organic compounds
Zwitterionic (E)-1-[(4-nitrophenyl)iminiomethyl]naphthalen-2-olate
aUnité de Recherche de Chimie de l'Environnement et Moléculaire Structurale, CHEMS, Université Mentouri-Constantine, 25000 Algeria, bDépartement Sciences de la Matière, Faculté des Sciences Exactes et Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Larbi Ben M'hidi, Oum El Bouaghi 04000, Algeria, and cLaboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, UPR CNRS 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
*Correspondence e-mail: bouacida_sofiane@yahoo.fr
The title compound, C17H12N2O3, was synthesized by the reaction of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde with 4-nitrobenzenamine. These condense to form the Schiff base, which crystallizes in the zwitterionic form. In the structure, the keto–amino tautomer has a fairly short intramolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond between the 2-naphthalenone and amino groups, with electron delocalization. The molecule is essentially planar, with a dihedral angle of 1.96 (3)° between the ring systems. In the crystal, the molecules are linked via intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a layer parallel to (101).
Related literature
For background to Schiff base compounds, see: Fan et al. (2007); Kim et al. (2005); Nimitsiriwat et al. (2004). For the pharmaceutical and medicinal activity of see: Chen et al. (1997); Dao et al. (2000); Ren et al. (2002); Sriram et al. (2006); Karthikeyan et al. (2006). For in coordination chemistry, see: Ali et al. (2008); Kargar et al. (2009); Yeap et al. (2009). For related structures, see: Fun et al. (2009); Nadeem et al. (2009); Eltayeb et al. (2008). For standard bond lengths see: Allen, (2002).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Data collection
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Refinement
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Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 2007); cell SAINT (Bruker, 2007); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SIR2002 (Burla et al., 2003); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg & Berndt, 2001); software used to prepare material for publication: WinGX (Farrugia, 1999).
Supporting information
10.1107/S1600536811012359/bq2290sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811012359/bq2290Isup2.hkl
The title compound, (I), was prepared by refluxing a mixture of a solution containing (0.1 mmol) of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde and (0.1 mmol) of 4-nitrobenzenamine in 20 ml methanol. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h under reflux. Microcrystals of (I) were obtained by allowing the clear solution to stand overnight. The powder product was dissolved and recrystallized from DMSO solution. Some red crystals were carefully isolated under polarizing microscope for analysis by x-ray diffraction.
H7 and H2N were located in difference Fourier maps and refined isotropically. The remaining H atoms were localized on Fourier maps but introduced in calculated positions and treated as riding on their parent atoms (Caryl) with Caryl—Haryl=0.95Å and Uiso(Haryl)=1.2Ueq(Caryl).
Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 2007); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 2007); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2007); program(s) used to solve structure: SIR2002 (Burla et al., 2003); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg & Berndt, 2001); software used to prepare material for publication: WinGX (Farrugia, 1999).C17H12N2O3 | F(000) = 608 |
Mr = 292.29 | Dx = 1.439 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ybc | Cell parameters from 5160 reflections |
a = 8.0503 (6) Å | θ = 3.0–30.1° |
b = 12.8174 (9) Å | µ = 0.10 mm−1 |
c = 13.1833 (10) Å | T = 296 K |
β = 97.271 (5)° | Needle, red |
V = 1349.37 (17) Å3 | 0.15 × 0.06 × 0.04 mm |
Z = 4 |
Bruker SMART CCD area-detector diffractometer | 3658 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Radiation source: sealed tube | Rint = 0.074 |
Graphite monochromator | θmax = 39.3°, θmin = 3.0° |
ϕ and ω scans | h = −14→12 |
44074 measured reflections | k = −20→22 |
7946 independent reflections | l = −20→23 |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.059 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.190 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 0.96 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0963P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
7946 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
207 parameters | Δρmax = 0.53 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.26 e Å−3 |
C17H12N2O3 | V = 1349.37 (17) Å3 |
Mr = 292.29 | Z = 4 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 8.0503 (6) Å | µ = 0.10 mm−1 |
b = 12.8174 (9) Å | T = 296 K |
c = 13.1833 (10) Å | 0.15 × 0.06 × 0.04 mm |
β = 97.271 (5)° |
Bruker SMART CCD area-detector diffractometer | 3658 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
44074 measured reflections | Rint = 0.074 |
7946 independent reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.059 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.190 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 0.96 | Δρmax = 0.53 e Å−3 |
7946 reflections | Δρmin = −0.26 e Å−3 |
207 parameters |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
O3 | 0.88419 (14) | −0.08384 (7) | 0.31991 (8) | 0.0392 (3) | |
O2 | 0.44266 (15) | −0.40551 (8) | 0.79254 (8) | 0.0426 (3) | |
O1 | 0.49601 (17) | −0.51766 (7) | 0.67875 (9) | 0.0500 (3) | |
N2 | 0.74356 (13) | −0.11314 (7) | 0.47852 (8) | 0.0264 (2) | |
N1 | 0.49499 (15) | −0.42784 (8) | 0.71179 (9) | 0.0320 (2) | |
C17 | 0.82974 (14) | 0.16828 (9) | 0.44636 (9) | 0.0234 (2) | |
C8 | 0.82177 (14) | 0.05641 (9) | 0.42782 (9) | 0.0234 (2) | |
C6 | 0.55083 (16) | −0.24287 (9) | 0.68580 (10) | 0.0274 (2) | |
H6 | 0.5057 | −0.2275 | 0.7456 | 0.033* | |
C1 | 0.55862 (16) | −0.34487 (9) | 0.65258 (10) | 0.0259 (2) | |
C7 | 0.75161 (14) | −0.01080 (9) | 0.49403 (10) | 0.0245 (2) | |
C2 | 0.62367 (17) | −0.37057 (9) | 0.56335 (10) | 0.0300 (3) | |
H2 | 0.6267 | −0.4396 | 0.5421 | 0.036* | |
C12 | 0.90181 (15) | 0.23306 (9) | 0.37664 (10) | 0.0273 (2) | |
C16 | 0.76748 (16) | 0.21715 (9) | 0.52907 (10) | 0.0293 (3) | |
H16 | 0.721 | 0.1766 | 0.5768 | 0.035* | |
C3 | 0.68369 (16) | −0.29201 (9) | 0.50680 (10) | 0.0290 (3) | |
H3 | 0.7278 | −0.3079 | 0.4468 | 0.035* | |
C5 | 0.61127 (16) | −0.16388 (9) | 0.62877 (10) | 0.0265 (2) | |
H5 | 0.6069 | −0.0949 | 0.6501 | 0.032* | |
C13 | 0.90891 (17) | 0.34145 (10) | 0.39091 (12) | 0.0355 (3) | |
H13 | 0.9569 | 0.383 | 0.3446 | 0.043* | |
C10 | 0.96505 (18) | 0.08390 (11) | 0.27475 (11) | 0.0352 (3) | |
H10 | 1.0122 | 0.0574 | 0.2193 | 0.042* | |
C4 | 0.67859 (14) | −0.18811 (9) | 0.53937 (9) | 0.0239 (2) | |
C9 | 0.88945 (16) | 0.01310 (9) | 0.34053 (10) | 0.0280 (2) | |
C14 | 0.84615 (17) | 0.38702 (10) | 0.47216 (13) | 0.0379 (3) | |
H14 | 0.8517 | 0.459 | 0.4812 | 0.045* | |
C15 | 0.77392 (17) | 0.32417 (10) | 0.54105 (12) | 0.0346 (3) | |
H15 | 0.7296 | 0.3547 | 0.5957 | 0.041* | |
C11 | 0.96888 (17) | 0.18704 (10) | 0.29171 (11) | 0.0336 (3) | |
H11 | 1.0168 | 0.2302 | 0.2467 | 0.04* | |
H7 | 0.704 (2) | 0.0100 (13) | 0.5544 (14) | 0.043 (5)* | |
H2N | 0.798 (3) | −0.1327 (18) | 0.4091 (18) | 0.080 (7)* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
O3 | 0.0597 (6) | 0.0256 (4) | 0.0362 (5) | −0.0031 (4) | 0.0217 (5) | −0.0042 (4) |
O2 | 0.0637 (7) | 0.0342 (5) | 0.0348 (5) | −0.0030 (5) | 0.0249 (5) | 0.0036 (4) |
O1 | 0.0847 (9) | 0.0207 (4) | 0.0502 (7) | −0.0069 (5) | 0.0308 (6) | 0.0002 (4) |
N2 | 0.0325 (5) | 0.0198 (4) | 0.0283 (5) | −0.0011 (4) | 0.0097 (4) | 0.0016 (4) |
N1 | 0.0419 (6) | 0.0241 (5) | 0.0322 (6) | −0.0016 (4) | 0.0134 (5) | 0.0031 (4) |
C17 | 0.0224 (5) | 0.0216 (5) | 0.0260 (6) | −0.0003 (4) | 0.0023 (4) | 0.0025 (4) |
C8 | 0.0253 (5) | 0.0215 (5) | 0.0235 (5) | −0.0003 (4) | 0.0044 (4) | 0.0014 (4) |
C6 | 0.0332 (6) | 0.0226 (5) | 0.0282 (6) | −0.0006 (4) | 0.0111 (5) | −0.0012 (4) |
C1 | 0.0320 (6) | 0.0206 (4) | 0.0264 (6) | −0.0007 (4) | 0.0089 (5) | 0.0015 (4) |
C7 | 0.0256 (5) | 0.0212 (5) | 0.0271 (6) | −0.0002 (4) | 0.0052 (4) | 0.0017 (4) |
C2 | 0.0395 (7) | 0.0196 (5) | 0.0335 (6) | 0.0000 (4) | 0.0148 (5) | −0.0022 (4) |
C12 | 0.0257 (5) | 0.0236 (5) | 0.0329 (6) | −0.0022 (4) | 0.0054 (5) | 0.0037 (4) |
C16 | 0.0334 (6) | 0.0251 (5) | 0.0302 (6) | −0.0001 (5) | 0.0073 (5) | −0.0012 (4) |
C3 | 0.0369 (6) | 0.0222 (5) | 0.0306 (6) | −0.0001 (4) | 0.0151 (5) | −0.0018 (4) |
C5 | 0.0326 (6) | 0.0193 (4) | 0.0290 (6) | −0.0019 (4) | 0.0097 (5) | −0.0026 (4) |
C13 | 0.0334 (6) | 0.0245 (5) | 0.0499 (9) | −0.0044 (5) | 0.0108 (6) | 0.0053 (5) |
C10 | 0.0471 (8) | 0.0325 (6) | 0.0291 (6) | −0.0030 (5) | 0.0164 (6) | 0.0009 (5) |
C4 | 0.0268 (5) | 0.0201 (4) | 0.0259 (6) | −0.0012 (4) | 0.0075 (4) | 0.0005 (4) |
C9 | 0.0334 (6) | 0.0257 (5) | 0.0259 (6) | −0.0012 (4) | 0.0076 (5) | −0.0006 (4) |
C14 | 0.0357 (7) | 0.0220 (5) | 0.0565 (9) | −0.0029 (5) | 0.0079 (7) | −0.0021 (6) |
C15 | 0.0367 (7) | 0.0260 (6) | 0.0413 (8) | 0.0011 (5) | 0.0059 (6) | −0.0060 (5) |
C11 | 0.0382 (7) | 0.0319 (6) | 0.0329 (7) | −0.0054 (5) | 0.0129 (6) | 0.0046 (5) |
O3—C9 | 1.2714 (15) | C2—H2 | 0.93 |
O2—N1 | 1.2274 (14) | C12—C13 | 1.4021 (17) |
O1—N1 | 1.2312 (14) | C12—C11 | 1.4304 (18) |
N2—C7 | 1.3279 (15) | C16—C15 | 1.3810 (17) |
N2—C4 | 1.3951 (14) | C16—H16 | 0.93 |
N2—H2N | 1.09 (2) | C3—C4 | 1.4015 (16) |
N1—C1 | 1.4504 (14) | C3—H3 | 0.93 |
C17—C16 | 1.4039 (16) | C5—C4 | 1.3931 (16) |
C17—C12 | 1.4163 (15) | C5—H5 | 0.93 |
C17—C8 | 1.4546 (16) | C13—C14 | 1.372 (2) |
C8—C7 | 1.3957 (15) | C13—H13 | 0.93 |
C8—C9 | 1.4450 (16) | C10—C11 | 1.3405 (18) |
C6—C1 | 1.3827 (17) | C10—C9 | 1.4421 (17) |
C6—C5 | 1.3855 (16) | C10—H10 | 0.93 |
C6—H6 | 0.93 | C14—C15 | 1.395 (2) |
C1—C2 | 1.3866 (16) | C14—H14 | 0.93 |
C7—H7 | 0.962 (19) | C15—H15 | 0.93 |
C2—C3 | 1.3763 (16) | C11—H11 | 0.93 |
C7—N2—C4 | 127.33 (10) | C17—C16—H16 | 119.3 |
C7—N2—H2N | 109.9 (12) | C2—C3—C4 | 120.22 (11) |
C4—N2—H2N | 122.8 (12) | C2—C3—H3 | 119.9 |
O2—N1—O1 | 122.91 (11) | C4—C3—H3 | 119.9 |
O2—N1—C1 | 118.62 (10) | C6—C5—C4 | 119.81 (10) |
O1—N1—C1 | 118.47 (10) | C6—C5—H5 | 120.1 |
C16—C17—C12 | 117.28 (11) | C4—C5—H5 | 120.1 |
C16—C17—C8 | 123.91 (10) | C14—C13—C12 | 120.93 (12) |
C12—C17—C8 | 118.81 (10) | C14—C13—H13 | 119.5 |
C7—C8—C9 | 118.96 (10) | C12—C13—H13 | 119.5 |
C7—C8—C17 | 121.07 (10) | C11—C10—C9 | 121.53 (12) |
C9—C8—C17 | 119.96 (10) | C11—C10—H10 | 119.2 |
C1—C6—C5 | 119.07 (10) | C9—C10—H10 | 119.2 |
C1—C6—H6 | 120.5 | C5—C4—N2 | 123.17 (10) |
C5—C6—H6 | 120.5 | C5—C4—C3 | 120.04 (10) |
C6—C1—C2 | 122.04 (11) | N2—C4—C3 | 116.79 (10) |
C6—C1—N1 | 119.32 (10) | O3—C9—C10 | 119.44 (11) |
C2—C1—N1 | 118.64 (10) | O3—C9—C8 | 122.68 (11) |
N2—C7—C8 | 121.95 (11) | C10—C9—C8 | 117.87 (11) |
N2—C7—H7 | 112.6 (10) | C13—C14—C15 | 119.19 (12) |
C8—C7—H7 | 125.4 (10) | C13—C14—H14 | 120.4 |
C3—C2—C1 | 118.81 (11) | C15—C14—H14 | 120.4 |
C3—C2—H2 | 120.6 | C16—C15—C14 | 120.79 (12) |
C1—C2—H2 | 120.6 | C16—C15—H15 | 119.6 |
C13—C12—C17 | 120.46 (11) | C14—C15—H15 | 119.6 |
C13—C12—C11 | 120.03 (11) | C10—C11—C12 | 122.29 (11) |
C17—C12—C11 | 119.50 (11) | C10—C11—H11 | 118.9 |
C15—C16—C17 | 121.34 (11) | C12—C11—H11 | 118.9 |
C15—C16—H16 | 119.3 | ||
C16—C17—C8—C7 | −0.89 (19) | C1—C6—C5—C4 | 0.0 (2) |
C12—C17—C8—C7 | −179.83 (12) | C17—C12—C13—C14 | −0.2 (2) |
C16—C17—C8—C9 | −179.95 (12) | C11—C12—C13—C14 | −179.64 (14) |
C12—C17—C8—C9 | 1.11 (18) | C6—C5—C4—N2 | −179.26 (12) |
C5—C6—C1—C2 | −0.6 (2) | C6—C5—C4—C3 | 0.6 (2) |
C5—C6—C1—N1 | −179.78 (12) | C7—N2—C4—C5 | −0.3 (2) |
O2—N1—C1—C6 | −3.2 (2) | C7—N2—C4—C3 | 179.85 (12) |
O1—N1—C1—C6 | 176.80 (13) | C2—C3—C4—C5 | −0.6 (2) |
O2—N1—C1—C2 | 177.56 (13) | C2—C3—C4—N2 | 179.28 (12) |
O1—N1—C1—C2 | −2.4 (2) | C11—C10—C9—O3 | 177.94 (14) |
C4—N2—C7—C8 | 179.22 (12) | C11—C10—C9—C8 | −1.8 (2) |
C9—C8—C7—N2 | −0.77 (19) | C7—C8—C9—O3 | 1.8 (2) |
C17—C8—C7—N2 | −179.84 (11) | C17—C8—C9—O3 | −179.16 (12) |
C6—C1—C2—C3 | 0.6 (2) | C7—C8—C9—C10 | −178.46 (12) |
N1—C1—C2—C3 | 179.80 (12) | C17—C8—C9—C10 | 0.62 (19) |
C16—C17—C12—C13 | −0.20 (19) | C12—C13—C14—C15 | −0.2 (2) |
C8—C17—C12—C13 | 178.81 (12) | C17—C16—C15—C14 | −1.4 (2) |
C16—C17—C12—C11 | 179.27 (12) | C13—C14—C15—C16 | 1.0 (2) |
C8—C17—C12—C11 | −1.71 (18) | C9—C10—C11—C12 | 1.3 (2) |
C12—C17—C16—C15 | 0.98 (19) | C13—C12—C11—C10 | −179.98 (14) |
C8—C17—C16—C15 | −177.98 (13) | C17—C12—C11—C10 | 0.5 (2) |
C1—C2—C3—C4 | 0.0 (2) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N2—H2N···O3 | 1.09 (2) | 1.57 (2) | 2.5287 (15) | 143 (2) |
C5—H5···O2i | 0.93 | 2.59 | 3.5136 (16) | 173 |
C16—H16···O2i | 0.93 | 2.53 | 3.4455 (17) | 169 |
Symmetry code: (i) −x+1, y+1/2, −z+3/2. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C17H12N2O3 |
Mr | 292.29 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/c |
Temperature (K) | 296 |
a, b, c (Å) | 8.0503 (6), 12.8174 (9), 13.1833 (10) |
β (°) | 97.271 (5) |
V (Å3) | 1349.37 (17) |
Z | 4 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.10 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.15 × 0.06 × 0.04 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker SMART CCD area-detector diffractometer |
Absorption correction | – |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 44074, 7946, 3658 |
Rint | 0.074 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.891 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.059, 0.190, 0.96 |
No. of reflections | 7946 |
No. of parameters | 207 |
H-atom treatment | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.53, −0.26 |
Computer programs: SMART (Bruker, 2007), SAINT (Bruker, 2007), SIR2002 (Burla et al., 2003), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 1997) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg & Berndt, 2001), WinGX (Farrugia, 1999).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N2—H2N···O3 | 1.09 (2) | 1.57 (2) | 2.5287 (15) | 143 (2) |
C5—H5···O2i | 0.93 | 2.59 | 3.5136 (16) | 173 |
C16—H16···O2i | 0.93 | 2.53 | 3.4455 (17) | 169 |
Symmetry code: (i) −x+1, y+1/2, −z+3/2. |
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Unité de Recherche de Chimie de l'Environnement et Moléculaire Structurale, CHEMS, Université Mentouri-Constantine, Algeria and the Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Toulouse, France. Thanks are due to the MESRS (Ministére de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique - Algérie) for financial support.
References
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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited.
Schiff base compounds have been widely investigated over a century (Fan et al., 2007; Kim et al., 2005; Nimitsiriwat et al., 2004). Some of the compounds have been found to have pharmaceutical and medicinal fields (Chen et al., 1997; Ren et al., 2002; Dao et al., 2000; Sriram et al., 2006; Karthikeyan et al., 2006). They are also used as versatile ligands in coordination chemistry (Ali et al., 2008; Kargar et al., 2009; Yeap et al., 2009).
As part of our ongoing studies of Schiff base complexes and derivatives we report here synthesis and the crystal structure of the title compound, obtained by the reaction of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde with 4-nitroaniline, which crystallized in a zwitterionic form with cationic iminium and anionic naphtholate group.
The molecular structure of (I), and the atomic numbering used, is illustrated in Fig. 1. All bond distances and angles are within the ranges of accepted values (CSD, Allen, 2002) and in literature (Fun et al., 2009; Nadeem et al., 2009; Eltayeb et al., 2008).
The main molecule is essentially planar with an rms deviation of 0.0350 Å, and the crystal structure exhibit alternating layers parallel to (101) plane (Fig. 2). In the crystal, molecules are linked via intermolecular C—H···O hydrogen bonds to form a two-dimensional layers parallel to (101) (Table 1, Fig. 3) and additional stabilization within these layers is provided by N—O···π and π···π stacking interactions. These interaction bonds link the molecules within the layers and also link the layers together and reinforcing the cohesion of the structure. An intramolecular N—H···O hydrogen bond occurs.