organic compounds
N-(3,4-Difluorophenyl)-N′-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)urea
aDepartment of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea, and bDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
*Correspondence e-mail: skkang@cnu.ac.kr
In the title compound, C15H14F2N2O3, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 64.5 (1)°. One F atom is disordered over two meta positions, with occupancy factors of 0.72 and 0.28. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving two N—H and one C=O groups of the urea central fragment, leading to a supramolecular chain along [011].
Related literature
For general background to the development of potent inhibitory agents of tyrosinase and melanin formation used as whitening agents, see: Cabanes et al. (1994); Choi et al. (2010); Criton & Le Mellay-Hamon (2008); Germanas et al. (2007); Dawley & Flurkey (1993); Ha et al. (2007); Hong et al. (2008); Kwak et al. (2010); Lee et al. (2007); Nerya et al. (2003); Yi et al. (2009, 2010).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Data collection
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Refinement
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Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 2002); cell SAINT (Bruker, 2002); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997); software used to prepare material for publication: WinGX (Farrugia, 1999).
Supporting information
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536810032095/bh2300sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536810032095/bh2300Isup2.hkl
2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl isocyanate and 3,4-difluoroaniline were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. Solvents used for synthesis were redistilled before use. All other chemicals and solvents were of analytical grade and used without further purification. The title compound was prepared from the reaction of 3,4-difluoroaniline (0.28 ml, 3 mmol) and 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl isocyanate (0.5 g, 3 mmol) in acetonitrile (6 ml). The mixture was refluxed for 8 h at 353 K, and then treated with water and extracted with methylene chloride (2 × 50 mL). The combined extracts were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate. Removal of solvent gave a white solid (90%, m.p. 454 K). Single crystals were obtained by slow evaporation of a methylene chloride solution at room temperature.
The amide H atoms were located in a difference map and refined freely. The remaining H atoms were positioned geometrically and refined using a riding model with C—H = 0.93–0.96 Å, and with Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq (C) for aromatic and 1.5Ueq(C) for methyl H atoms. Atom F7 is disordered over two positions and the two split atoms are designated by having the suffix A after the atom number. The final occupancy factors are F7 0.72 and F7A 0.28. The measured diffraction fraction is relatively low of 95.5% due to a tiny single-crystal for data collection. This single-crystal was the largest one we could produce as described in the experimental section.
Melanin is the pigment responsible for the color of human skin and it is formed through a series of oxidative reaction in the presence of key enzyme tyrosinase (Ha et al., 2007) that converts tyrosine into melanin. It is secreted by melanocyte cells distributed in the basal layer of the dermis. Its role is to protect the skin from ultraviolet (UV) damage by absorbing the ultraviolet sunlight and removing reactive oxygen species. Therefore these inhibitors are target molecules for developing anti-pigmentation agents. Common tyrosinase inhibitors (Dawley & Flurkey, 1993; Nerya et al., 2003) are hydroquinone, ascorbic acid, kojic acid and arbutin (Cabanes et al., 1994). Recently, numerous reports have focused on the inhibition of tyrosinase. They are containing aromatic, methoxy, hydroxyl (Hong et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2007), aldehyde (Yi et al., 2010), amide (Kwak et al., 2010; Choi et al., 2010), thiosemicarbazone (Yi et al., 2009), thiazole (Germanas et al., 2007), thiourea (Criton & Le Mellay-Hamon, 2008) groups in their structures, and act as a specific
to make the skin white by inhibiting the production of melanin. However, most of them are not potent enough to put into practical use due to their weak individual activities, poor skin penetration, and low stability of formulations, as well as toxicity or safety concerns. Consequently, there is still need to search and develop novel tyrosinase inhibitors with better activities together with lower side effects. To complement the inadequacy of current whitening agent above mentioned and maximize the effect of inhabitation of melanin creation, we have synthesized the title compound, (I), from the reaction of 3,4-difluoroaniline with 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl isocyanate, under ambient conditions. Herein, the crystal sturucture of (I) is described (Fig. 1).The 3,4-difluoroaniline group and 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl moiety are essentially planar, with a mean deviations of 0.007 Å and 0.016 Å, respectively, from the corresponding least-squares planes defined by each nine constituent atoms. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 64.5 (1) °. The presence of intermolecular N—H···O hydrogen bonds lead to the formation a supramolecular chain along [011].
For general background to the development of potent inhibitory agents of tyrosinase and melanin formation used as whitening agents, see: Cabanes et al. (1994); Choi et al. (2010); Criton & Le Mellay-Hamon (2008); Germanas et al. (2007); Dawley & Flurkey (1993); Ha et al. (2007); Hong et al. (2008); Kwak et al. (2010); Lee et al. (2007); Nerya et al. (2003); Yi et al. (2009, 2010).
Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 2002); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 2002); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2002); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997); software used to prepare material for publication: WinGX (Farrugia, 1999).Fig. 1. Molecular structure of (l), showing the atom-numbering scheme and 50% probability ellipsoids. |
C15H14F2N2O3 | F(000) = 640 |
Mr = 308.28 | Dx = 1.463 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Melting point: 454 K |
Hall symbol: -P 2ybc | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
a = 13.209 (2) Å | Cell parameters from 398 reflections |
b = 12.0887 (18) Å | θ = 3.0–18.6° |
c = 9.0740 (12) Å | µ = 0.12 mm−1 |
β = 104.990 (4)° | T = 174 K |
V = 1399.6 (4) Å3 | Needle, colourless |
Z = 4 | 0.09 × 0.04 × 0.02 mm |
Bruker SMART CCD area-detector diffractometer | Rint = 0.120 |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | θmax = 25.3°, θmin = 1.6° |
φ and ω scans | h = −15→14 |
10104 measured reflections | k = −12→14 |
2433 independent reflections | l = −4→10 |
1211 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Refinement on F2 | 0 restraints |
Least-squares matrix: full | 0 constraints |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.061 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
wR(F2) = 0.145 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0573P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
S = 0.96 | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
2433 reflections | Δρmax = 0.25 e Å−3 |
218 parameters | Δρmin = −0.26 e Å−3 |
C15H14F2N2O3 | V = 1399.6 (4) Å3 |
Mr = 308.28 | Z = 4 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 13.209 (2) Å | µ = 0.12 mm−1 |
b = 12.0887 (18) Å | T = 174 K |
c = 9.0740 (12) Å | 0.09 × 0.04 × 0.02 mm |
β = 104.990 (4)° |
Bruker SMART CCD area-detector diffractometer | 1211 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
10104 measured reflections | Rint = 0.120 |
2433 independent reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.061 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.145 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 0.96 | Δρmax = 0.25 e Å−3 |
2433 reflections | Δρmin = −0.26 e Å−3 |
218 parameters |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | Occ. (<1) | |
C1 | 0.6480 (3) | 0.4327 (3) | 0.4129 (4) | 0.0243 (9) | |
C2 | 0.5993 (3) | 0.4687 (3) | 0.2657 (4) | 0.0278 (10) | |
H2 | 0.5991 | 0.4245 | 0.1818 | 0.033* | |
C3 | 0.5517 (3) | 0.5705 (4) | 0.2464 (4) | 0.0351 (11) | |
H3 | 0.5189 | 0.5949 | 0.1484 | 0.042* | 0.28 |
C4 | 0.5517 (3) | 0.6365 (3) | 0.3683 (5) | 0.0354 (11) | |
C5 | 0.5984 (3) | 0.6018 (4) | 0.5137 (4) | 0.0336 (11) | |
H5 | 0.5973 | 0.6468 | 0.5964 | 0.04* | 0.72 |
C6 | 0.6469 (3) | 0.5008 (3) | 0.5371 (4) | 0.0278 (10) | |
H6 | 0.6791 | 0.4775 | 0.6358 | 0.033* | |
F7 | 0.5055 (3) | 0.6079 (3) | 0.1088 (3) | 0.0597 (11) | 0.72 |
F7A | 0.6007 (6) | 0.6720 (7) | 0.6227 (8) | 0.041 (2) | 0.28 |
F8 | 0.5028 (2) | 0.7365 (2) | 0.3447 (3) | 0.0586 (8) | |
N9 | 0.6969 (2) | 0.3289 (3) | 0.4443 (3) | 0.0274 (9) | |
H9 | 0.706 (3) | 0.302 (3) | 0.533 (4) | 0.038 (12)* | |
C10 | 0.7429 (3) | 0.2699 (3) | 0.3512 (4) | 0.0271 (10) | |
O11 | 0.74653 (19) | 0.3012 (2) | 0.2231 (2) | 0.0301 (7) | |
N12 | 0.7839 (3) | 0.1710 (3) | 0.4127 (4) | 0.0315 (9) | |
H12 | 0.775 (3) | 0.151 (3) | 0.492 (4) | 0.036 (13)* | |
C13 | 0.8518 (3) | 0.1019 (3) | 0.3556 (4) | 0.0259 (10) | |
C14 | 0.8499 (3) | −0.0108 (4) | 0.3854 (4) | 0.0295 (10) | |
C15 | 0.9184 (3) | −0.0817 (4) | 0.3393 (4) | 0.0347 (11) | |
H15 | 0.9177 | −0.1569 | 0.3604 | 0.042* | |
C16 | 0.9883 (3) | −0.0401 (4) | 0.2614 (4) | 0.0346 (11) | |
H16 | 1.0341 | −0.0875 | 0.2299 | 0.042* | |
C17 | 0.9893 (3) | 0.0715 (4) | 0.2313 (4) | 0.0317 (10) | |
C18 | 0.9216 (3) | 0.1432 (3) | 0.2788 (4) | 0.0295 (10) | |
H18 | 0.9233 | 0.2186 | 0.259 | 0.035* | |
O19 | 0.7767 (2) | −0.0423 (2) | 0.4625 (3) | 0.0381 (7) | |
C20 | 0.7657 (4) | −0.1587 (4) | 0.4843 (5) | 0.0496 (13) | |
H20A | 0.7476 | −0.1951 | 0.387 | 0.074* | |
H20B | 0.7114 | −0.1709 | 0.5353 | 0.074* | |
H20C | 0.8307 | −0.1879 | 0.5453 | 0.074* | |
O21 | 1.0554 (2) | 0.1220 (2) | 0.1555 (3) | 0.0414 (8) | |
C22 | 1.1393 (3) | 0.0546 (4) | 0.1310 (4) | 0.0423 (12) | |
H22A | 1.18 | 0.0265 | 0.2271 | 0.063* | |
H22B | 1.1833 | 0.0984 | 0.0846 | 0.063* | |
H22C | 1.1107 | −0.006 | 0.0651 | 0.063* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
C1 | 0.029 (2) | 0.018 (2) | 0.0284 (19) | −0.0011 (19) | 0.0118 (16) | 0.0004 (16) |
C2 | 0.030 (2) | 0.024 (3) | 0.0296 (19) | −0.001 (2) | 0.0088 (17) | −0.0009 (17) |
C3 | 0.034 (3) | 0.034 (3) | 0.036 (2) | 0.004 (2) | 0.0063 (19) | 0.007 (2) |
C4 | 0.034 (3) | 0.016 (3) | 0.055 (3) | 0.010 (2) | 0.010 (2) | 0.004 (2) |
C5 | 0.030 (3) | 0.028 (3) | 0.045 (2) | 0.000 (2) | 0.0121 (19) | −0.006 (2) |
C6 | 0.030 (2) | 0.027 (3) | 0.0278 (19) | −0.003 (2) | 0.0082 (16) | −0.0031 (17) |
F7 | 0.077 (3) | 0.052 (3) | 0.0428 (18) | 0.022 (2) | 0.0015 (17) | 0.0155 (18) |
F7A | 0.050 (6) | 0.031 (5) | 0.050 (4) | 0.006 (5) | 0.025 (4) | −0.016 (4) |
F8 | 0.066 (2) | 0.0366 (18) | 0.0715 (16) | 0.0211 (15) | 0.0138 (14) | 0.0024 (13) |
N9 | 0.039 (2) | 0.025 (2) | 0.0191 (16) | 0.0072 (18) | 0.0103 (14) | 0.0042 (15) |
C10 | 0.025 (3) | 0.031 (3) | 0.0251 (19) | −0.001 (2) | 0.0065 (16) | −0.0030 (18) |
O11 | 0.0381 (17) | 0.0301 (18) | 0.0248 (12) | 0.0040 (14) | 0.0133 (11) | 0.0004 (11) |
N12 | 0.043 (2) | 0.025 (2) | 0.0300 (18) | 0.0083 (18) | 0.0158 (16) | 0.0063 (16) |
C13 | 0.029 (3) | 0.021 (3) | 0.0270 (19) | 0.004 (2) | 0.0059 (17) | 0.0016 (17) |
C14 | 0.035 (3) | 0.026 (3) | 0.0265 (19) | −0.003 (2) | 0.0066 (18) | 0.0019 (18) |
C15 | 0.046 (3) | 0.020 (3) | 0.037 (2) | 0.003 (2) | 0.008 (2) | −0.0021 (18) |
C16 | 0.042 (3) | 0.027 (3) | 0.036 (2) | 0.011 (2) | 0.0121 (19) | −0.0048 (19) |
C17 | 0.033 (3) | 0.024 (3) | 0.039 (2) | 0.007 (2) | 0.0094 (19) | 0.0010 (19) |
C18 | 0.037 (3) | 0.018 (3) | 0.034 (2) | 0.001 (2) | 0.0105 (18) | 0.0033 (17) |
O19 | 0.0450 (19) | 0.0241 (19) | 0.0492 (15) | −0.0003 (15) | 0.0193 (14) | 0.0043 (13) |
C20 | 0.066 (3) | 0.028 (3) | 0.057 (3) | −0.012 (3) | 0.019 (2) | 0.003 (2) |
O21 | 0.0436 (19) | 0.035 (2) | 0.0553 (16) | 0.0122 (15) | 0.0299 (14) | 0.0078 (14) |
C22 | 0.043 (3) | 0.041 (3) | 0.050 (2) | 0.012 (2) | 0.024 (2) | 0.003 (2) |
C1—C2 | 1.394 (5) | C13—C14 | 1.390 (5) |
C1—C6 | 1.400 (5) | C14—O19 | 1.385 (4) |
C1—N9 | 1.406 (5) | C14—C15 | 1.387 (5) |
C2—C3 | 1.371 (5) | C15—C16 | 1.394 (5) |
C2—H2 | 0.93 | C15—H15 | 0.93 |
C3—C4 | 1.365 (5) | C16—C17 | 1.377 (5) |
C3—F7 | 1.320 (5) | C16—H16 | 0.93 |
C4—F8 | 1.361 (4) | C17—O21 | 1.386 (5) |
C4—C5 | 1.369 (5) | C17—C18 | 1.391 (5) |
C5—C6 | 1.369 (5) | C18—H18 | 0.93 |
C5—H5 | 0.93 | O19—C20 | 1.434 (5) |
C6—H6 | 0.93 | C20—H20A | 0.96 |
N9—C10 | 1.362 (4) | C20—H20B | 0.96 |
N9—H9 | 0.84 (4) | C20—H20C | 0.96 |
C10—O11 | 1.235 (4) | O21—C22 | 1.439 (4) |
C10—N12 | 1.370 (5) | C22—H22A | 0.96 |
N12—C13 | 1.418 (5) | C22—H22B | 0.96 |
N12—H12 | 0.80 (4) | C22—H22C | 0.96 |
C13—C18 | 1.385 (5) | ||
C2—C1—C6 | 119.3 (4) | C14—C13—N12 | 117.5 (4) |
C2—C1—N9 | 123.2 (3) | O19—C14—C15 | 125.3 (4) |
C6—C1—N9 | 117.5 (3) | O19—C14—C13 | 114.7 (4) |
C3—C2—C1 | 119.0 (3) | C15—C14—C13 | 120.1 (4) |
C3—C2—H2 | 120.5 | C14—C15—C16 | 120.0 (4) |
C1—C2—H2 | 120.5 | C14—C15—H15 | 120 |
F7—C3—C4 | 118.0 (4) | C16—C15—H15 | 120 |
F7—C3—C2 | 120.9 (4) | C17—C16—C15 | 119.7 (4) |
C4—C3—C2 | 121.1 (4) | C17—C16—H16 | 120.2 |
C4—C3—H3 | 119.4 | C15—C16—H16 | 120.2 |
C2—C3—H3 | 119.4 | C16—C17—O21 | 124.7 (4) |
F8—C4—C3 | 119.4 (4) | C16—C17—C18 | 120.7 (4) |
F8—C4—C5 | 120.1 (4) | O21—C17—C18 | 114.6 (4) |
C3—C4—C5 | 120.5 (4) | C13—C18—C17 | 119.7 (4) |
C6—C5—C4 | 119.9 (4) | C13—C18—H18 | 120.1 |
C6—C5—H5 | 120 | C17—C18—H18 | 120.1 |
C4—C5—H5 | 120 | C14—O19—C20 | 116.7 (3) |
C5—C6—C1 | 120.1 (4) | O19—C20—H20A | 109.5 |
C5—C6—H6 | 119.9 | O19—C20—H20B | 109.5 |
C1—C6—H6 | 119.9 | H20A—C20—H20B | 109.5 |
C10—N9—C1 | 126.7 (3) | O19—C20—H20C | 109.5 |
C10—N9—H9 | 115 (3) | H20A—C20—H20C | 109.5 |
C1—N9—H9 | 118 (3) | H20B—C20—H20C | 109.5 |
O11—C10—N9 | 123.7 (4) | C17—O21—C22 | 115.9 (3) |
O11—C10—N12 | 122.9 (4) | O21—C22—H22A | 109.5 |
N9—C10—N12 | 113.4 (3) | O21—C22—H22B | 109.5 |
C10—N12—C13 | 125.9 (3) | H22A—C22—H22B | 109.5 |
C10—N12—H12 | 120 (3) | O21—C22—H22C | 109.5 |
C13—N12—H12 | 114 (3) | H22A—C22—H22C | 109.5 |
C18—C13—C14 | 119.9 (4) | H22B—C22—H22C | 109.5 |
C18—C13—N12 | 122.6 (4) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N9—H9···O11i | 0.84 (4) | 2.09 (4) | 2.907 (4) | 163 (4) |
N12—H12···O11i | 0.80 (4) | 2.30 (4) | 3.002 (4) | 147 (4) |
Symmetry code: (i) x, −y+1/2, z+1/2. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C15H14F2N2O3 |
Mr | 308.28 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/c |
Temperature (K) | 174 |
a, b, c (Å) | 13.209 (2), 12.0887 (18), 9.0740 (12) |
β (°) | 104.990 (4) |
V (Å3) | 1399.6 (4) |
Z | 4 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.12 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.09 × 0.04 × 0.02 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker SMART CCD area-detector |
Absorption correction | – |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 10104, 2433, 1211 |
Rint | 0.120 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.601 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.061, 0.145, 0.96 |
No. of reflections | 2433 |
No. of parameters | 218 |
H-atom treatment | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.25, −0.26 |
Computer programs: SMART (Bruker, 2002), SAINT (Bruker, 2002), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997), WinGX (Farrugia, 1999).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N9—H9···O11i | 0.84 (4) | 2.09 (4) | 2.907 (4) | 163 (4) |
N12—H12···O11i | 0.80 (4) | 2.30 (4) | 3.002 (4) | 147 (4) |
Symmetry code: (i) x, −y+1/2, z+1/2. |
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank the DBIO Company for partial support of this work.
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Melanin is the pigment responsible for the color of human skin and it is formed through a series of oxidative reaction in the presence of key enzyme tyrosinase (Ha et al., 2007) that converts tyrosine into melanin. It is secreted by melanocyte cells distributed in the basal layer of the dermis. Its role is to protect the skin from ultraviolet (UV) damage by absorbing the ultraviolet sunlight and removing reactive oxygen species. Therefore these inhibitors are target molecules for developing anti-pigmentation agents. Common tyrosinase inhibitors (Dawley & Flurkey, 1993; Nerya et al., 2003) are hydroquinone, ascorbic acid, kojic acid and arbutin (Cabanes et al., 1994). Recently, numerous reports have focused on the inhibition of tyrosinase. They are containing aromatic, methoxy, hydroxyl (Hong et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2007), aldehyde (Yi et al., 2010), amide (Kwak et al., 2010; Choi et al., 2010), thiosemicarbazone (Yi et al., 2009), thiazole (Germanas et al., 2007), thiourea (Criton & Le Mellay-Hamon, 2008) groups in their structures, and act as a specific functional group to make the skin white by inhibiting the production of melanin. However, most of them are not potent enough to put into practical use due to their weak individual activities, poor skin penetration, and low stability of formulations, as well as toxicity or safety concerns. Consequently, there is still need to search and develop novel tyrosinase inhibitors with better activities together with lower side effects. To complement the inadequacy of current whitening agent above mentioned and maximize the effect of inhabitation of melanin creation, we have synthesized the title compound, (I), from the reaction of 3,4-difluoroaniline with 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl isocyanate, under ambient conditions. Herein, the crystal sturucture of (I) is described (Fig. 1).
The 3,4-difluoroaniline group and 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl moiety are essentially planar, with a mean deviations of 0.007 Å and 0.016 Å, respectively, from the corresponding least-squares planes defined by each nine constituent atoms. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 64.5 (1) °. The presence of intermolecular N—H···O hydrogen bonds lead to the formation a supramolecular chain along [011].