H22O6
Mr358.38
Crystal system, space groupTriclinic, P1
Temperature (K)153
a, b, c (Å)7.4683 (13), 10.8189 (15), 12.050 (2)
α, β, γ (°)104.733 (17), 95.05 (2), 106.897 (14)
V3)887.1 (3)
Z2
Radiation typeMo Kα
µ (mm1)0.10
Crystal size (mm)0.58 × 0.53 × 0.24
Data collection
DiffractometerRigaku AFC-8S
Absorption correctionMulti-scan
(REQAB; Jacobson, 1998)
Tmin, Tmax0.945, 0.977
No. of measured, independent and
observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections
6640, 3104, 2787
Rint0.014
(sin θ/λ)max1)0.597
Refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S 0.039, 0.099, 1.04
No. of reflections3104
No. of parameters235
H-atom treatmentH-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å3)0.18, 0.20

Computer programs: CrystalClear (Rigaku/MSC, 2006), SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C4—H4b···O1i0.992.503.472 (2)167.7 (1)
Symmetry code: (i) x+1, y+1, z.
 

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Pakistan Science Foundation for financial support.

References

First citationAli, Q., Ibad, F., Shah, M. R. & VanDerveer, D. (2008). Acta Cryst. E64, o1408.  Web of Science CSD CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
First citationIbad, F., Mustafa, A., Shah, M. R. & VanDerveer, D. (2008). Acta Cryst. E64, o1130–o1131.  Web of Science CSD CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
First citationJacobson, R. (1998). REQAB. Molecular Structure Corporation, The Woodlands, Texas, USA.  Google Scholar
First citationRabnawaz, M., Ali, Q., Shah, M. R. & Singh, K. (2008). Acta Cryst. E64, o1909.  Web of Science CSD CrossRef IUCr Journals Google Scholar
First citationRigaku/MSC (2006). CrystalClear MSC, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, and Rigaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.  Google Scholar
First citationSheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112–122.  Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar

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