organic compounds
(E)-1-(2-Hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one from Kaempferia rotunda Val.
aDepartment of Chemistry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Malaysia, and bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
*Correspondence e-mail: seikweng@um.edu.my
The planar –CH=CHC(=O)– fragment (r.m.s. deviation = 0.074 Å) in the title compound, C18H18O5, connects the planar hydroxydimethoxyphenyl (r.m.s. deviation = 0.039 Å) and methoxylphenyl (r.m.s. deviation = 0.021 Å) parts. The central fragment forms a dihedral angle of 13.7 (1)° with the hydroxydimethoxyphenyl part and 32.0 (1)° with the methoxyphenyl part. The hydroxy group forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond to the carbonyl O atom.
Related literature
For the isolation of the compound from Kaempferia rotunda, see: Sirat et al. (2001); Stevenson et al. (2007).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Data collection
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Refinement
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Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009); cell SAINT (Bruker, 2009); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: X-SEED (Barbour, 2001); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2010).
Supporting information
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536810042674/bt5385sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536810042674/bt5385Isup2.hkl
Kaempferia rotunda rhizomes were purchased from a market in Kempas, Johor. The rhizomes were dried and then grounded. The grounded rhizomes were extracted with n-hexane (4.5 L), ethyl acetate (4.5 L) and methanol (4.5 L) in a soxhlet extractor for 16 h. The extracts were concentrated to give a dark brown semi-solid from the n-hexane extract (2.32 g), a dark brown oil from the ethyl acetate extract (6.80 g) and a dark brown viscous liquid from the methanol extract (15.27 g). The n-hexane extract was purified by
(93.0 g, column size: 4.5 × 45.0 cm) with n-hexane:ether (99:1, 98:2 and 97:3) as eluents to give 20 fractions. Fractions 13 (0.08 g) and 14 (0.02 g) were combined and recrystallized by from an n-hexane: ether mixture to afford the title compound (6.9 mg) as yellow crystals.Carbon-bound H-atoms were placed in calculated positions (C—H 0.95–0.98 Å) and were included in the
in the riding model approximation, with U(H) set to 1.2–15U(C).The hydroxy H-atom was located in a difference Fourier map, and was refined isotropically with the O–H distance restrained to 0.84±0.01 Å.
Kaempferia rotunda is one of the four Malaysian Kaempferia of the Zingiberaceae family; among the constitutents isolated is 1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one (Scheme I) (Sirat et al., 2001; Stevenson et al., 2007). The planar –CH═CHC(═O)– fragment (r.m.s. deviation 0.074 Å) connects the planar hydroxyldimethoxyphenyl (r.m.s. deviation 0.039 Å) and methoxylphenyl (r.m.s. deviation 0.021 Å) parts. The fragment is aligned at 13.7 (1) ° with the hydroxydimethoxyphenyl part and at 32.0 (1) ° with the methoxyphenyl part. The hydroxy group forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond to the carbonyl oxygen atom of the fragment (Fig. 1).
For the isolation of the compound from Kaempferia rotunda, see: Sirat et al. (2001); Stevenson et al. (2007).
Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 2009); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2009); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: X-SEED (Barbour, 2001); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2010).Fig. 1. Anisotropic displacement ellipsoid plot (Barbour, 2001) of C18H18O5 at the 70% probability level; hydrogen atoms are drawn as spheres of arbitrary radius. |
C18H18O5 | F(000) = 664 |
Mr = 314.32 | Dx = 1.389 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/n | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2yn | Cell parameters from 5893 reflections |
a = 12.8502 (8) Å | θ = 2.3–28.2° |
b = 8.3226 (5) Å | µ = 0.10 mm−1 |
c = 14.1865 (9) Å | T = 100 K |
β = 97.765 (1)° | Irregular block, yellow |
V = 1503.29 (16) Å3 | 0.45 × 0.40 × 0.05 mm |
Z = 4 |
Bruker SMART APEX diffractometer | 2989 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | Rint = 0.027 |
Graphite monochromator | θmax = 27.5°, θmin = 2.0° |
ω scans | h = −16→15 |
13992 measured reflections | k = −10→10 |
3464 independent reflections | l = −18→18 |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.036 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.101 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.01 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0545P)2 + 0.5468P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
3464 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
215 parameters | Δρmax = 0.32 e Å−3 |
1 restraint | Δρmin = −0.23 e Å−3 |
C18H18O5 | V = 1503.29 (16) Å3 |
Mr = 314.32 | Z = 4 |
Monoclinic, P21/n | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 12.8502 (8) Å | µ = 0.10 mm−1 |
b = 8.3226 (5) Å | T = 100 K |
c = 14.1865 (9) Å | 0.45 × 0.40 × 0.05 mm |
β = 97.765 (1)° |
Bruker SMART APEX diffractometer | 2989 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
13992 measured reflections | Rint = 0.027 |
3464 independent reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.036 | 1 restraint |
wR(F2) = 0.101 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.01 | Δρmax = 0.32 e Å−3 |
3464 reflections | Δρmin = −0.23 e Å−3 |
215 parameters |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
O1 | 0.71889 (6) | 0.58291 (10) | 0.67517 (6) | 0.02051 (19) | |
H1 | 0.7343 (14) | 0.536 (2) | 0.6242 (9) | 0.049 (5)* | |
O2 | 0.44911 (7) | 0.93407 (10) | 0.74558 (6) | 0.0224 (2) | |
O3 | 0.45229 (6) | 0.75473 (10) | 0.42926 (5) | 0.01955 (19) | |
O4 | 0.72544 (6) | 0.50207 (10) | 0.50890 (6) | 0.02089 (19) | |
O5 | 0.61863 (7) | 0.54719 (10) | −0.08390 (5) | 0.01985 (19) | |
C1 | 0.63266 (9) | 0.66965 (13) | 0.64416 (8) | 0.0166 (2) | |
C2 | 0.58866 (9) | 0.75693 (13) | 0.71251 (8) | 0.0181 (2) | |
H2 | 0.6199 | 0.7560 | 0.7771 | 0.022* | |
C3 | 0.49855 (9) | 0.84502 (13) | 0.68446 (8) | 0.0176 (2) | |
C4 | 0.45027 (9) | 0.84618 (14) | 0.58972 (8) | 0.0177 (2) | |
H4 | 0.3869 | 0.9041 | 0.5724 | 0.021* | |
C5 | 0.49567 (9) | 0.76227 (13) | 0.52174 (8) | 0.0163 (2) | |
C6 | 0.59130 (8) | 0.67424 (13) | 0.54579 (7) | 0.0160 (2) | |
C7 | 0.49545 (11) | 0.93606 (16) | 0.84345 (8) | 0.0257 (3) | |
H7A | 0.4487 | 0.9924 | 0.8815 | 0.039* | |
H7B | 0.5632 | 0.9917 | 0.8491 | 0.039* | |
H7C | 0.5061 | 0.8255 | 0.8665 | 0.039* | |
C8 | 0.35464 (9) | 0.83628 (15) | 0.40224 (8) | 0.0210 (2) | |
H8A | 0.3332 | 0.8236 | 0.3337 | 0.032* | |
H8B | 0.3632 | 0.9507 | 0.4176 | 0.032* | |
H8C | 0.3008 | 0.7903 | 0.4370 | 0.032* | |
C9 | 0.64968 (9) | 0.59271 (13) | 0.47819 (8) | 0.0170 (2) | |
C10 | 0.62915 (9) | 0.61886 (14) | 0.37466 (8) | 0.0180 (2) | |
H10 | 0.5914 | 0.7110 | 0.3497 | 0.022* | |
C11 | 0.66420 (9) | 0.51130 (14) | 0.31598 (8) | 0.0179 (2) | |
H11 | 0.6976 | 0.4182 | 0.3446 | 0.022* | |
C12 | 0.65630 (8) | 0.52262 (14) | 0.21240 (8) | 0.0170 (2) | |
C13 | 0.67036 (9) | 0.38511 (14) | 0.15961 (8) | 0.0194 (2) | |
H13 | 0.6880 | 0.2870 | 0.1922 | 0.023* | |
C14 | 0.65939 (9) | 0.38694 (14) | 0.06058 (8) | 0.0191 (2) | |
H14 | 0.6686 | 0.2912 | 0.0262 | 0.023* | |
C15 | 0.63480 (8) | 0.53098 (14) | 0.01267 (8) | 0.0166 (2) | |
C16 | 0.62576 (9) | 0.67210 (14) | 0.06464 (8) | 0.0192 (2) | |
H16 | 0.6127 | 0.7714 | 0.0322 | 0.023* | |
C17 | 0.63562 (9) | 0.66808 (14) | 0.16271 (8) | 0.0183 (2) | |
H17 | 0.6284 | 0.7645 | 0.1971 | 0.022* | |
C18 | 0.63148 (10) | 0.40641 (15) | −0.13935 (8) | 0.0219 (2) | |
H18A | 0.6141 | 0.4319 | −0.2071 | 0.033* | |
H18B | 0.5847 | 0.3215 | −0.1222 | 0.033* | |
H18C | 0.7045 | 0.3696 | −0.1267 | 0.033* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
O1 | 0.0192 (4) | 0.0242 (4) | 0.0175 (4) | 0.0058 (3) | 0.0000 (3) | 0.0029 (3) |
O2 | 0.0276 (5) | 0.0221 (4) | 0.0174 (4) | 0.0066 (3) | 0.0027 (3) | −0.0003 (3) |
O3 | 0.0168 (4) | 0.0253 (4) | 0.0156 (4) | 0.0041 (3) | −0.0011 (3) | 0.0016 (3) |
O4 | 0.0204 (4) | 0.0229 (4) | 0.0191 (4) | 0.0052 (3) | 0.0017 (3) | 0.0024 (3) |
O5 | 0.0246 (4) | 0.0197 (4) | 0.0156 (4) | 0.0016 (3) | 0.0042 (3) | 0.0000 (3) |
C1 | 0.0150 (5) | 0.0154 (5) | 0.0188 (5) | −0.0015 (4) | 0.0007 (4) | 0.0041 (4) |
C2 | 0.0200 (6) | 0.0183 (5) | 0.0152 (5) | −0.0012 (4) | −0.0001 (4) | 0.0025 (4) |
C3 | 0.0200 (5) | 0.0147 (5) | 0.0185 (5) | −0.0016 (4) | 0.0044 (4) | 0.0006 (4) |
C4 | 0.0166 (5) | 0.0172 (5) | 0.0191 (5) | 0.0017 (4) | 0.0018 (4) | 0.0037 (4) |
C5 | 0.0168 (5) | 0.0159 (5) | 0.0156 (5) | −0.0025 (4) | 0.0002 (4) | 0.0032 (4) |
C6 | 0.0160 (5) | 0.0157 (5) | 0.0160 (5) | −0.0013 (4) | 0.0016 (4) | 0.0023 (4) |
C7 | 0.0348 (7) | 0.0229 (6) | 0.0188 (6) | 0.0044 (5) | 0.0013 (5) | −0.0027 (5) |
C8 | 0.0170 (5) | 0.0242 (6) | 0.0207 (5) | 0.0033 (4) | −0.0019 (4) | 0.0034 (4) |
C9 | 0.0161 (5) | 0.0156 (5) | 0.0189 (5) | −0.0026 (4) | 0.0013 (4) | 0.0021 (4) |
C10 | 0.0162 (5) | 0.0194 (5) | 0.0184 (5) | 0.0002 (4) | 0.0023 (4) | 0.0038 (4) |
C11 | 0.0173 (5) | 0.0180 (5) | 0.0181 (5) | −0.0008 (4) | 0.0011 (4) | 0.0031 (4) |
C12 | 0.0142 (5) | 0.0198 (6) | 0.0171 (5) | 0.0005 (4) | 0.0022 (4) | 0.0012 (4) |
C13 | 0.0199 (6) | 0.0167 (5) | 0.0211 (6) | 0.0025 (4) | 0.0011 (4) | 0.0030 (4) |
C14 | 0.0187 (5) | 0.0179 (6) | 0.0206 (5) | 0.0021 (4) | 0.0024 (4) | −0.0014 (4) |
C15 | 0.0131 (5) | 0.0210 (6) | 0.0160 (5) | −0.0005 (4) | 0.0030 (4) | 0.0003 (4) |
C16 | 0.0207 (6) | 0.0167 (5) | 0.0205 (5) | 0.0021 (4) | 0.0039 (4) | 0.0027 (4) |
C17 | 0.0191 (5) | 0.0169 (6) | 0.0190 (5) | 0.0008 (4) | 0.0035 (4) | −0.0005 (4) |
C18 | 0.0253 (6) | 0.0220 (6) | 0.0193 (5) | −0.0011 (5) | 0.0060 (4) | −0.0033 (4) |
O1—C1 | 1.3457 (13) | C8—H8A | 0.9800 |
O1—H1 | 0.867 (9) | C8—H8B | 0.9800 |
O2—C3 | 1.3615 (14) | C8—H8C | 0.9800 |
O2—C7 | 1.4349 (14) | C9—C10 | 1.4728 (15) |
O3—C5 | 1.3558 (13) | C10—C11 | 1.3411 (16) |
O3—C8 | 1.4326 (13) | C10—H10 | 0.9500 |
O4—C9 | 1.2618 (14) | C11—C12 | 1.4623 (15) |
O5—C15 | 1.3644 (13) | C11—H11 | 0.9500 |
O5—C18 | 1.4331 (14) | C12—C13 | 1.3927 (16) |
C1—C2 | 1.3913 (16) | C12—C17 | 1.4079 (16) |
C1—C6 | 1.4250 (15) | C13—C14 | 1.3929 (16) |
C2—C3 | 1.3828 (16) | C13—H13 | 0.9500 |
C2—H2 | 0.9500 | C14—C15 | 1.3932 (16) |
C3—C4 | 1.4023 (15) | C14—H14 | 0.9500 |
C4—C5 | 1.3820 (16) | C15—C16 | 1.3999 (16) |
C4—H4 | 0.9500 | C16—C17 | 1.3804 (16) |
C5—C6 | 1.4318 (15) | C16—H16 | 0.9500 |
C6—C9 | 1.4619 (15) | C17—H17 | 0.9500 |
C7—H7A | 0.9800 | C18—H18A | 0.9800 |
C7—H7B | 0.9800 | C18—H18B | 0.9800 |
C7—H7C | 0.9800 | C18—H18C | 0.9800 |
C1—O1—H1 | 103.7 (12) | O4—C9—C6 | 119.43 (10) |
C3—O2—C7 | 117.01 (9) | O4—C9—C10 | 117.29 (10) |
C5—O3—C8 | 117.88 (9) | C6—C9—C10 | 123.16 (10) |
C15—O5—C18 | 117.20 (9) | C11—C10—C9 | 119.37 (10) |
O1—C1—C2 | 116.51 (10) | C11—C10—H10 | 120.3 |
O1—C1—C6 | 121.08 (10) | C9—C10—H10 | 120.3 |
C2—C1—C6 | 122.39 (10) | C10—C11—C12 | 126.67 (10) |
C3—C2—C1 | 118.66 (10) | C10—C11—H11 | 116.7 |
C3—C2—H2 | 120.7 | C12—C11—H11 | 116.7 |
C1—C2—H2 | 120.7 | C13—C12—C17 | 117.82 (10) |
O2—C3—C2 | 123.37 (10) | C13—C12—C11 | 119.40 (10) |
O2—C3—C4 | 115.00 (10) | C17—C12—C11 | 122.77 (10) |
C2—C3—C4 | 121.63 (10) | C12—C13—C14 | 122.04 (10) |
C5—C4—C3 | 119.44 (10) | C12—C13—H13 | 119.0 |
C5—C4—H4 | 120.3 | C14—C13—H13 | 119.0 |
C3—C4—H4 | 120.3 | C15—C14—C13 | 119.13 (10) |
O3—C5—C4 | 122.78 (10) | C15—C14—H14 | 120.4 |
O3—C5—C6 | 115.74 (10) | C13—C14—H14 | 120.4 |
C4—C5—C6 | 121.46 (10) | O5—C15—C14 | 124.66 (10) |
C1—C6—C5 | 116.20 (10) | O5—C15—C16 | 115.70 (10) |
C1—C6—C9 | 118.26 (10) | C14—C15—C16 | 119.64 (10) |
C5—C6—C9 | 125.53 (10) | C17—C16—C15 | 120.50 (10) |
O2—C7—H7A | 109.5 | C17—C16—H16 | 119.7 |
O2—C7—H7B | 109.5 | C15—C16—H16 | 119.7 |
H7A—C7—H7B | 109.5 | C16—C17—C12 | 120.72 (10) |
O2—C7—H7C | 109.5 | C16—C17—H17 | 119.6 |
H7A—C7—H7C | 109.5 | C12—C17—H17 | 119.6 |
H7B—C7—H7C | 109.5 | O5—C18—H18A | 109.5 |
O3—C8—H8A | 109.5 | O5—C18—H18B | 109.5 |
O3—C8—H8B | 109.5 | H18A—C18—H18B | 109.5 |
H8A—C8—H8B | 109.5 | O5—C18—H18C | 109.5 |
O3—C8—H8C | 109.5 | H18A—C18—H18C | 109.5 |
H8A—C8—H8C | 109.5 | H18B—C18—H18C | 109.5 |
H8B—C8—H8C | 109.5 | ||
O1—C1—C2—C3 | −178.53 (10) | C5—C6—C9—O4 | −170.97 (10) |
C6—C1—C2—C3 | 3.23 (17) | C1—C6—C9—C10 | −165.63 (10) |
C7—O2—C3—C2 | 0.85 (16) | C5—C6—C9—C10 | 13.18 (17) |
C7—O2—C3—C4 | 179.78 (10) | O4—C9—C10—C11 | 22.06 (16) |
C1—C2—C3—O2 | 179.81 (10) | C6—C9—C10—C11 | −162.02 (11) |
C1—C2—C3—C4 | 0.96 (17) | C9—C10—C11—C12 | −176.23 (10) |
O2—C3—C4—C5 | 178.59 (10) | C10—C11—C12—C13 | −162.90 (11) |
C2—C3—C4—C5 | −2.46 (17) | C10—C11—C12—C17 | 17.58 (18) |
C8—O3—C5—C4 | −0.74 (16) | C17—C12—C13—C14 | −3.23 (17) |
C8—O3—C5—C6 | 177.90 (10) | C11—C12—C13—C14 | 177.23 (10) |
C3—C4—C5—O3 | 178.40 (10) | C12—C13—C14—C15 | 0.76 (18) |
C3—C4—C5—C6 | −0.17 (17) | C18—O5—C15—C14 | −2.19 (16) |
O1—C1—C6—C5 | 176.25 (10) | C18—O5—C15—C16 | 177.52 (10) |
C2—C1—C6—C5 | −5.59 (16) | C13—C14—C15—O5 | −177.73 (10) |
O1—C1—C6—C9 | −4.83 (16) | C13—C14—C15—C16 | 2.57 (17) |
C2—C1—C6—C9 | 173.33 (10) | O5—C15—C16—C17 | 176.90 (10) |
O3—C5—C6—C1 | −174.67 (9) | C14—C15—C16—C17 | −3.38 (17) |
C4—C5—C6—C1 | 4.00 (16) | C15—C16—C17—C12 | 0.84 (17) |
O3—C5—C6—C9 | 6.50 (16) | C13—C12—C17—C16 | 2.41 (17) |
C4—C5—C6—C9 | −174.84 (11) | C11—C12—C17—C16 | −178.06 (11) |
C1—C6—C9—O4 | 10.22 (16) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O1—H1···O4 | 0.87 (1) | 1.65 (1) | 2.465 (1) | 156 (2) |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C18H18O5 |
Mr | 314.32 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/n |
Temperature (K) | 100 |
a, b, c (Å) | 12.8502 (8), 8.3226 (5), 14.1865 (9) |
β (°) | 97.765 (1) |
V (Å3) | 1503.29 (16) |
Z | 4 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.10 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.45 × 0.40 × 0.05 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker SMART APEX |
Absorption correction | – |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 13992, 3464, 2989 |
Rint | 0.027 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.649 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.036, 0.101, 1.01 |
No. of reflections | 3464 |
No. of parameters | 215 |
No. of restraints | 1 |
H-atom treatment | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.32, −0.23 |
Computer programs: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009), SAINT (Bruker, 2009), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), X-SEED (Barbour, 2001), publCIF (Westrip, 2010).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O1—H1···O4 | 0.87 (1) | 1.65 (1) | 2.465 (1) | 156 (2) |
Acknowledgements
We thank the University of Malaya for supporting this study.
References
Barbour, L. J. (2001). J. Supramol. Chem. 1, 189–191. CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Bruker (2009). APEX2 and SAINT. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Google Scholar
Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112–122. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
Sirat, H. M., Jamil, S. & Siew, L. W. (2001). ACGC Chem. Res. Commun. 13, 48–54. CAS Google Scholar
Stevenson, P. C., Veitch, N. C. & Simmonds, M. S. J. (2007). Phytochemistry, 68, 1579–1586. Web of Science CrossRef PubMed CAS Google Scholar
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Kaempferia rotunda is one of the four Malaysian Kaempferia of the Zingiberaceae family; among the constitutents isolated is 1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one (Scheme I) (Sirat et al., 2001; Stevenson et al., 2007). The planar –CH═CHC(═O)– fragment (r.m.s. deviation 0.074 Å) connects the planar hydroxyldimethoxyphenyl (r.m.s. deviation 0.039 Å) and methoxylphenyl (r.m.s. deviation 0.021 Å) parts. The fragment is aligned at 13.7 (1) ° with the hydroxydimethoxyphenyl part and at 32.0 (1) ° with the methoxyphenyl part. The hydroxy group forms an intramolecular hydrogen bond to the carbonyl oxygen atom of the fragment (Fig. 1).