metal-organic compounds
catena-Poly[(triaquacadmium)-μ-5-hydroxyisophthalato-κ3O1,O1′:O3]
aCollege of Mechanical & Material Engineering, ChinaThree Gorges University, Yichang 443002, People's Republic of China
*Correspondence e-mail: junzhao08@126.com
The title compound, [Cd(C8H4O5)(H2O)3]n, a one-dimensional chain complex of 5-hydroxyisophthalate with CdII, was prepared by a hydrothermal reaction. The CdII ion is coordinated by three water O atoms and three carboxylate O atoms of two different 5-hydroxyisophthalate ligands, which act as bidentate and monodentate ligands. The is stabilized by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Related literature
For applications of coordination polymers in functional materials, see: Inoue et al. (2001). For coordination polymers including benzenedicarboxylates and their derivatives, see: Xiao et al. (2004); Plater et al. (2001); Zhao et al. (2011).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Refinement
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Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 1999); cell SAINT (Bruker, 1999); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL.
Supporting information
10.1107/S160053681104236X/bt5673sup1.cif
contains datablocks I, global. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S160053681104236X/bt5673Isup2.hkl
A mixture of 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid (0.0182 g, 0.1 mmol), Cd(CH3COO)2.2H2O (0.0266 g, 0.1 mmol), water (8 mL) was stired vigorously for 30 min and then sealed in a Teflon-lined stainless-steel autoclave. The autoclave was heated and maintained at 413 K for 3days, and then cooled to room temperature at 5 K h-1 to obtain colorless prism crystals suitable for X-ray analysis.
All H-atoms bonded to C were positioned geometrically and refined using a riding model with C–H = 0.93 Å, Uiso(H) = 1.2 Ueq(C) for aromatic hydrogen atoms. The H-atoms bonded to O were located in a difference Fourier map and their coordinates were refined. The O-H distance was restrained to with O–H = 0.86 (1)Å and the H···H distances in the water molecules to 1.39 (1)Å. Uiso(H) was set to 1.5 Ueq(O).
Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 1999); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 1999); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 1999); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).Fig. 1. An ORTEP representation of the structure of the title compound showing the atomic numbering and 50% probability displacement ellipsoids [symmetry code: A: -x + 1/2,-y + 1,z - 1/2]. | |
Fig. 2. A portion of polymeric zigzag chain in the title compound. H atoms are omitted for clarity. |
[Cd(C8H4O5)(H2O)3] | 4 |
Mr = 346.56 | Dx = 2.156 Mg m−3 |
Orthorhombic, Pbca | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ac 2ab | Cell parameters from 5687 reflections |
a = 8.027 (3) Å | θ = 3.1–25.0° |
b = 13.582 (5) Å | µ = 2.08 mm−1 |
c = 19.591 (7) Å | T = 296 K |
V = 2135.7 (14) Å3 | Prism, colourless |
Z = 8 | 0.23 × 0.20 × 0.18 mm |
F(000) = 1360 |
Bruker SMART CCD diffractometer | 1874 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 1781 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.074 |
phi and ω scans | θmax = 25.0°, θmin = 3.1° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) | h = −9→9 |
Tmin = 0.647, Tmax = 0.702 | k = −16→16 |
17155 measured reflections | l = −23→23 |
Refinement on F2 | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.023 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
wR(F2) = 0.063 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.030P)2 + 2.147P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
S = 1.00 | (Δ/σ)max = 0.002 |
1874 reflections | Δρmax = 0.64 e Å−3 |
176 parameters | Δρmin = −0.48 e Å−3 |
10 restraints | Extinction correction: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4 |
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods | Extinction coefficient: 0.0042 (2) |
[Cd(C8H4O5)(H2O)3] | V = 2135.7 (14) Å3 |
Mr = 346.56 | Z = 8 |
Orthorhombic, Pbca | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 8.027 (3) Å | µ = 2.08 mm−1 |
b = 13.582 (5) Å | T = 296 K |
c = 19.591 (7) Å | 0.23 × 0.20 × 0.18 mm |
Bruker SMART CCD diffractometer | 1874 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) | 1781 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.647, Tmax = 0.702 | Rint = 0.074 |
17155 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.023 | 10 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.063 | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
S = 1.00 | Δρmax = 0.64 e Å−3 |
1874 reflections | Δρmin = −0.48 e Å−3 |
176 parameters |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
Cd1 | 0.24003 (2) | 0.627985 (11) | 0.051993 (8) | 0.02196 (12) | |
O1 | 0.2744 (2) | 0.47757 (12) | 0.10249 (8) | 0.0306 (4) | |
O2 | 0.3061 (2) | 0.60170 (12) | 0.17270 (8) | 0.0291 (4) | |
O3 | 0.2644 (2) | 0.48696 (15) | 0.42628 (10) | 0.0439 (5) | |
O4 | 0.3590 (3) | 0.33884 (15) | 0.44912 (8) | 0.0398 (5) | |
O5 | 0.5561 (2) | 0.19980 (12) | 0.22523 (8) | 0.0363 (4) | |
H5A | 0.601 (4) | 0.169 (2) | 0.2588 (11) | 0.054* | |
O6 | −0.0295 (2) | 0.64996 (15) | 0.08972 (9) | 0.0364 (4) | |
H6A | −0.039 (4) | 0.664 (2) | 0.1324 (6) | 0.055* | |
H6B | −0.100 (3) | 0.6046 (18) | 0.0802 (14) | 0.055* | |
O7 | 0.5220 (3) | 0.62281 (14) | 0.03440 (14) | 0.0509 (6) | |
H7B | 0.579 (4) | 0.5698 (14) | 0.0398 (18) | 0.076* | |
H7A | 0.587 (3) | 0.6668 (17) | 0.0178 (18) | 0.076* | |
O8 | 0.2910 (3) | 0.79576 (13) | 0.05101 (9) | 0.0365 (4) | |
H8A | 0.257 (3) | 0.8459 (18) | 0.0741 (17) | 0.055* | |
H8B | 0.3899 (19) | 0.808 (2) | 0.0371 (15) | 0.055* | |
C1 | 0.3094 (3) | 0.51031 (15) | 0.16111 (10) | 0.0222 (5) | |
C2 | 0.3560 (3) | 0.43938 (15) | 0.21601 (11) | 0.0212 (4) | |
C3 | 0.3239 (3) | 0.45950 (16) | 0.28430 (11) | 0.0229 (5) | |
H3 | 0.2752 | 0.5189 | 0.2970 | 0.027* | |
C4 | 0.3659 (3) | 0.38923 (15) | 0.33382 (11) | 0.0222 (5) | |
C5 | 0.4416 (3) | 0.30120 (16) | 0.31452 (11) | 0.0250 (5) | |
H5 | 0.4676 | 0.2541 | 0.3473 | 0.030* | |
C6 | 0.4780 (3) | 0.28385 (17) | 0.24653 (11) | 0.0243 (5) | |
C7 | 0.4336 (3) | 0.35181 (17) | 0.19718 (11) | 0.0235 (5) | |
H7 | 0.4555 | 0.3390 | 0.1514 | 0.028* | |
C8 | 0.3255 (3) | 0.40683 (18) | 0.40740 (11) | 0.0259 (5) |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Cd1 | 0.02666 (16) | 0.02087 (17) | 0.01835 (16) | 0.00125 (6) | −0.00444 (6) | 0.00390 (5) |
O1 | 0.0507 (10) | 0.0204 (8) | 0.0207 (8) | −0.0003 (7) | −0.0092 (7) | 0.0013 (6) |
O2 | 0.0432 (10) | 0.0181 (7) | 0.0261 (8) | −0.0005 (8) | −0.0100 (8) | 0.0009 (7) |
O3 | 0.0584 (13) | 0.0363 (11) | 0.0370 (10) | 0.0048 (9) | 0.0181 (9) | −0.0067 (9) |
O4 | 0.0525 (12) | 0.0485 (11) | 0.0185 (8) | 0.0138 (10) | 0.0072 (7) | 0.0065 (7) |
O5 | 0.0566 (12) | 0.0295 (9) | 0.0228 (8) | 0.0199 (8) | −0.0079 (8) | −0.0036 (7) |
O6 | 0.0338 (10) | 0.0444 (10) | 0.0309 (9) | −0.0040 (8) | 0.0052 (8) | −0.0034 (8) |
O7 | 0.0292 (11) | 0.0421 (13) | 0.0815 (16) | 0.0072 (8) | 0.0138 (11) | 0.0168 (10) |
O8 | 0.0405 (10) | 0.0221 (9) | 0.0469 (11) | −0.0029 (8) | 0.0122 (8) | −0.0071 (7) |
C1 | 0.0245 (11) | 0.0203 (11) | 0.0218 (11) | −0.0009 (9) | −0.0020 (9) | 0.0010 (8) |
C2 | 0.0227 (11) | 0.0202 (10) | 0.0207 (10) | −0.0024 (9) | −0.0023 (8) | 0.0018 (8) |
C3 | 0.0255 (11) | 0.0201 (11) | 0.0229 (10) | 0.0004 (9) | −0.0002 (9) | 0.0003 (8) |
C4 | 0.0239 (11) | 0.0243 (11) | 0.0184 (11) | −0.0032 (9) | −0.0007 (9) | 0.0013 (8) |
C5 | 0.0309 (12) | 0.0229 (11) | 0.0212 (11) | 0.0012 (9) | −0.0038 (9) | 0.0047 (9) |
C6 | 0.0284 (11) | 0.0204 (11) | 0.0241 (11) | 0.0035 (9) | −0.0038 (9) | −0.0007 (8) |
C7 | 0.0291 (12) | 0.0250 (10) | 0.0164 (10) | 0.0013 (10) | −0.0012 (9) | −0.0004 (8) |
C8 | 0.0235 (11) | 0.0336 (12) | 0.0207 (11) | −0.0043 (10) | 0.0026 (9) | −0.0006 (10) |
Cd1—O4i | 2.2129 (17) | O7—H7B | 0.860 (10) |
Cd1—O1 | 2.2865 (17) | O7—H7A | 0.856 (10) |
Cd1—O7 | 2.290 (2) | O8—H8A | 0.862 (10) |
Cd1—O6 | 2.306 (2) | O8—H8B | 0.857 (10) |
Cd1—O8 | 2.315 (2) | C1—C2 | 1.492 (3) |
Cd1—O2 | 2.4496 (18) | C2—C3 | 1.389 (3) |
Cd1—C1 | 2.726 (2) | C2—C7 | 1.392 (3) |
O1—C1 | 1.263 (3) | C3—C4 | 1.402 (3) |
O2—C1 | 1.262 (3) | C3—H3 | 0.9300 |
O3—C8 | 1.250 (3) | C4—C5 | 1.394 (3) |
O4—C8 | 1.262 (3) | C4—C8 | 1.497 (3) |
O4—Cd1ii | 2.2129 (17) | C5—C6 | 1.384 (3) |
O5—C6 | 1.368 (3) | C5—H5 | 0.9300 |
O5—H5A | 0.857 (10) | C6—C7 | 1.383 (3) |
O6—H6A | 0.861 (10) | C7—H7 | 0.9300 |
O6—H6B | 0.855 (10) | ||
O4i—Cd1—O1 | 128.26 (7) | Cd1—O8—H8A | 136 (2) |
O4i—Cd1—O7 | 102.96 (9) | Cd1—O8—H8B | 111.2 (19) |
O1—Cd1—O7 | 85.33 (7) | H8A—O8—H8B | 107.6 (15) |
O4i—Cd1—O6 | 85.89 (7) | O2—C1—O1 | 120.34 (19) |
O1—Cd1—O6 | 95.16 (7) | O2—C1—C2 | 120.71 (19) |
O7—Cd1—O6 | 168.36 (8) | O1—C1—C2 | 118.95 (19) |
O4i—Cd1—O8 | 81.69 (7) | O2—C1—Cd1 | 63.92 (11) |
O1—Cd1—O8 | 149.51 (7) | O1—C1—Cd1 | 56.50 (11) |
O7—Cd1—O8 | 81.63 (7) | C2—C1—Cd1 | 174.35 (15) |
O6—Cd1—O8 | 92.35 (7) | C3—C2—C7 | 120.40 (19) |
O4i—Cd1—O2 | 170.62 (7) | C3—C2—C1 | 121.38 (19) |
O1—Cd1—O2 | 54.97 (5) | C7—C2—C1 | 118.22 (19) |
O7—Cd1—O2 | 85.81 (8) | C2—C3—C4 | 119.2 (2) |
O6—Cd1—O2 | 84.98 (7) | C2—C3—H3 | 120.4 |
O8—Cd1—O2 | 96.50 (6) | C4—C3—H3 | 120.4 |
O4i—Cd1—C1 | 155.06 (7) | C5—C4—C3 | 120.1 (2) |
O1—Cd1—C1 | 27.43 (6) | C5—C4—C8 | 119.52 (19) |
O7—Cd1—C1 | 84.16 (8) | C3—C4—C8 | 120.4 (2) |
O6—Cd1—C1 | 90.92 (7) | C6—C5—C4 | 119.95 (19) |
O8—Cd1—C1 | 123.19 (7) | C6—C5—H5 | 120.0 |
O2—Cd1—C1 | 27.56 (6) | C4—C5—H5 | 120.0 |
C1—O1—Cd1 | 96.07 (13) | O5—C6—C7 | 117.51 (19) |
C1—O2—Cd1 | 88.52 (12) | O5—C6—C5 | 122.17 (19) |
C8—O4—Cd1ii | 111.35 (15) | C7—C6—C5 | 120.3 (2) |
C6—O5—H5A | 111 (2) | C6—C7—C2 | 120.01 (19) |
Cd1—O6—H6A | 115 (2) | C6—C7—H7 | 120.0 |
Cd1—O6—H6B | 117 (2) | C2—C7—H7 | 120.0 |
H6A—O6—H6B | 108.3 (16) | O3—C8—O4 | 122.0 (2) |
Cd1—O7—H7B | 122 (2) | O3—C8—C4 | 120.6 (2) |
Cd1—O7—H7A | 130 (2) | O4—C8—C4 | 117.4 (2) |
H7B—O7—H7A | 107.9 (16) | ||
O4i—Cd1—O1—C1 | −170.85 (13) | O6—Cd1—C1—C2 | 136.9 (16) |
O7—Cd1—O1—C1 | 86.31 (15) | O8—Cd1—C1—C2 | −129.7 (16) |
O6—Cd1—O1—C1 | −82.01 (14) | O2—Cd1—C1—C2 | −145.8 (17) |
O8—Cd1—O1—C1 | 21.6 (2) | O2—C1—C2—C3 | 29.9 (3) |
O2—Cd1—O1—C1 | −1.84 (13) | O1—C1—C2—C3 | −150.7 (2) |
O4i—Cd1—O2—C1 | 115.2 (4) | Cd1—C1—C2—C3 | 173.9 (15) |
O1—Cd1—O2—C1 | 1.83 (13) | O2—C1—C2—C7 | −150.0 (2) |
O7—Cd1—O2—C1 | −85.41 (14) | O1—C1—C2—C7 | 29.5 (3) |
O6—Cd1—O2—C1 | 101.73 (14) | Cd1—C1—C2—C7 | −5.9 (17) |
O8—Cd1—O2—C1 | −166.47 (14) | C7—C2—C3—C4 | −2.0 (3) |
Cd1—O2—C1—O1 | −3.1 (2) | C1—C2—C3—C4 | 178.2 (2) |
Cd1—O2—C1—C2 | 176.31 (19) | C2—C3—C4—C5 | 1.2 (3) |
Cd1—O1—C1—O2 | 3.4 (2) | C2—C3—C4—C8 | −177.1 (2) |
Cd1—O1—C1—C2 | −176.08 (17) | C3—C4—C5—C6 | 1.1 (3) |
O4i—Cd1—C1—O2 | −159.52 (16) | C8—C4—C5—C6 | 179.4 (2) |
O1—Cd1—C1—O2 | −176.8 (2) | C4—C5—C6—O5 | 178.2 (2) |
O7—Cd1—C1—O2 | 92.13 (15) | C4—C5—C6—C7 | −2.6 (3) |
O6—Cd1—C1—O2 | −77.29 (14) | O5—C6—C7—C2 | −179.0 (2) |
O8—Cd1—C1—O2 | 16.12 (17) | C5—C6—C7—C2 | 1.8 (3) |
O4i—Cd1—C1—O1 | 17.2 (2) | C3—C2—C7—C6 | 0.5 (3) |
O7—Cd1—C1—O1 | −91.12 (15) | C1—C2—C7—C6 | −179.6 (2) |
O6—Cd1—C1—O1 | 99.46 (14) | Cd1ii—O4—C8—O3 | 9.0 (3) |
O8—Cd1—C1—O1 | −167.13 (13) | Cd1ii—O4—C8—C4 | −172.58 (16) |
O2—Cd1—C1—O1 | 176.8 (2) | C5—C4—C8—O3 | 176.8 (2) |
O4i—Cd1—C1—C2 | 54.7 (16) | C3—C4—C8—O3 | −4.9 (3) |
O1—Cd1—C1—C2 | 37.4 (15) | C5—C4—C8—O4 | −1.6 (3) |
O7—Cd1—C1—C2 | −53.7 (16) | C3—C4—C8—O4 | 176.7 (2) |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1/2, −y+1, z−1/2; (ii) −x+1/2, −y+1, z+1/2. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O5—H5A···O2iii | 0.86 (1) | 1.79 (1) | 2.645 (2) | 178 (3) |
O8—H8A···O1iv | 0.86 (1) | 1.89 (2) | 2.719 (3) | 161 (3) |
O7—H7B···O3v | 0.86 (1) | 1.98 (2) | 2.790 (3) | 156 (3) |
O6—H6A···O5iv | 0.86 (1) | 1.89 (1) | 2.748 (3) | 178 (3) |
O7—H7A···O8vi | 0.86 (1) | 2.18 (2) | 2.947 (3) | 149 (3) |
O8—H8B···O4vii | 0.86 (1) | 2.08 (2) | 2.869 (3) | 154 (3) |
O6—H6B···O3viii | 0.86 (1) | 1.94 (1) | 2.781 (3) | 168 (3) |
Symmetry codes: (iii) −x+1, y−1/2, −z+1/2; (iv) −x+1/2, y+1/2, z; (v) x+1/2, y, −z+1/2; (vi) x+1/2, −y+3/2, −z; (vii) −x+1, y+1/2, −z+1/2; (viii) x−1/2, y, −z+1/2. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | [Cd(C8H4O5)(H2O)3] |
Mr | 346.56 |
Crystal system, space group | Orthorhombic, Pbca |
Temperature (K) | 296 |
a, b, c (Å) | 8.027 (3), 13.582 (5), 19.591 (7) |
V (Å3) | 2135.7 (14) |
Z | 8 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 2.08 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.23 × 0.20 × 0.18 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker SMART CCD diffractometer |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 1996) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.647, 0.702 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 17155, 1874, 1781 |
Rint | 0.074 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.595 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.023, 0.063, 1.00 |
No. of reflections | 1874 |
No. of parameters | 176 |
No. of restraints | 10 |
H-atom treatment | H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.64, −0.48 |
Computer programs: SMART (Bruker, 1999), SAINT (Bruker, 1999), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O5—H5A···O2i | 0.857 (10) | 1.789 (11) | 2.645 (2) | 178 (3) |
O8—H8A···O1ii | 0.862 (10) | 1.890 (16) | 2.719 (3) | 161 (3) |
O7—H7B···O3iii | 0.860 (10) | 1.980 (18) | 2.790 (3) | 156 (3) |
O6—H6A···O5ii | 0.861 (10) | 1.888 (10) | 2.748 (3) | 178 (3) |
O7—H7A···O8iv | 0.856 (10) | 2.18 (2) | 2.947 (3) | 149 (3) |
O8—H8B···O4v | 0.857 (10) | 2.075 (17) | 2.869 (3) | 154 (3) |
O6—H6B···O3vi | 0.855 (10) | 1.939 (12) | 2.781 (3) | 168 (3) |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, y−1/2, −z+1/2; (ii) −x+1/2, y+1/2, z; (iii) x+1/2, y, −z+1/2; (iv) x+1/2, −y+3/2, −z; (v) −x+1, y+1/2, −z+1/2; (vi) x−1/2, y, −z+1/2. |
References
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The rational design and construction of coordination polymers has attracted much attention owing to their intriguing topologies and potential applications as functional materials (Inoue et al., 2001). Benzenedicarboxylates and their derivatives have been extensively employed to link metal ions in the synthesis of one-, two- or three-dimensional structures. They often act as bridging or chelating ligands (Xiao et al., 2004; Plater et al., 2001). In continuation of our study of the chemistry of benzenedicarboxylate ligands (Zhao et al., 2011), we present here the title compound, in which the 5- hydroxyisophthalate dianion functions as a bridge between adjacent CdII centers. In the title compound, [Cd(C8H4O5)(H2O)3]n, CdII ion is hexacoordinated in a distorted octahedral geometry by three O atoms from two organic ligands and three water molecules (Fig. 1). Each ligand bridges two CdII ions, that results in formation of polymeric zigzag chains extended along the direction [001] (Fig. 2). The crystal packing is stabilized by extensive O–H···O hydrogen bonds (Table 1).