metal-organic compounds
Di-μ2-methanolato-bis(μ-4-methyl-5-sulfanylidene-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazolido-κ2N1:N2)di-μ3-oxido-tetrakis[dimethyltin(IV)]
aDepartment of Chemistry, General Campus, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983963113, Iran, and bDepartment of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
*Correspondence e-mail: seikweng@um.edu.my
The title distannoxane, [Sn4(CH3)8(C3H4N3S)2(CH3O)2O2], lies about a center of inversion; the tetranuclear molecule features a three-rung-staircase Sn4O4 core in which the two crystallographically independent SnIV atoms are bridged by the triazolide group. The negatively charged N atom of the triazolide group binds to the terminal Sn atom at a shorter distance [Sn—N = 2.239 (2) Å] compared with the neutral N atom that binds to the central Sn atom [Sn← N = 2.757 (3) Å]. The oxide O atom is three-coordinate whereas the methanolate O atom is two-coordinate. The terminal Sn atom is five-coordinate in a cis-C3SnNO trigonal–bipyramidal environment, whereas the central Sn atom is six-coordinate in a C2SnNO3 skew-trapezoidal–bipyramidal geometry.
Experimental
Crystal data
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Data collection: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent Technologies, 2010); cell CrysAlis PRO; data reduction: CrysAlis PRO; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: X-SEED (Barbour, 2001); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2010).
Supporting information
10.1107/S1600536811001905/xu5141sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811001905/xu5141Isup2.hkl
Dimethyltin diisothiocyanate (1 mmol), 4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (1 mmol) and 1,10-phenanthroline (1 mmol) were loaded into a convection tube; several drops of triethylamine were added. The tube was filled with dry methanol and kept at 333 K. Colorless crystals were collected from the side arm after several days.
Carbon-bound H-atoms were placed in calculated positions [C—H 0.95 to 0.98 Å, Uiso(H) 1.2 to 1.5Ueq(C)] and were included in the
in the riding model approximation.Data collection: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent Technologies, 2010); cell
CrysAlis PRO (Agilent Technologies, 2010); data reduction: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent Technologies, 2010); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: X-SEED (Barbour, 2001); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2010).Fig. 1. Thermal ellipsoid plot (Barbour, 2001) of Sn4O2(CH3)8(CH3O)2(C3H4N3S)2 at the 70% probability level; hydrogen atoms are drawn as spheres of arbitrary radius. |
[Sn4(CH3)8(C3H4N3S)2(CH3O)2O2] | Z = 1 |
Mr = 917.40 | F(000) = 440 |
Triclinic, P1 | Dx = 2.023 Mg m−3 |
Hall symbol: -P 1 | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
a = 7.3693 (6) Å | Cell parameters from 3945 reflections |
b = 9.3457 (8) Å | θ = 2.3–29.2° |
c = 11.9930 (9) Å | µ = 3.45 mm−1 |
α = 71.681 (7)° | T = 100 K |
β = 76.780 (6)° | Block, colorless |
γ = 77.118 (7)° | 0.30 × 0.25 × 0.20 mm |
V = 753.07 (11) Å3 |
Agilent SuperNova Dual diffractometer with an Atlas detector | 3328 independent reflections |
Radiation source: SuperNova (Mo) X-ray Source | 2919 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Mirror monochromator | Rint = 0.029 |
Detector resolution: 10.4041 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 27.5°, θmin = 2.3° |
ω scans | h = −7→9 |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2010) | k = −12→11 |
Tmin = 0.425, Tmax = 0.546 | l = −14→15 |
5805 measured reflections |
Refinement on F2 | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.024 | H-atom parameters constrained |
wR(F2) = 0.047 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0144P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
S = 0.98 | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
3328 reflections | Δρmax = 0.83 e Å−3 |
152 parameters | Δρmin = −0.77 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Extinction correction: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4 |
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods | Extinction coefficient: 0.0086 (3) |
[Sn4(CH3)8(C3H4N3S)2(CH3O)2O2] | γ = 77.118 (7)° |
Mr = 917.40 | V = 753.07 (11) Å3 |
Triclinic, P1 | Z = 1 |
a = 7.3693 (6) Å | Mo Kα radiation |
b = 9.3457 (8) Å | µ = 3.45 mm−1 |
c = 11.9930 (9) Å | T = 100 K |
α = 71.681 (7)° | 0.30 × 0.25 × 0.20 mm |
β = 76.780 (6)° |
Agilent SuperNova Dual diffractometer with an Atlas detector | 3328 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2010) | 2919 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.425, Tmax = 0.546 | Rint = 0.029 |
5805 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.024 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.047 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 0.98 | Δρmax = 0.83 e Å−3 |
3328 reflections | Δρmin = −0.77 e Å−3 |
152 parameters |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
Sn1 | 0.23531 (3) | 0.50079 (2) | 0.258264 (16) | 0.01270 (7) | |
Sn2 | 0.57195 (3) | 0.31342 (2) | 0.021831 (16) | 0.01318 (7) | |
S1 | 0.14046 (14) | 0.21699 (10) | 0.54808 (7) | 0.0233 (2) | |
O1 | 0.2321 (3) | 0.7285 (2) | 0.13758 (16) | 0.0188 (5) | |
O2 | 0.3998 (3) | 0.4777 (2) | 0.10279 (16) | 0.0154 (5) | |
N1 | 0.3105 (4) | 0.2459 (3) | 0.3171 (2) | 0.0156 (6) | |
N2 | 0.4081 (4) | 0.1541 (3) | 0.2438 (2) | 0.0200 (6) | |
N3 | 0.3234 (4) | 0.0093 (3) | 0.4248 (2) | 0.0170 (6) | |
C1 | −0.0559 (5) | 0.5013 (4) | 0.2716 (3) | 0.0196 (7) | |
H1A | −0.1291 | 0.5928 | 0.2934 | 0.029* | |
H1B | −0.0926 | 0.4099 | 0.3329 | 0.029* | |
H1C | −0.0808 | 0.5014 | 0.1948 | 0.029* | |
C2 | 0.3814 (5) | 0.5474 (4) | 0.3718 (3) | 0.0206 (7) | |
H2A | 0.3203 | 0.6445 | 0.3888 | 0.031* | |
H2B | 0.5127 | 0.5542 | 0.3327 | 0.031* | |
H2C | 0.3791 | 0.4651 | 0.4465 | 0.031* | |
C3 | 0.4119 (5) | 0.0140 (4) | 0.3117 (3) | 0.0203 (7) | |
H3A | 0.4696 | −0.0738 | 0.2852 | 0.024* | |
C4 | 0.2588 (5) | 0.1574 (3) | 0.4269 (2) | 0.0158 (7) | |
C5 | 0.2958 (5) | −0.1263 (3) | 0.5236 (2) | 0.0220 (8) | |
H5A | 0.2864 | −0.1025 | 0.5989 | 0.033* | |
H5B | 0.4033 | −0.2079 | 0.5155 | 0.033* | |
H5C | 0.1793 | −0.1599 | 0.5231 | 0.033* | |
C6 | 0.7959 (5) | 0.2468 (4) | 0.1196 (3) | 0.0234 (8) | |
H6A | 0.7568 | 0.2827 | 0.1912 | 0.035* | |
H6B | 0.9060 | 0.2915 | 0.0701 | 0.035* | |
H6C | 0.8288 | 0.1351 | 0.1427 | 0.035* | |
C7 | 0.3661 (5) | 0.2266 (4) | −0.0232 (3) | 0.0218 (7) | |
H7A | 0.2444 | 0.2463 | 0.0280 | 0.033* | |
H7B | 0.4044 | 0.1162 | −0.0117 | 0.033* | |
H7C | 0.3538 | 0.2769 | −0.1068 | 0.033* | |
C8 | 0.1025 (5) | 0.8628 (3) | 0.1446 (3) | 0.0236 (8) | |
H8A | 0.0946 | 0.8810 | 0.2218 | 0.035* | |
H8B | −0.0223 | 0.8510 | 0.1364 | 0.035* | |
H8C | 0.1450 | 0.9496 | 0.0804 | 0.035* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Sn1 | 0.01333 (13) | 0.01317 (12) | 0.01025 (11) | −0.00160 (9) | −0.00007 (8) | −0.00313 (8) |
Sn2 | 0.01480 (13) | 0.01053 (11) | 0.01182 (11) | −0.00096 (9) | 0.00021 (8) | −0.00231 (8) |
S1 | 0.0276 (5) | 0.0250 (4) | 0.0145 (4) | −0.0043 (4) | 0.0027 (3) | −0.0063 (3) |
O1 | 0.0232 (14) | 0.0111 (10) | 0.0144 (10) | 0.0027 (10) | 0.0031 (9) | −0.0012 (8) |
O2 | 0.0194 (13) | 0.0125 (10) | 0.0090 (9) | −0.0008 (9) | 0.0043 (9) | −0.0016 (8) |
N1 | 0.0175 (16) | 0.0139 (13) | 0.0134 (12) | −0.0016 (11) | −0.0005 (11) | −0.0031 (10) |
N2 | 0.0265 (18) | 0.0168 (14) | 0.0144 (12) | −0.0033 (13) | 0.0013 (12) | −0.0047 (11) |
N3 | 0.0187 (16) | 0.0154 (13) | 0.0168 (12) | −0.0066 (12) | −0.0015 (11) | −0.0029 (10) |
C1 | 0.0143 (19) | 0.0224 (17) | 0.0223 (16) | −0.0030 (14) | −0.0044 (14) | −0.0055 (13) |
C2 | 0.024 (2) | 0.0227 (17) | 0.0196 (16) | −0.0058 (15) | −0.0079 (14) | −0.0071 (13) |
C3 | 0.027 (2) | 0.0149 (16) | 0.0173 (15) | −0.0011 (15) | 0.0006 (14) | −0.0065 (13) |
C4 | 0.0167 (19) | 0.0150 (15) | 0.0151 (15) | −0.0033 (13) | −0.0060 (13) | −0.0004 (12) |
C5 | 0.030 (2) | 0.0157 (16) | 0.0172 (15) | −0.0087 (15) | −0.0033 (14) | 0.0029 (13) |
C6 | 0.023 (2) | 0.0249 (18) | 0.0221 (17) | −0.0021 (15) | −0.0051 (15) | −0.0062 (14) |
C7 | 0.018 (2) | 0.0245 (17) | 0.0253 (17) | −0.0083 (15) | −0.0032 (14) | −0.0073 (14) |
C8 | 0.028 (2) | 0.0155 (16) | 0.0206 (16) | 0.0016 (15) | 0.0046 (14) | −0.0057 (13) |
Sn1—O2 | 2.0235 (19) | N3—C5 | 1.453 (4) |
Sn1—C2 | 2.110 (3) | C1—H1A | 0.9800 |
Sn1—C1 | 2.114 (3) | C1—H1B | 0.9800 |
Sn1—O1 | 2.1637 (19) | C1—H1C | 0.9800 |
Sn1—N1 | 2.239 (2) | C2—H2A | 0.9800 |
Sn2—O2i | 2.0717 (19) | C2—H2B | 0.9800 |
Sn2—O2 | 2.1014 (19) | C2—H2C | 0.9800 |
Sn2—C7 | 2.110 (3) | C3—H3A | 0.9500 |
Sn2—C6 | 2.110 (3) | C5—H5A | 0.9800 |
Sn2—O1i | 2.202 (2) | C5—H5B | 0.9800 |
Sn2—N2 | 2.757 (3) | C5—H5C | 0.9800 |
S1—C4 | 1.702 (3) | C6—H6A | 0.9800 |
O1—C8 | 1.410 (4) | C6—H6B | 0.9800 |
O1—Sn2i | 2.202 (2) | C6—H6C | 0.9800 |
O2—Sn2i | 2.0717 (19) | C7—H7A | 0.9800 |
N1—C4 | 1.338 (4) | C7—H7B | 0.9800 |
N1—N2 | 1.392 (3) | C7—H7C | 0.9800 |
N2—C3 | 1.304 (4) | C8—H8A | 0.9800 |
N3—C3 | 1.356 (4) | C8—H8B | 0.9800 |
N3—C4 | 1.366 (4) | C8—H8C | 0.9800 |
O2—Sn1—C2 | 113.32 (11) | Sn1—C1—H1B | 109.5 |
O2—Sn1—C1 | 115.63 (10) | H1A—C1—H1B | 109.5 |
C2—Sn1—C1 | 130.58 (13) | Sn1—C1—H1C | 109.5 |
O2—Sn1—O1 | 73.45 (8) | H1A—C1—H1C | 109.5 |
C2—Sn1—O1 | 92.65 (10) | H1B—C1—H1C | 109.5 |
C1—Sn1—O1 | 94.71 (11) | Sn1—C2—H2A | 109.5 |
O2—Sn1—N1 | 83.59 (8) | Sn1—C2—H2B | 109.5 |
C2—Sn1—N1 | 96.97 (11) | H2A—C2—H2B | 109.5 |
C1—Sn1—N1 | 94.75 (11) | Sn1—C2—H2C | 109.5 |
O1—Sn1—N1 | 157.03 (8) | H2A—C2—H2C | 109.5 |
O2i—Sn2—O2 | 74.62 (8) | H2B—C2—H2C | 109.5 |
O2i—Sn2—C7 | 106.60 (11) | N2—C3—N3 | 111.7 (3) |
O2—Sn2—C7 | 100.71 (11) | N2—C3—H3A | 124.2 |
O2i—Sn2—C6 | 109.11 (11) | N3—C3—H3A | 124.2 |
O2—Sn2—C6 | 99.99 (10) | N1—C4—N3 | 107.2 (2) |
C7—Sn2—C6 | 142.30 (13) | N1—C4—S1 | 126.7 (2) |
O2i—Sn2—O1i | 71.73 (7) | N3—C4—S1 | 126.0 (2) |
O2—Sn2—O1i | 146.35 (8) | N3—C5—H5A | 109.5 |
C7—Sn2—O1i | 89.12 (11) | N3—C5—H5B | 109.5 |
C6—Sn2—O1i | 90.78 (11) | H5A—C5—H5B | 109.5 |
O2i—Sn2—N2 | 148.29 (8) | N3—C5—H5C | 109.5 |
O2—Sn2—N2 | 73.68 (7) | H5A—C5—H5C | 109.5 |
C7—Sn2—N2 | 78.86 (10) | H5B—C5—H5C | 109.5 |
C6—Sn2—N2 | 77.22 (11) | Sn2—C6—H6A | 109.5 |
O1i—Sn2—N2 | 139.97 (7) | Sn2—C6—H6B | 109.5 |
C8—O1—Sn1 | 128.80 (18) | H6A—C6—H6B | 109.5 |
C8—O1—Sn2i | 126.87 (17) | Sn2—C6—H6C | 109.5 |
Sn1—O1—Sn2i | 102.34 (8) | H6A—C6—H6C | 109.5 |
Sn1—O2—Sn2i | 112.30 (9) | H6B—C6—H6C | 109.5 |
Sn1—O2—Sn2 | 142.18 (10) | Sn2—C7—H7A | 109.5 |
Sn2i—O2—Sn2 | 105.38 (8) | Sn2—C7—H7B | 109.5 |
C4—N1—N2 | 109.3 (2) | H7A—C7—H7B | 109.5 |
C4—N1—Sn1 | 125.19 (19) | Sn2—C7—H7C | 109.5 |
N2—N1—Sn1 | 125.43 (17) | H7A—C7—H7C | 109.5 |
C3—N2—N1 | 105.4 (2) | H7B—C7—H7C | 109.5 |
C3—N2—Sn2 | 139.7 (2) | O1—C8—H8A | 109.5 |
N1—N2—Sn2 | 114.07 (17) | O1—C8—H8B | 109.5 |
C3—N3—C4 | 106.5 (2) | H8A—C8—H8B | 109.5 |
C3—N3—C5 | 127.0 (3) | O1—C8—H8C | 109.5 |
C4—N3—C5 | 126.5 (3) | H8A—C8—H8C | 109.5 |
Sn1—C1—H1A | 109.5 | H8B—C8—H8C | 109.5 |
O2—Sn1—O1—C8 | 161.3 (3) | O2—Sn1—N1—N2 | −7.7 (2) |
C2—Sn1—O1—C8 | −85.1 (3) | C2—Sn1—N1—N2 | −120.5 (3) |
C1—Sn1—O1—C8 | 46.0 (3) | C1—Sn1—N1—N2 | 107.6 (3) |
N1—Sn1—O1—C8 | 160.0 (3) | O1—Sn1—N1—N2 | −6.4 (4) |
O2—Sn1—O1—Sn2i | −3.20 (8) | C4—N1—N2—C3 | −0.1 (4) |
C2—Sn1—O1—Sn2i | 110.35 (12) | Sn1—N1—N2—C3 | −176.4 (2) |
C1—Sn1—O1—Sn2i | −118.56 (11) | C4—N1—N2—Sn2 | −171.7 (2) |
N1—Sn1—O1—Sn2i | −4.5 (3) | Sn1—N1—N2—Sn2 | 11.9 (3) |
C2—Sn1—O2—Sn2i | −82.07 (13) | O2i—Sn2—N2—C3 | −177.7 (3) |
C1—Sn1—O2—Sn2i | 90.87 (13) | O2—Sn2—N2—C3 | −176.5 (4) |
O1—Sn1—O2—Sn2i | 3.60 (9) | C7—Sn2—N2—C3 | 78.7 (4) |
N1—Sn1—O2—Sn2i | −176.92 (12) | C6—Sn2—N2—C3 | −71.9 (4) |
C2—Sn1—O2—Sn2 | 92.7 (2) | O1i—Sn2—N2—C3 | 3.7 (4) |
C1—Sn1—O2—Sn2 | −94.4 (2) | O2i—Sn2—N2—N1 | −10.1 (3) |
O1—Sn1—O2—Sn2 | 178.3 (2) | O2—Sn2—N2—N1 | −8.9 (2) |
N1—Sn1—O2—Sn2 | −2.17 (19) | C7—Sn2—N2—N1 | −113.7 (2) |
O2i—Sn2—O2—Sn1 | −175.0 (3) | C6—Sn2—N2—N1 | 95.6 (2) |
C7—Sn2—O2—Sn1 | 80.6 (2) | O1i—Sn2—N2—N1 | 171.27 (18) |
C6—Sn2—O2—Sn1 | −67.7 (2) | N1—N2—C3—N3 | −0.2 (4) |
O1i—Sn2—O2—Sn1 | −174.57 (14) | Sn2—N2—C3—N3 | 168.0 (2) |
N2—Sn2—O2—Sn1 | 5.68 (17) | C4—N3—C3—N2 | 0.4 (4) |
O2i—Sn2—O2—Sn2i | 0.0 | C5—N3—C3—N2 | 178.3 (3) |
C7—Sn2—O2—Sn2i | −104.44 (12) | N2—N1—C4—N3 | 0.3 (4) |
C6—Sn2—O2—Sn2i | 107.23 (12) | Sn1—N1—C4—N3 | 176.7 (2) |
O1i—Sn2—O2—Sn2i | 0.4 (2) | N2—N1—C4—S1 | 178.7 (2) |
N2—Sn2—O2—Sn2i | −179.36 (12) | Sn1—N1—C4—S1 | −5.0 (4) |
O2—Sn1—N1—C4 | 176.5 (3) | C3—N3—C4—N1 | −0.5 (4) |
C2—Sn1—N1—C4 | 63.7 (3) | C5—N3—C4—N1 | −178.4 (3) |
C1—Sn1—N1—C4 | −68.2 (3) | C3—N3—C4—S1 | −178.8 (3) |
O1—Sn1—N1—C4 | 177.8 (2) | C5—N3—C4—S1 | 3.3 (5) |
Symmetry code: (i) −x+1, −y+1, −z. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | [Sn4(CH3)8(C3H4N3S)2(CH3O)2O2] |
Mr | 917.40 |
Crystal system, space group | Triclinic, P1 |
Temperature (K) | 100 |
a, b, c (Å) | 7.3693 (6), 9.3457 (8), 11.9930 (9) |
α, β, γ (°) | 71.681 (7), 76.780 (6), 77.118 (7) |
V (Å3) | 753.07 (11) |
Z | 1 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 3.45 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.30 × 0.25 × 0.20 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Agilent SuperNova Dual diffractometer with an Atlas detector |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2010) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.425, 0.546 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 5805, 3328, 2919 |
Rint | 0.029 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.650 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.024, 0.047, 0.98 |
No. of reflections | 3328 |
No. of parameters | 152 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.83, −0.77 |
Computer programs: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent Technologies, 2010), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), X-SEED (Barbour, 2001), publCIF (Westrip, 2010).
Acknowledgements
We thank Shahid Beheshti University and the University of Malaya for supporting this study.
References
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The title compound (Scheme I, Fig. 1), a distannoxane, was the unexpected product from an attempt at synthesizing a dimethyltin 4,-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-thiolate that possesses a tin-sulfur linkage. In the reaction of diorganotin oxides with organic acids (particularly carboxylic acid), tetranuclear distannoxanes are sometimes formed; these compounds have four organic groups. In the present reaction, two of the four organic groups are replaced by methoxide groups.
Tetranuclear Sn4O2(CH3)8(CH3O)2(C3H4N3S)2 distannoxane lies about a center-of-inversion; the molecule features a three-rung-staircase Sn4O4 core in which two Sn atoms are bridged by the C3H4N3S triazolide group. The negatively-charged N atom of the group binds to the terminal Sn atom at a shorter distance [Sn–N 2.239 (2) Å] compared with the neutral N atom that binds to the central Sn atom [Sn←N 2.757 (2) Å]. The oxo O atom is three-coordinate whereas the methanolate O atom is two-coordinate. The terminal Sn atom is five-coordinate in a cis-C3SnNO trigonal bipyramid whereas the central Sn atom is six-coordinate in a C2SnNO3 skew-trazepoidal bipyramidal geometry.
The formation of similar distannoxanes that feature bridging triazolides are limited to the 4-(benzylideneamino)-3-methyl-5-thioxo-1,2,4-triazolide, 4-(2-furylmethylene)amino-3-methyl-5-thioxo-1,2,4-triazolide, 4-(2-thienylmethylene)amino-3-methyl-5-thioxo-1,2,4-triazolide and 5-(2-thienylmethylene)amino-2-thioxo-1,3,4-thiadiazolates only (Ma et al., 2007; Yu et al., 2006).