Bi­phenyl-3,3′-dicarb­­oxy­lic acid

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C₁₄H₁₀O₄, contains one half mol­ecule, the complete mol­ecule being generated by a twofold axis. The two benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 43.11 (5)°. Inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into one-dimensional zigzag chains. These chains are further connected into two-dimensional supra­molecular layers by weak π–π stacking inter­actions between neighbouring benzene rings, with centroid–centroid distances of 3.7648 (8) Å.

Related literature

For general background non-covalent intermolecular interactions, see: Etter et al. (1990); Desiraju (2003); Yaghi et al. (2003); Li et al. (2010). For the structures of related complexes, see: Wang et al. (2005); Zhu (2010).

Experimental

Crystal data

• C₁₄H₁₀O₄

• M_r = 242.22

• Monoclinic, P 2/n

• a = 6.6123 (9) Å

• b = 3.7648 (8) Å

• c = 22.554 (3) Å

• β = 93.14 (2)°

• V = 560.61 (15) ų

• Z = 2

• Mo Kα radiation

• μ = 0.11 mm⁻¹

• T = 296 K

• 0.21 × 0.18 × 0.13 mm

Data collection

• Bruker SMART CCD diffractometer

• Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) T_min = 0.978, T_max = 0.986

• 5212 measured reflections

• 1286 independent reflections

• 1006 reflections with I > 2σ(I)

• R_int = 0.107

Refinement

• R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.052

• wR(F²) = 0.155

• S = 1.04

• 1286 reflections

• 83 parameters

• H-atom parameters constrained

• Δρ_max = 0.24 e Å⁻³

• Δρ_min = −0.25 e Å⁻³

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A	D—H	H⋯A	D⋯A	D—H⋯A
O1—H1⋯O2^i	0.82	1.82	2.6268 (17)	169
Symmetry code: (i) -x+1, -y+1, -z+1.

Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 1997); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 1997); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL.

Supporting information

S1. Comment

Non-covalent intermolecular interactions, mainly hydrogen bonding and aromatic stacking, play the key role to perfectly project and regulate the detailed crystal packing of supramolecular materials (Desiraju, 2003). Aromatic carboxylates have also been proved to be effective building blocks in constructing various architectures (Yaghi et al., 2003; Li et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2005; Zhu, 2010). Recently, we obtained the title compound under hydrothermal conditions and we report its crystal structure here.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C₁₄H₁₀O₄, contains one-half molecule, the complete molecule being generated by a two-fold axis (Fig. 1). The two benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 43.11 (5)°. The carboxylic acid groups form the classic cyclic R₂²(8) hydrogen-bond motif (Etter et al., 1990) with other acid groups of neighbouring molecules (Table 1). These interactions result into one-dimensional zigzag chains (Fig. 2). The chains are further connected into two-dimensional supramolecular layers by weak π-π stacking interactions between neighbouring benzene rings, with centroid-centroid distances of 3.7648 (8) Å.

Related literature

For general background on hydrogen bonding, see: Etter et al. (1990); Desiraju (2003); For general background on aromatic carboxylates, see: Yaghi et al. (2003); Li et al. (2010). For related structures, see: Wang et al. (2005); Zhu (2010).

S2. Experimental

A mixture of 3,3'-biphenyldicarboxylic acid (0.0242 g, 0.1 mmol), Pb(CH₃COO)₂ (0.0379 g, 0.1 mmol), water (8 ml) was stired vigorously for 30 min and then sealed in a Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave. The autoclave was heated and maintained at 413 K for 3 days, and then cooled to room temperature at 5 K h^-1 to obtain colorless prism crystals suitable for X-ray analysis.

S3. Refinement

All H atoms were positioned geometrically (C—H = 0.93 Å and O—H = 0.82 Å) and allowed to ride on their parent atoms, with U_iso(H) = 1.2 U_eq(C) or U_iso(H) = 1.5 U_eq(O).

Computing details

Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 1997); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 1997); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 1997); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).

Figures

	Fig. 1. The molecular structure of the title compound, with atom labels and 50% probability displacement ellipsoids for non-H atoms [symmetry code (A): -x + 3/2, y, -z + 1/2].
	Fig. 2. View of the one-dimensional chains connected by cyclic R2^2(8) hydrogen-bonds.
	Fig. 3. View of the two-dimensional layers formed by weak π-π stacking interactions between neighbouring benzene rings.

Biphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylic acid

Crystal data

C14H10O4	F(000) = 252
Mr = 242.22	Dx = 1.435 Mg m^−3
Monoclinic, P2/n	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Hall symbol: -P 2yac	Cell parameters from 1286 reflections
a = 6.6123 (9) Å	θ = 3.2–27.6°
b = 3.7648 (8) Å	µ = 0.11 mm^−1
c = 22.554 (3) Å	T = 296 K
β = 93.14 (2)°	Prism, colourless
V = 560.61 (15) Å^3	0.21 × 0.18 × 0.13 mm
Z = 2

Data collection

Bruker SMART CCD diffractometer	1286 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube	1006 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Graphite monochromator	Rint = 0.107
ϕ and ω scans	θmax = 27.6°, θmin = 3.2°
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996)	h = −8→8
Tmin = 0.978, Tmax = 0.986	k = −4→4
5212 measured reflections	l = −29→28

Refinement

Refinement on F^2	Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: full	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F^2 > 2σ(F^2)] = 0.052	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F^2) = 0.155	H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.04	w = 1/[σ^2(Fo^2) + (0.0843P)^2] where P = (Fo^2 + 2Fc^2)/3
1286 reflections	(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
83 parameters	Δρmax = 0.24 e Å^−3
0 restraints	Δρmin = −0.25 e Å^−3

Special details

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F² against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F², conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F². The threshold expression of F² > σ(F²) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F² are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Ų)

	x	y	z	Uiso*/Ueq
O1	0.73331 (19)	0.2984 (4)	0.48869 (5)	0.0617 (5)
H1	0.6601	0.3923	0.5124	0.093*
C2	0.7741 (2)	0.2032 (4)	0.38631 (6)	0.0340 (4)
O2	0.48155 (17)	0.4652 (4)	0.42503 (5)	0.0527 (4)
C3	0.6866 (2)	0.2063 (4)	0.32849 (6)	0.0323 (4)
H3	0.5542	0.2860	0.3216	0.039*
C4	0.79643 (19)	0.0906 (4)	0.28086 (6)	0.0321 (4)
C1	0.6531 (2)	0.3318 (4)	0.43585 (6)	0.0373 (4)
C5	0.9952 (2)	−0.0282 (4)	0.29269 (7)	0.0384 (4)
H5	1.0701	−0.1063	0.2615	0.046*
C7	0.9722 (2)	0.0838 (4)	0.39736 (7)	0.0402 (4)
H7	1.0301	0.0811	0.4359	0.048*
C6	1.0825 (2)	−0.0316 (4)	0.35005 (8)	0.0421 (4)
H6	1.2149	−0.1110	0.3570	0.050*

Atomic displacement parameters (Ų)

	U^11	U^22	U^33	U^12	U^13	U^23
O1	0.0573 (8)	0.1005 (11)	0.0274 (6)	0.0284 (7)	0.0010 (5)	−0.0027 (6)
C2	0.0336 (7)	0.0401 (7)	0.0285 (7)	0.0010 (6)	0.0038 (5)	0.0021 (6)
O2	0.0415 (7)	0.0832 (9)	0.0336 (6)	0.0178 (6)	0.0024 (5)	−0.0019 (5)
C3	0.0270 (7)	0.0397 (7)	0.0305 (7)	0.0014 (5)	0.0030 (5)	0.0024 (5)
C4	0.0297 (7)	0.0374 (7)	0.0295 (8)	−0.0018 (5)	0.0033 (5)	0.0013 (5)
C1	0.0352 (8)	0.0475 (8)	0.0291 (7)	0.0020 (6)	0.0012 (5)	0.0009 (6)
C5	0.0294 (7)	0.0501 (9)	0.0363 (8)	0.0027 (6)	0.0071 (6)	−0.0010 (6)
C7	0.0350 (8)	0.0520 (9)	0.0332 (8)	0.0019 (6)	−0.0028 (5)	0.0037 (6)
C6	0.0272 (7)	0.0571 (9)	0.0418 (9)	0.0075 (6)	0.0014 (6)	0.0046 (7)

Geometric parameters (Å, º)

O1—C1	1.2837 (17)	C4—C5	1.400 (2)
O1—H1	0.8200	C4—C4^i	1.490 (3)
C2—C7	1.394 (2)	C5—C6	1.388 (2)
C2—C3	1.3975 (19)	C5—H5	0.9300
C2—C1	1.490 (2)	C7—C6	1.394 (2)
O2—C1	1.2520 (18)	C7—H7	0.9300
C3—C4	1.399 (2)	C6—H6	0.9300
C3—H3	0.9300
C1—O1—H1	109.5	O2—C1—C2	120.13 (13)
C7—C2—C3	120.43 (13)	O1—C1—C2	116.90 (12)
C7—C2—C1	120.56 (13)	C6—C5—C4	121.26 (13)
C3—C2—C1	119.01 (12)	C6—C5—H5	119.4
C2—C3—C4	120.53 (12)	C4—C5—H5	119.4
C2—C3—H3	119.7	C2—C7—C6	119.28 (14)
C4—C3—H3	119.7	C2—C7—H7	120.4
C3—C4—C5	118.33 (13)	C6—C7—H7	120.4
C3—C4—C4^i	120.83 (14)	C5—C6—C7	120.16 (13)
C5—C4—C4^i	120.83 (14)	C5—C6—H6	119.9
O2—C1—O1	122.97 (13)	C7—C6—H6	119.9
C7—C2—C3—C4	−0.1 (2)	C3—C2—C1—O1	174.69 (14)
C1—C2—C3—C4	179.39 (13)	C3—C4—C5—C6	−0.1 (2)
C2—C3—C4—C5	0.1 (2)	C4^i—C4—C5—C6	−179.54 (11)
C2—C3—C4—C4^i	179.53 (10)	C3—C2—C7—C6	0.2 (2)
C7—C2—C1—O2	174.22 (14)	C1—C2—C7—C6	−179.33 (14)
C3—C2—C1—O2	−5.3 (2)	C4—C5—C6—C7	0.2 (2)
C7—C2—C1—O1	−5.8 (2)	C2—C7—C6—C5	−0.2 (2)

Symmetry code: (i) −x+3/2, y, −z+1/2.

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º)

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
O1—H1···O2^ii	0.82	1.82	2.6268 (17)	169

Symmetry code: (ii) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1.