metal-organic compounds
catena-Poly[[tetraaquamanganese(II)]-μ-5-carboxylato-1-carboxylatomethyl-2-oxidopyridinium-κ2O5:O1]
aZhejiang Key Laboratory for Reactive Chemistry on Solid Surfaces, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, People's Republic of China
*Correspondence e-mail: sky37@zjnu.edu.cn
In the title coordination polymer, [Mn(C8H5NO5)(H2O)4]n, the MnII atom is coordinated by two carboxylate O atoms from two 5-carboxylato-1-carboxylatomethyl-2-oxidopyridinium (L2−) ligands and by four water molecules in a distorted octahedral geometry. The L2− ligands bridge the Mn atoms into an infinite chain motif along [100]; the chains are further interlinked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional supramolecular net.
Related literature
For the use of ligands involving pyridyl and carboxylate groups in the construction of novel complexes, see: Zhang et al. (2003); Jiang et al. (2010); Yang et al. (2010).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Refinement
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Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2006); cell SAINT (Bruker, 2006); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL.
Supporting information
10.1107/S1600536811025967/ng5191sup1.cif
contains datablocks I, global. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811025967/ng5191Isup2.hkl
All the starting materials and solvents were obtained commercially and were used without further purification. H2L(0.197 g, 1.0 mmol), MnSO4.H2O (0.169 g, 1.0 mmol), Na2CO3 (0.106 g, 1.0 mmol) were mixed in 15 ml distilled water. Then the mixture was transferred into a Parr Teflon-lined stainless steel vessel (25 ml) and heated to 433 K for 72 h. Then, the reactor was cooled to room temperature at a speed of 5 degrees per hour. Colorless single crystals of title complex were obtained by slow evaporation of the filtrate over a few days.
The carbon-bound H-atoms were positioned geometrically and included in the
using a riding model [C—H 0.93, 0.97 Å Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C)]. The oxygen-bound H-atoms was located in a difference Fourier maps and refined with the O—H distance restrained to 0.85 (2) Å [Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(O)].Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2006); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 2006); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2006); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).Fig. 1. A view of the Mn(II) coordination environment in the structure of (I), showing the atom-labelling scheme. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 30% probability level and H atoms are shown as small spheres of arbitrary radii. [Symmetry code: (1) x + 1,y,z - 1] | |
Fig. 2. A ball-stick diagram showing the one-dimensional chain. All H atoms have been omitted for clarity. | |
Fig. 3. A packing structure of (I). The O—H···O interactions are depicted by green dashed lines. |
[Mn(C8H5NO5)(H2O)4] | F(000) = 660 |
Mr = 322.13 | Dx = 1.808 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/n | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2yn | Cell parameters from 4396 reflections |
a = 5.1537 (2) Å | θ = 2.1–27.4° |
b = 21.2008 (9) Å | µ = 1.16 mm−1 |
c = 10.9727 (4) Å | T = 293 K |
β = 99.182 (2)° | Block, colourless |
V = 1183.54 (8) Å3 | 0.21 × 0.18 × 0.13 mm |
Z = 4 |
Bruker APEXII area-detector diffractometer | 2680 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 2217 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.075 |
ω scans | θmax = 27.4°, θmin = 2.1° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) | h = −6→5 |
Tmin = 0.787, Tmax = 0.858 | k = −27→27 |
11341 measured reflections | l = −14→14 |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.029 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.075 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.03 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0353P)2] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
2680 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
196 parameters | Δρmax = 0.35 e Å−3 |
12 restraints | Δρmin = −0.32 e Å−3 |
[Mn(C8H5NO5)(H2O)4] | V = 1183.54 (8) Å3 |
Mr = 322.13 | Z = 4 |
Monoclinic, P21/n | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 5.1537 (2) Å | µ = 1.16 mm−1 |
b = 21.2008 (9) Å | T = 293 K |
c = 10.9727 (4) Å | 0.21 × 0.18 × 0.13 mm |
β = 99.182 (2)° |
Bruker APEXII area-detector diffractometer | 2680 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) | 2217 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.787, Tmax = 0.858 | Rint = 0.075 |
11341 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.029 | 12 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.075 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.03 | Δρmax = 0.35 e Å−3 |
2680 reflections | Δρmin = −0.32 e Å−3 |
196 parameters |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
Mn1 | 0.82965 (5) | 0.166986 (13) | 0.24426 (2) | 0.02401 (10) | |
O1W | 0.9758 (3) | 0.21539 (7) | 0.08980 (12) | 0.0362 (3) | |
H1WA | 1.082 (4) | 0.1969 (8) | 0.0482 (18) | 0.043* | |
H1WB | 1.035 (4) | 0.2513 (6) | 0.1101 (19) | 0.043* | |
O1 | 0.5110 (2) | 0.12706 (7) | 1.11849 (10) | 0.0319 (3) | |
O2 | 0.2636 (3) | 0.15549 (6) | 0.94224 (11) | 0.0339 (3) | |
O2W | 1.0809 (3) | 0.08634 (6) | 0.22875 (13) | 0.0349 (3) | |
H2WA | 1.016 (4) | 0.0515 (7) | 0.2020 (19) | 0.042* | |
H2WB | 1.223 (3) | 0.0930 (9) | 0.2031 (19) | 0.042* | |
O3 | 0.2033 (3) | 0.01801 (6) | 0.84321 (11) | 0.0344 (3) | |
O3W | 0.6083 (3) | 0.25579 (6) | 0.26185 (11) | 0.0338 (3) | |
H3WA | 0.541 (4) | 0.2760 (8) | 0.1977 (11) | 0.041* | |
H3WB | 0.695 (4) | 0.2819 (7) | 0.3121 (13) | 0.041* | |
O4W | 1.1443 (3) | 0.21688 (8) | 0.36280 (12) | 0.0450 (4) | |
H4WA | 1.298 (2) | 0.2228 (12) | 0.3515 (18) | 0.054* | |
H4WB | 1.130 (4) | 0.2130 (12) | 0.4374 (11) | 0.054* | |
O4 | 0.6810 (3) | 0.12960 (7) | 0.39922 (10) | 0.0380 (3) | |
O5 | 0.8922 (3) | 0.18553 (7) | 0.55471 (11) | 0.0458 (4) | |
N1 | 0.5354 (3) | 0.08088 (7) | 0.80195 (11) | 0.0235 (3) | |
C1 | 0.6287 (4) | 0.08637 (9) | 0.93507 (14) | 0.0259 (4) | |
H1A | 0.8038 | 0.1044 | 0.9478 | 0.031* | |
H1B | 0.6408 | 0.0445 | 0.9712 | 0.031* | |
C2 | 0.4524 (3) | 0.12667 (8) | 1.00127 (14) | 0.0234 (4) | |
C3 | 0.3169 (4) | 0.04332 (8) | 0.76408 (15) | 0.0255 (4) | |
C4 | 0.2408 (4) | 0.03795 (9) | 0.63301 (16) | 0.0329 (4) | |
H4A | 0.0989 | 0.0124 | 0.6020 | 0.039* | |
C5 | 0.3701 (4) | 0.06907 (9) | 0.55330 (15) | 0.0306 (4) | |
H5A | 0.3164 | 0.0644 | 0.4688 | 0.037* | |
C6 | 0.5855 (3) | 0.10852 (8) | 0.59683 (14) | 0.0247 (4) | |
C7 | 0.6617 (3) | 0.11259 (8) | 0.72141 (14) | 0.0246 (4) | |
H7A | 0.8047 | 0.1379 | 0.7521 | 0.029* | |
C8 | 0.7325 (4) | 0.14390 (8) | 0.51148 (14) | 0.0258 (4) |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Mn1 | 0.02227 (17) | 0.03188 (17) | 0.01840 (14) | −0.00270 (11) | 0.00482 (10) | −0.00096 (10) |
O1W | 0.0419 (9) | 0.0354 (7) | 0.0353 (7) | −0.0012 (6) | 0.0186 (6) | 0.0025 (6) |
O1 | 0.0263 (7) | 0.0522 (8) | 0.0173 (5) | −0.0076 (6) | 0.0043 (5) | −0.0044 (5) |
O2 | 0.0372 (8) | 0.0405 (8) | 0.0242 (6) | 0.0071 (6) | 0.0057 (5) | 0.0040 (5) |
O2W | 0.0281 (7) | 0.0323 (7) | 0.0465 (8) | −0.0056 (6) | 0.0126 (6) | −0.0034 (6) |
O3 | 0.0410 (8) | 0.0357 (7) | 0.0280 (6) | −0.0135 (6) | 0.0101 (6) | 0.0031 (5) |
O3W | 0.0362 (8) | 0.0342 (7) | 0.0290 (6) | 0.0054 (6) | −0.0006 (6) | −0.0050 (5) |
O4W | 0.0301 (8) | 0.0731 (11) | 0.0328 (7) | −0.0181 (8) | 0.0082 (6) | −0.0135 (7) |
O4 | 0.0428 (9) | 0.0544 (9) | 0.0186 (6) | −0.0152 (7) | 0.0104 (5) | −0.0008 (6) |
O5 | 0.0661 (11) | 0.0483 (9) | 0.0249 (6) | −0.0263 (8) | 0.0134 (7) | −0.0039 (6) |
N1 | 0.0253 (8) | 0.0301 (8) | 0.0154 (6) | −0.0033 (6) | 0.0045 (5) | 0.0001 (5) |
C1 | 0.0252 (9) | 0.0365 (10) | 0.0157 (7) | −0.0036 (7) | 0.0025 (6) | 0.0026 (6) |
C2 | 0.0234 (9) | 0.0283 (9) | 0.0188 (7) | −0.0087 (7) | 0.0040 (6) | −0.0001 (6) |
C3 | 0.0284 (10) | 0.0255 (9) | 0.0233 (8) | −0.0018 (7) | 0.0059 (7) | 0.0002 (6) |
C4 | 0.0357 (11) | 0.0380 (11) | 0.0245 (8) | −0.0119 (9) | 0.0037 (7) | −0.0043 (7) |
C5 | 0.0340 (11) | 0.0392 (10) | 0.0183 (7) | −0.0023 (8) | 0.0031 (7) | −0.0028 (7) |
C6 | 0.0279 (10) | 0.0274 (9) | 0.0198 (7) | 0.0021 (7) | 0.0073 (7) | 0.0009 (6) |
C7 | 0.0242 (9) | 0.0288 (9) | 0.0218 (7) | −0.0032 (7) | 0.0071 (7) | 0.0004 (7) |
C8 | 0.0304 (10) | 0.0289 (9) | 0.0194 (7) | 0.0041 (8) | 0.0072 (7) | 0.0028 (7) |
Mn1—O4 | 2.1265 (12) | O4W—H4WB | 0.837 (9) |
Mn1—O1i | 2.1435 (12) | O4—C8 | 1.255 (2) |
Mn1—O2W | 2.1676 (14) | O5—C8 | 1.248 (2) |
Mn1—O4W | 2.1833 (14) | N1—C7 | 1.357 (2) |
Mn1—O1W | 2.2136 (12) | N1—C3 | 1.387 (2) |
Mn1—O3W | 2.2258 (13) | N1—C1 | 1.468 (2) |
O1W—H1WA | 0.862 (9) | C1—C2 | 1.515 (2) |
O1W—H1WB | 0.838 (9) | C1—H1A | 0.9700 |
O1—C2 | 1.2734 (18) | C1—H1B | 0.9700 |
O1—Mn1ii | 2.1435 (12) | C3—C4 | 1.434 (2) |
O2—C2 | 1.240 (2) | C4—C5 | 1.353 (2) |
O2W—H2WA | 0.844 (9) | C4—H4A | 0.9300 |
O2W—H2WB | 0.837 (9) | C5—C6 | 1.411 (3) |
O3—C3 | 1.2438 (19) | C5—H5A | 0.9300 |
O3W—H3WA | 0.849 (9) | C6—C7 | 1.363 (2) |
O3W—H3WB | 0.854 (9) | C6—C8 | 1.497 (2) |
O4W—H4WA | 0.830 (9) | C7—H7A | 0.9300 |
O4—Mn1—O1i | 91.77 (5) | C7—N1—C1 | 119.59 (14) |
O4—Mn1—O2W | 93.71 (5) | C3—N1—C1 | 117.71 (13) |
O1i—Mn1—O2W | 92.51 (5) | N1—C1—C2 | 113.31 (14) |
O4—Mn1—O4W | 91.85 (5) | N1—C1—H1A | 108.9 |
O1i—Mn1—O4W | 174.12 (6) | C2—C1—H1A | 108.9 |
O2W—Mn1—O4W | 91.88 (6) | N1—C1—H1B | 108.9 |
O4—Mn1—O1W | 174.26 (5) | C2—C1—H1B | 108.9 |
O1i—Mn1—O1W | 90.54 (5) | H1A—C1—H1B | 107.7 |
O2W—Mn1—O1W | 91.44 (5) | O2—C2—O1 | 124.35 (16) |
O4W—Mn1—O1W | 85.44 (5) | O2—C2—C1 | 120.54 (14) |
O4—Mn1—O3W | 89.48 (5) | O1—C2—C1 | 115.09 (15) |
O1i—Mn1—O3W | 92.25 (5) | O3—C3—N1 | 119.24 (15) |
O2W—Mn1—O3W | 174.18 (5) | O3—C3—C4 | 125.59 (17) |
O4W—Mn1—O3W | 83.15 (6) | N1—C3—C4 | 115.16 (14) |
O1W—Mn1—O3W | 85.18 (5) | C5—C4—C3 | 121.71 (17) |
Mn1—O1W—H1WA | 121.2 (14) | C5—C4—H4A | 119.1 |
Mn1—O1W—H1WB | 111.9 (14) | C3—C4—H4A | 119.1 |
H1WA—O1W—H1WB | 108.4 (14) | C4—C5—C6 | 120.82 (16) |
C2—O1—Mn1ii | 133.39 (11) | C4—C5—H5A | 119.6 |
Mn1—O2W—H2WA | 120.7 (14) | C6—C5—H5A | 119.6 |
Mn1—O2W—H2WB | 117.2 (14) | C7—C6—C5 | 117.54 (15) |
H2WA—O2W—H2WB | 110.4 (14) | C7—C6—C8 | 120.12 (16) |
Mn1—O3W—H3WA | 120.1 (13) | C5—C6—C8 | 122.32 (14) |
Mn1—O3W—H3WB | 112.5 (14) | N1—C7—C6 | 122.01 (16) |
H3WA—O3W—H3WB | 108.1 (13) | N1—C7—H7A | 119.0 |
Mn1—O4W—H4WA | 128.3 (15) | C6—C7—H7A | 119.0 |
Mn1—O4W—H4WB | 111.3 (15) | O5—C8—O4 | 124.56 (15) |
H4WA—O4W—H4WB | 113.2 (15) | O5—C8—C6 | 119.06 (14) |
C8—O4—Mn1 | 130.38 (12) | O4—C8—C6 | 116.37 (16) |
C7—N1—C3 | 122.70 (14) | ||
O1i—Mn1—O4—C8 | −162.88 (17) | O3—C3—C4—C5 | 177.48 (19) |
O2W—Mn1—O4—C8 | 104.49 (17) | N1—C3—C4—C5 | −1.9 (3) |
O4W—Mn1—O4—C8 | 12.48 (17) | C3—C4—C5—C6 | −0.3 (3) |
O1W—Mn1—O4—C8 | −49.3 (6) | C4—C5—C6—C7 | 1.7 (3) |
O3W—Mn1—O4—C8 | −70.65 (17) | C4—C5—C6—C8 | −179.72 (17) |
C7—N1—C1—C2 | 106.33 (17) | C3—N1—C7—C6 | −1.5 (3) |
C3—N1—C1—C2 | −73.06 (19) | C1—N1—C7—C6 | 179.13 (16) |
Mn1ii—O1—C2—O2 | −110.55 (19) | C5—C6—C7—N1 | −0.8 (3) |
Mn1ii—O1—C2—C1 | 70.8 (2) | C8—C6—C7—N1 | −179.43 (15) |
N1—C1—C2—O2 | −5.9 (2) | Mn1—O4—C8—O5 | −0.2 (3) |
N1—C1—C2—O1 | 172.80 (14) | Mn1—O4—C8—C6 | 178.69 (12) |
C7—N1—C3—O3 | −176.60 (16) | C7—C6—C8—O5 | −12.9 (3) |
C1—N1—C3—O3 | 2.8 (2) | C5—C6—C8—O5 | 168.55 (18) |
C7—N1—C3—C4 | 2.8 (2) | C7—C6—C8—O4 | 168.11 (17) |
C1—N1—C3—C4 | −177.83 (16) | C5—C6—C8—O4 | −10.4 (3) |
Symmetry codes: (i) x, y, z−1; (ii) x, y, z+1. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O1W—H1WA···O2iii | 0.86 (1) | 1.83 (1) | 2.6833 (18) | 171 (2) |
O1W—H1WA···O1iii | 0.86 (1) | 2.67 (2) | 3.307 (2) | 132 (2) |
O1W—H1WB···O5iv | 0.84 (1) | 2.43 (2) | 3.071 (2) | 134 (2) |
O2W—H2WA···O3v | 0.84 (1) | 1.88 (1) | 2.7006 (19) | 165 (2) |
O2W—H2WB···O1iii | 0.84 (1) | 2.01 (1) | 2.8249 (18) | 165 (2) |
O3W—H3WA···O5vi | 0.85 (1) | 1.83 (1) | 2.6733 (18) | 176 (2) |
O3W—H3WB···O2iv | 0.85 (1) | 1.94 (1) | 2.7550 (18) | 159 (2) |
O4W—H4WA···O3Wvii | 0.83 (1) | 2.13 (1) | 2.911 (2) | 158 (2) |
O4W—H4WB···O5 | 0.84 (1) | 2.00 (1) | 2.7270 (18) | 145 (2) |
Symmetry codes: (iii) x+1, y, z−1; (iv) x+1/2, −y+1/2, z−1/2; (v) −x+1, −y, −z+1; (vi) x−1/2, −y+1/2, z−1/2; (vii) x+1, y, z. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | [Mn(C8H5NO5)(H2O)4] |
Mr | 322.13 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/n |
Temperature (K) | 293 |
a, b, c (Å) | 5.1537 (2), 21.2008 (9), 10.9727 (4) |
β (°) | 99.182 (2) |
V (Å3) | 1183.54 (8) |
Z | 4 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 1.16 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.21 × 0.18 × 0.13 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker APEXII area-detector diffractometer |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.787, 0.858 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 11341, 2680, 2217 |
Rint | 0.075 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.647 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.029, 0.075, 1.03 |
No. of reflections | 2680 |
No. of parameters | 196 |
No. of restraints | 12 |
H-atom treatment | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.35, −0.32 |
Computer programs: APEX2 (Bruker, 2006), SAINT (Bruker, 2006), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O1W—H1WA···O2i | 0.862 (9) | 1.828 (9) | 2.6833 (18) | 171 (2) |
O1W—H1WA···O1i | 0.862 (9) | 2.669 (18) | 3.307 (2) | 131.8 (18) |
O1W—H1WB···O5ii | 0.838 (9) | 2.430 (16) | 3.071 (2) | 134.0 (16) |
O2W—H2WA···O3iii | 0.844 (9) | 1.875 (9) | 2.7006 (19) | 165.4 (19) |
O2W—H2WB···O1i | 0.837 (9) | 2.007 (10) | 2.8249 (18) | 165 (2) |
O3W—H3WA···O5iv | 0.849 (9) | 1.826 (9) | 2.6733 (18) | 176.2 (18) |
O3W—H3WB···O2ii | 0.854 (9) | 1.941 (12) | 2.7550 (18) | 159 (2) |
O4W—H4WA···O3Wv | 0.830 (9) | 2.125 (11) | 2.911 (2) | 158 (2) |
O4W—H4WB···O5 | 0.837 (9) | 2.001 (13) | 2.7270 (18) | 145 (2) |
Symmetry codes: (i) x+1, y, z−1; (ii) x+1/2, −y+1/2, z−1/2; (iii) −x+1, −y, −z+1; (iv) x−1/2, −y+1/2, z−1/2; (v) x+1, y, z. |
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Versatile ligands involving pyridyl and carboxylate groups have been extensively employed to construct novel complexes owing to their various coordination modes (Zhang et al., 2003; Jiang et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2010). Herein, we report the synthesis and crystal structure of a new complex, [MnL(H2O)4]n (I).
In the title complex, the Mn(II) atom is six-coordinated by two carboxylic O atoms from two L2- ligands and four water molecules, leading to a distorted octahedral environment (Fig. 1). Each L2- ligand adopts a terminal monodentate bridging coordination mode to interconnect with the Mn(II) atoms forming a one-dimensional infinite polymeric chain motif. The shortest distance between the neighbour Mn(II) centers is 10.97 Å (Fig. 2). Additionally, with the aid of O—H···O hydrogen bonds found between the coordinated water molecules and carboxylato groups, the adjacent one-dimensional chains are further interlinked into a three-dimensional network (Fig. 3).