organic compounds
N-Cyclohexyl-2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-oxoacetamide
aSchool of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, People's Republic of China, bRoom of Pharmacognosy, Medical College of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin 300162, People's Republic of China, and cTianjin Key Laboratory for Biomarkers of Occupational and Environmental Hazards, Tianjin 300162, People's Republic of China
*Correspondence e-mail: tjch2010@yahoo.cn
In the title compound, C17H20N2O3, the cyclohexane ring adopts a chair conformation. In the crystal, intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into layers parallel to the ac plane.
Related literature
For the biological activity of indole derivatives, see: Souli et al. (2008); Chai et al. (2006); Radwan et al. (2007); Karthikeyan et al., (2009). For details of the synthesis, see: Bacher et al. (2001). For similar structures, see: Feng et al. (2008); Sonar et al. (2006).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Refinement
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Data collection: CrystalClear (Rigaku, 2005); cell CrystalClear; data reduction: CrystalClear; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXTL; molecular graphics: XP in SHELXTL; software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL.
Supporting information
10.1107/S1600536810054656/cv5025sup1.cif
contains datablocks I, global. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536810054656/cv5025Isup2.hkl
The target compound was synthesized by two steps. Oxalyl chloride was added dropwise to a solution of 5-methoxy-indole in dry ether, the crude product 5-methoxyindol-3-yl-glyoxyl chloride, cyclohexylamine, two drops of triethylamine in dry dichloromethane. The reaction mixture was washed with water and dried over MgSO4 and concentrated in vacuo (Bacher et al., 2001). The residue was resolved in a methanol solution. Slow evaporation over two weeks at room temperature gave light-yellow crystals suitable for X-ray analysis.
C-bound H atoms were geometrically positioned (C—H = 0.95–1.00 Å), and refined as riding, with Uiso(H) = 1.2-1.5 Ueq(C). Amino H atoms were located on a difference map and refined isotropically.
Data collection: CrystalClear (Rigaku, 2005); cell
CrystalClear (Rigaku, 2005); data reduction: CrystalClear (Rigaku, 2005); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: XP in SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).Fig. 1. View of the title compound, with displacement ellipsoids drawn at the 40% probability level. |
C17H20N2O3 | F(000) = 320 |
Mr = 300.35 | Dx = 1.376 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21 | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: P 2yb | Cell parameters from 2636 reflections |
a = 5.083 (3) Å | θ = 1.5–27.9° |
b = 27.336 (13) Å | µ = 0.10 mm−1 |
c = 5.220 (3) Å | T = 113 K |
β = 91.977 (12)° | Prism, colourless |
V = 724.9 (6) Å3 | 0.20 × 0.18 × 0.10 mm |
Z = 2 |
Rigaku Saturn CCD area-detector diffractometer | 1764 independent reflections |
Radiation source: rotating anode | 1569 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Multilayer monochromator | Rint = 0.042 |
Detector resolution: 14.63 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 27.9°, θmin = 1.5° |
ω and ϕ scans | h = −6→6 |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrystalClear; Rigaku, 2005) | k = −36→31 |
Tmin = 0.981, Tmax = 0.991 | l = −6→6 |
7342 measured reflections |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.035 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.076 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.02 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0439P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
1764 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.003 |
208 parameters | Δρmax = 0.23 e Å−3 |
1 restraint | Δρmin = −0.18 e Å−3 |
C17H20N2O3 | V = 724.9 (6) Å3 |
Mr = 300.35 | Z = 2 |
Monoclinic, P21 | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 5.083 (3) Å | µ = 0.10 mm−1 |
b = 27.336 (13) Å | T = 113 K |
c = 5.220 (3) Å | 0.20 × 0.18 × 0.10 mm |
β = 91.977 (12)° |
Rigaku Saturn CCD area-detector diffractometer | 1764 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrystalClear; Rigaku, 2005) | 1569 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.981, Tmax = 0.991 | Rint = 0.042 |
7342 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.035 | 1 restraint |
wR(F2) = 0.076 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.02 | Δρmax = 0.23 e Å−3 |
1764 reflections | Δρmin = −0.18 e Å−3 |
208 parameters |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. Along with the meaningless absolute structure parameter value (and s.u. value) obtained from any refinement with Friedel pairs, as justification of the merging of Friedel-pair data. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
O1 | −0.1844 (3) | 0.03318 (6) | 0.3071 (3) | 0.0242 (4) | |
O2 | −0.1506 (3) | 0.20016 (5) | 0.8241 (3) | 0.0181 (3) | |
O3 | 0.3519 (3) | 0.28545 (6) | 0.8311 (3) | 0.0209 (4) | |
N1 | 0.4663 (4) | 0.19176 (7) | 0.2050 (3) | 0.0175 (4) | |
N2 | −0.0791 (4) | 0.29907 (6) | 0.8997 (3) | 0.0167 (4) | |
C1 | −0.3621 (4) | 0.03287 (9) | 0.5127 (5) | 0.0241 (5) | |
H1A | −0.2627 | 0.0360 | 0.6761 | 0.036* | |
H1B | −0.4607 | 0.0021 | 0.5106 | 0.036* | |
H1C | −0.4851 | 0.0603 | 0.4927 | 0.036* | |
C2 | −0.0281 (4) | 0.07411 (8) | 0.2854 (4) | 0.0191 (5) | |
C3 | 0.1505 (4) | 0.07156 (8) | 0.0851 (4) | 0.0207 (5) | |
H3 | 0.1508 | 0.0435 | −0.0223 | 0.025* | |
C4 | 0.3242 (4) | 0.10905 (8) | 0.0430 (4) | 0.0185 (4) | |
H4 | 0.4446 | 0.1075 | −0.0920 | 0.022* | |
C5 | 0.3169 (4) | 0.14924 (7) | 0.2052 (4) | 0.0158 (4) | |
C6 | 0.3895 (4) | 0.22142 (8) | 0.3936 (4) | 0.0182 (4) | |
H6 | 0.4632 | 0.2526 | 0.4319 | 0.022* | |
C7 | 0.1850 (4) | 0.19958 (8) | 0.5251 (4) | 0.0147 (4) | |
C8 | 0.1372 (4) | 0.15268 (8) | 0.4031 (4) | 0.0153 (4) | |
C9 | −0.0386 (4) | 0.11418 (8) | 0.4453 (4) | 0.0170 (4) | |
H9 | −0.1603 | 0.1156 | 0.5792 | 0.020* | |
C10 | 0.0403 (4) | 0.22048 (7) | 0.7283 (4) | 0.0150 (4) | |
C11 | 0.1203 (4) | 0.27147 (7) | 0.8258 (4) | 0.0154 (4) | |
C12 | −0.0360 (4) | 0.35000 (7) | 0.9780 (4) | 0.0168 (4) | |
H12 | 0.1085 | 0.3636 | 0.8739 | 0.020* | |
C13 | −0.2834 (4) | 0.38039 (8) | 0.9209 (4) | 0.0187 (4) | |
H13A | −0.4302 | 0.3675 | 1.0208 | 0.022* | |
H13B | −0.3340 | 0.3777 | 0.7366 | 0.022* | |
C14 | −0.2356 (5) | 0.43413 (8) | 0.9899 (4) | 0.0194 (5) | |
H14A | −0.4000 | 0.4529 | 0.9587 | 0.023* | |
H14B | −0.0995 | 0.4478 | 0.8793 | 0.023* | |
C15 | −0.1453 (4) | 0.43918 (8) | 1.2721 (4) | 0.0184 (4) | |
H15A | −0.1048 | 0.4739 | 1.3106 | 0.022* | |
H15B | −0.2888 | 0.4287 | 1.3832 | 0.022* | |
C16 | 0.0984 (4) | 0.40803 (8) | 1.3293 (4) | 0.0205 (5) | |
H16A | 0.1486 | 0.4106 | 1.5137 | 0.025* | |
H16B | 0.2466 | 0.4206 | 1.2301 | 0.025* | |
C17 | 0.0493 (4) | 0.35425 (8) | 1.2602 (4) | 0.0185 (5) | |
H17A | 0.2123 | 0.3351 | 1.2934 | 0.022* | |
H17B | −0.0897 | 0.3408 | 1.3682 | 0.022* | |
H1 | 0.603 (6) | 0.2006 (11) | 0.090 (6) | 0.042 (8)* | |
H2 | −0.240 (5) | 0.2875 (10) | 0.891 (5) | 0.027 (7)* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
O1 | 0.0251 (8) | 0.0167 (8) | 0.0310 (9) | −0.0030 (7) | 0.0032 (7) | −0.0044 (7) |
O2 | 0.0158 (7) | 0.0174 (8) | 0.0214 (8) | −0.0014 (6) | 0.0052 (6) | −0.0016 (6) |
O3 | 0.0157 (7) | 0.0193 (8) | 0.0277 (9) | −0.0012 (6) | 0.0022 (6) | −0.0038 (6) |
N1 | 0.0182 (9) | 0.0182 (9) | 0.0167 (9) | 0.0019 (7) | 0.0070 (7) | −0.0002 (7) |
N2 | 0.0132 (9) | 0.0159 (9) | 0.0211 (10) | −0.0008 (7) | 0.0020 (7) | −0.0023 (7) |
C1 | 0.0225 (12) | 0.0194 (11) | 0.0303 (13) | −0.0028 (10) | 0.0008 (10) | 0.0029 (9) |
C2 | 0.0180 (11) | 0.0165 (11) | 0.0226 (11) | 0.0014 (8) | −0.0016 (9) | −0.0004 (8) |
C3 | 0.0249 (12) | 0.0198 (11) | 0.0171 (11) | 0.0046 (9) | −0.0033 (9) | −0.0045 (9) |
C4 | 0.0190 (10) | 0.0210 (12) | 0.0155 (10) | 0.0043 (9) | 0.0015 (8) | −0.0021 (8) |
C5 | 0.0169 (10) | 0.0169 (10) | 0.0137 (10) | 0.0016 (8) | 0.0016 (8) | 0.0023 (8) |
C6 | 0.0183 (10) | 0.0175 (11) | 0.0189 (10) | 0.0013 (9) | 0.0011 (8) | 0.0005 (8) |
C7 | 0.0133 (9) | 0.0139 (10) | 0.0168 (10) | 0.0014 (8) | 0.0012 (8) | 0.0007 (8) |
C8 | 0.0128 (10) | 0.0176 (10) | 0.0155 (10) | 0.0027 (8) | 0.0008 (8) | 0.0006 (8) |
C9 | 0.0160 (10) | 0.0179 (11) | 0.0171 (10) | 0.0005 (9) | 0.0017 (8) | 0.0031 (8) |
C10 | 0.0144 (10) | 0.0138 (10) | 0.0169 (10) | 0.0016 (8) | 0.0003 (8) | 0.0007 (8) |
C11 | 0.0163 (10) | 0.0159 (11) | 0.0141 (10) | −0.0001 (8) | 0.0025 (8) | 0.0006 (8) |
C12 | 0.0173 (10) | 0.0137 (10) | 0.0196 (11) | 0.0004 (8) | 0.0028 (9) | −0.0011 (8) |
C13 | 0.0197 (10) | 0.0164 (10) | 0.0200 (11) | 0.0005 (9) | 0.0019 (9) | −0.0015 (8) |
C14 | 0.0204 (11) | 0.0154 (10) | 0.0225 (11) | 0.0022 (8) | 0.0035 (9) | 0.0023 (8) |
C15 | 0.0199 (11) | 0.0148 (10) | 0.0209 (11) | 0.0004 (8) | 0.0053 (9) | −0.0024 (8) |
C16 | 0.0227 (11) | 0.0195 (11) | 0.0194 (11) | 0.0010 (9) | 0.0011 (9) | −0.0013 (8) |
C17 | 0.0199 (11) | 0.0174 (11) | 0.0182 (11) | 0.0038 (9) | 0.0001 (9) | −0.0015 (8) |
O1—C2 | 1.379 (3) | C7—C10 | 1.431 (3) |
O1—C1 | 1.427 (3) | C7—C8 | 1.448 (3) |
O2—C10 | 1.238 (2) | C8—C9 | 1.403 (3) |
O3—C11 | 1.237 (2) | C9—H9 | 0.9500 |
N1—C6 | 1.344 (3) | C10—C11 | 1.534 (3) |
N1—C5 | 1.389 (3) | C12—C17 | 1.526 (3) |
N1—H1 | 0.96 (3) | C12—C13 | 1.528 (3) |
N2—C11 | 1.331 (3) | C12—H12 | 1.0000 |
N2—C12 | 1.465 (3) | C13—C14 | 1.530 (3) |
N2—H2 | 0.88 (3) | C13—H13A | 0.9900 |
C1—H1A | 0.9800 | C13—H13B | 0.9900 |
C1—H1B | 0.9800 | C14—C15 | 1.534 (3) |
C1—H1C | 0.9800 | C14—H14A | 0.9900 |
C2—C9 | 1.379 (3) | C14—H14B | 0.9900 |
C2—C3 | 1.409 (3) | C15—C16 | 1.524 (3) |
C3—C4 | 1.375 (3) | C15—H15A | 0.9900 |
C3—H3 | 0.9500 | C15—H15B | 0.9900 |
C4—C5 | 1.388 (3) | C16—C17 | 1.532 (3) |
C4—H4 | 0.9500 | C16—H16A | 0.9900 |
C5—C8 | 1.405 (3) | C16—H16B | 0.9900 |
C6—C7 | 1.399 (3) | C17—H17A | 0.9900 |
C6—H6 | 0.9500 | C17—H17B | 0.9900 |
C2—O1—C1 | 116.63 (17) | O3—C11—N2 | 123.5 (2) |
C6—N1—C5 | 109.37 (18) | O3—C11—C10 | 121.94 (18) |
C6—N1—H1 | 122.6 (18) | N2—C11—C10 | 114.56 (18) |
C5—N1—H1 | 128.1 (18) | N2—C12—C17 | 112.11 (17) |
C11—N2—C12 | 120.74 (17) | N2—C12—C13 | 110.36 (18) |
C11—N2—H2 | 119.9 (18) | C17—C12—C13 | 110.58 (17) |
C12—N2—H2 | 119.2 (18) | N2—C12—H12 | 107.9 |
O1—C1—H1A | 109.5 | C17—C12—H12 | 107.9 |
O1—C1—H1B | 109.5 | C13—C12—H12 | 107.9 |
H1A—C1—H1B | 109.5 | C12—C13—C14 | 110.68 (18) |
O1—C1—H1C | 109.5 | C12—C13—H13A | 109.5 |
H1A—C1—H1C | 109.5 | C14—C13—H13A | 109.5 |
H1B—C1—H1C | 109.5 | C12—C13—H13B | 109.5 |
C9—C2—O1 | 124.05 (18) | C14—C13—H13B | 109.5 |
C9—C2—C3 | 121.8 (2) | H13A—C13—H13B | 108.1 |
O1—C2—C3 | 114.11 (19) | C13—C14—C15 | 110.64 (18) |
C4—C3—C2 | 121.0 (2) | C13—C14—H14A | 109.5 |
C4—C3—H3 | 119.5 | C15—C14—H14A | 109.5 |
C2—C3—H3 | 119.5 | C13—C14—H14B | 109.5 |
C3—C4—C5 | 117.46 (19) | C15—C14—H14B | 109.5 |
C3—C4—H4 | 121.3 | H14A—C14—H14B | 108.1 |
C5—C4—H4 | 121.3 | C16—C15—C14 | 110.60 (18) |
C4—C5—N1 | 129.47 (18) | C16—C15—H15A | 109.5 |
C4—C5—C8 | 122.22 (19) | C14—C15—H15A | 109.5 |
N1—C5—C8 | 108.29 (18) | C16—C15—H15B | 109.5 |
N1—C6—C7 | 109.98 (19) | C14—C15—H15B | 109.5 |
N1—C6—H6 | 125.0 | H15A—C15—H15B | 108.1 |
C7—C6—H6 | 125.0 | C15—C16—C17 | 111.42 (19) |
C6—C7—C10 | 127.11 (19) | C15—C16—H16A | 109.3 |
C6—C7—C8 | 106.15 (17) | C17—C16—H16A | 109.3 |
C10—C7—C8 | 126.63 (17) | C15—C16—H16B | 109.3 |
C9—C8—C5 | 119.91 (19) | C17—C16—H16B | 109.3 |
C9—C8—C7 | 133.89 (18) | H16A—C16—H16B | 108.0 |
C5—C8—C7 | 106.20 (18) | C12—C17—C16 | 109.81 (17) |
C2—C9—C8 | 117.55 (18) | C12—C17—H17A | 109.7 |
C2—C9—H9 | 121.2 | C16—C17—H17A | 109.7 |
C8—C9—H9 | 121.2 | C12—C17—H17B | 109.7 |
O2—C10—C7 | 123.40 (19) | C16—C17—H17B | 109.7 |
O2—C10—C11 | 118.42 (18) | H17A—C17—H17B | 108.2 |
C7—C10—C11 | 118.15 (17) | ||
C1—O1—C2—C9 | −1.3 (3) | C5—C8—C9—C2 | −0.7 (3) |
C1—O1—C2—C3 | 177.67 (19) | C7—C8—C9—C2 | 179.7 (2) |
C9—C2—C3—C4 | 0.6 (3) | C6—C7—C10—O2 | 174.9 (2) |
O1—C2—C3—C4 | −178.4 (2) | C8—C7—C10—O2 | −0.7 (3) |
C2—C3—C4—C5 | 0.1 (3) | C6—C7—C10—C11 | −2.9 (3) |
C3—C4—C5—N1 | −179.4 (2) | C8—C7—C10—C11 | −178.55 (19) |
C3—C4—C5—C8 | −1.2 (3) | C12—N2—C11—O3 | 4.1 (3) |
C6—N1—C5—C4 | 178.7 (2) | C12—N2—C11—C10 | −175.09 (18) |
C6—N1—C5—C8 | 0.3 (2) | O2—C10—C11—O3 | 148.5 (2) |
C5—N1—C6—C7 | −0.2 (2) | C7—C10—C11—O3 | −33.6 (3) |
N1—C6—C7—C10 | −176.2 (2) | O2—C10—C11—N2 | −32.4 (3) |
N1—C6—C7—C8 | 0.1 (2) | C7—C10—C11—N2 | 145.54 (19) |
C4—C5—C8—C9 | 1.5 (3) | C11—N2—C12—C17 | −85.5 (2) |
N1—C5—C8—C9 | −179.95 (19) | C11—N2—C12—C13 | 150.80 (19) |
C4—C5—C8—C7 | −178.77 (19) | N2—C12—C13—C14 | −177.23 (17) |
N1—C5—C8—C7 | −0.2 (2) | C17—C12—C13—C14 | 58.2 (2) |
C6—C7—C8—C9 | 179.8 (2) | C12—C13—C14—C15 | −56.8 (2) |
C10—C7—C8—C9 | −3.9 (4) | C13—C14—C15—C16 | 55.7 (2) |
C6—C7—C8—C5 | 0.1 (2) | C14—C15—C16—C17 | −56.4 (2) |
C10—C7—C8—C5 | 176.4 (2) | N2—C12—C17—C16 | 178.52 (17) |
O1—C2—C9—C8 | 178.57 (19) | C13—C12—C17—C16 | −57.9 (2) |
C3—C2—C9—C8 | −0.4 (3) | C15—C16—C17—C12 | 57.4 (2) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1···O2i | 0.96 (3) | 1.90 (3) | 2.840 (2) | 164 (3) |
N2—H2···O3ii | 0.88 (3) | 2.09 (3) | 2.926 (3) | 160 (3) |
Symmetry codes: (i) x+1, y, z−1; (ii) x−1, y, z. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C17H20N2O3 |
Mr | 300.35 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21 |
Temperature (K) | 113 |
a, b, c (Å) | 5.083 (3), 27.336 (13), 5.220 (3) |
β (°) | 91.977 (12) |
V (Å3) | 724.9 (6) |
Z | 2 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.10 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.20 × 0.18 × 0.10 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Rigaku Saturn CCD area-detector diffractometer |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (CrystalClear; Rigaku, 2005) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.981, 0.991 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 7342, 1764, 1569 |
Rint | 0.042 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.658 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.035, 0.076, 1.02 |
No. of reflections | 1764 |
No. of parameters | 208 |
No. of restraints | 1 |
H-atom treatment | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.23, −0.18 |
Computer programs: CrystalClear (Rigaku, 2005), XP in SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N1—H1···O2i | 0.96 (3) | 1.90 (3) | 2.840 (2) | 164 (3) |
N2—H2···O3ii | 0.88 (3) | 2.09 (3) | 2.926 (3) | 160 (3) |
Symmetry codes: (i) x+1, y, z−1; (ii) x−1, y, z. |
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant No. 30873363), the Program of the Science Foundation of Tianjin (grant No. 08JCYBJC070000) and the Major Program of the Science Foundation of Tianjin (grant No. 09ZCKFSH01700).
References
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Indole and their derivatives are well known as substances exhibiting various biological activiies, such as anti-cancer (Souli et al., 2008), anti-viral (Chai et al., 2006), anti-tubercular (Karthikeyan et al., 2009) and anti-inflammatory (Radwan et al., 2007). In our search for new indole derivatives with improved activities, we have synthesized the title compound, (I). Here we report its crystal structure.
In (I) (Fig. 1), all bond lengths and angles are normal and in a good agreement with those reported previously (Feng et al., 2008; Sonar et al., 2006). The cyclohexane ring (C12—C17) adopts a chair conformation. In the crystal structure, intermolecular N—H···O hydrogen bonds (Table 1) link the molecules into layers parallel to the ac plane.