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ISSN: 2056-9890

Di­chlorido(2,3-di-2-pyridyl­pyrazine-κ2N2,N3)palladium(II)

aSchool of Applied Chemical Engineering, The Research Institute of Catalysis, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
*Correspondence e-mail: hakwang@chonnam.ac.kr

(Received 21 October 2011; accepted 21 October 2011; online 29 October 2011)

The PdII ion in the title complex, [PdCl2(C14H10N4)], has a slightly distorted square-planar environment defined by the two pyridine N atoms of the chelating 2,3-di-2-pyridyl­pyrazine ligand and two chloride anions. The pyridine rings are considerably inclined to the least-squares plane of the PdCl2N2 unit [maximum deviation = 0.073 (1) Å], with dihedral angles of 64.19 (9) and 66.55 (9)°. The pyrazine ring is almost perpendicular to this plane and the dihedral angle is 88.2 (1)°. Two independent inter­molecular C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, both involving the same Cl atom as a hydrogen-bond acceptor, give rise to chains running along the a and b axes, generating a layer structure extending parallel to (001). Mol­ecules are stacked in columns along the a axis. Along the b axis, successive mol­ecules stack in opposite directions.

Related literature

For the structure of the isotypic [PtBr2(2,3-di-2-pyridyl­pyrazine)] analog, see: Ha (2011[Ha, K. (2011). Acta Cryst. E67, m1307.]). For related PtII complexes, see: Granifo et al. (2000[Granifo, J., Vargas, M. E., Garland, M. T. & Baggio, R. (2000). Inorg. Chim. Acta, 305, 143-150.]); Cai et al. (2009[Cai, X., Donzello, M. P., Viola, E., Rizzoli, C., Ercolani, C. & Kadish, K. M. (2009). Inorg. Chem. 48, 7086-7098.]).

[Scheme 1]

Experimental

Crystal data
  • [PdCl2(C14H10N4)]

  • Mr = 411.56

  • Monoclinic, P 21 /n

  • a = 8.3414 (9) Å

  • b = 15.3270 (16) Å

  • c = 11.7208 (12) Å

  • β = 101.027 (2)°

  • V = 1470.8 (3) Å3

  • Z = 4

  • Mo Kα radiation

  • μ = 1.62 mm−1

  • T = 200 K

  • 0.28 × 0.26 × 0.20 mm

Data collection
  • Bruker SMART 1000 CCD diffractometer

  • Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2000[Bruker (2000). SADABS, SMART and SAINT. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.]) Tmin = 0.864, Tmax = 1.000

  • 10347 measured reflections

  • 3540 independent reflections

  • 2864 reflections with I > 2σ(I)

  • Rint = 0.030

Refinement
  • R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.028

  • wR(F2) = 0.075

  • S = 1.18

  • 3540 reflections

  • 190 parameters

  • H-atom parameters constrained

  • Δρmax = 1.00 e Å−3

  • Δρmin = −0.72 e Å−3

Table 1
Selected geometric parameters (Å, °)

Pd1—N3 2.022 (3)
Pd1—N4 2.026 (3)
Pd1—Cl1 2.2939 (10)
Pd1—Cl2 2.3037 (9)
N3—Pd1—N4 87.89 (12)
Cl1—Pd1—Cl2 93.19 (4)

Table 2
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A D—H H⋯A DA D—H⋯A
C6—H6⋯Cl1i 0.95 2.83 3.445 (4) 124
C11—H11⋯Cl1ii 0.95 2.82 3.629 (4) 143
Symmetry codes: (i) x+1, y, z; (ii) [-x+{\script{1\over 2}}, y+{\script{1\over 2}}, -z+{\script{1\over 2}}].

Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 2000[Bruker (2000). SADABS, SMART and SAINT. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.]); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 2000[Bruker (2000). SADABS, SMART and SAINT. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.]); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 (Farrugia, 1997[Farrugia, L. J. (1997). J. Appl. Cryst. 30, 565.]) and PLATON (Spek, 2009[Spek, A. L. (2009). Acta Cryst. D65, 148-155.]); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97.

Supporting information


Comment top

The title complex, [PdCl2(dpp)] (dpp is 2,3-di-2-pyridylpyrazine, C14H10N4), is isomorphous with the yellow form of [PtBr2(dpp)] (Ha, 2011). The PdII ion has a slightly distorted square-planar environment defined by the two pyridyl N atoms of the chelating dpp ligand and two chloride anions (Fig. 1). The coordination mode of the dpp ligand is similar to that found in the mononuclear Pt(II) complexes [PtCl2(dpq)] (dpq = 2,3-di-2-pyridylquinoxaline) (Granifo et al., 2000) and [PtCl2(dcdpp)] (dcdpp = 2,3-dicyano-5,6-di-2-pyridylpyrazine) (Cai et al., 2009).

The N3—Pd1—N4 chelate angle of 87.89 (12)° and Cl—Cl repelling contribute the distortion of square, and therefore the trans axes are slightly bent [<Cl1—Pd1—N4 = 173.45 (8)° and <Cl2—Pd1—N3 = 178.07 (8)°]. The Pd—N and Pd—Cl bond lengths are nearly equivalent, respectively (Table 1). In the crystal, the two pyridyl rings are considerably inclined to the least-squares plane of the PdCl2N2 unit [maximum deviation = 0.073 (1) Å] with dihedral angles of 64.19 (9)° and 66.55 (9)°, respectively. The nearly planar pyrazine ring [maximum deviation = 0.021 (3) Å] is almost perpendicular to the unit plane with a dihedral angle of 88.2 (1)°. The dihedral angle between the two pyridyl rings is 80.1 (1)°. Two independent intermolecular C—H···Cl hydrogen bonds, both involving the same Cl atom as an H-bond acceptor, give rise to chains running along the a and b axes, forming a layer structure extending parallel to the ab plane (Fig. 2 and Table 2). The complexes are stacked in columns along the a axis. When viewed down the b axis, the successive complexes stack in the opposite direction. In the columns, numerous inter- and intramolecular π-π interactions between the six-membered rings are present, the shortest ring centroid-centroid distance being 3.732 (2) Å.

Related literature top

For the isotypic [PtBr2(2,3-di-2-pyridylpyrazine)] analog, see: Ha (2011). For related PtII complexes, see: Granifo et al. (2000); Cai et al. (2009).

Experimental top

To a solution of Na2PdCl4 (0.2960 g, 1.006 mmol) in MeOH (30 ml) was added 2,3-di-2-pyridylpyrazine (0.2361 g, 1.008 mmol) and stirred for 20 h at room temperature. The formed precipitate was separated by filtration, washed with MeOH, and dried at 50 °C, to give a yellow powder (0.3560 g). Crystals were obtained by slow evaporation from a CH3CN solution.

Refinement top

H atoms were positioned geometrically and allowed to ride on their respective parent atoms [C—H = 0.95 Å and Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C)]. The highest peak (1.00 e Å-3) and the deepest hole (-0.72 e Å-3) in the difference Fourier map are located 1.12 Å and 0.78 Å from the atoms H11 and Pd1, respectively.

Computing details top

Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 2000); cell refinement: SAINT (Bruker, 2000); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2000); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 (Farrugia, 1997) and PLATON (Spek, 2009); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. The structure of the title complex, with displacement ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level; H atoms are shown as small circles of arbitrary radius.
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. View of the hydrogen-bond interactions of the title complex. Hydrogen-bonds are drawn with dashed lines.
Dichlorido(2,3-di-2-pyridylpyrazine-κ2N2,N3)palladium(II) top
Crystal data top
[PdCl2(C14H10N4)]F(000) = 808
Mr = 411.56Dx = 1.859 Mg m3
Monoclinic, P21/nMo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
Hall symbol: -P 2ynCell parameters from 5882 reflections
a = 8.3414 (9) Åθ = 2.2–28.2°
b = 15.3270 (16) ŵ = 1.62 mm1
c = 11.7208 (12) ÅT = 200 K
β = 101.027 (2)°Block, yellow
V = 1470.8 (3) Å30.28 × 0.26 × 0.20 mm
Z = 4
Data collection top
Bruker SMART 1000 CCD
diffractometer
3540 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube2864 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Graphite monochromatorRint = 0.030
ϕ and ω scansθmax = 28.3°, θmin = 2.2°
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Bruker, 2000)
h = 811
Tmin = 0.864, Tmax = 1.000k = 2018
10347 measured reflectionsl = 1515
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: fullSecondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.028Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.075H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.18 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.014P)2 + 2.5736P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
3540 reflections(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
190 parametersΔρmax = 1.00 e Å3
0 restraintsΔρmin = 0.72 e Å3
Crystal data top
[PdCl2(C14H10N4)]V = 1470.8 (3) Å3
Mr = 411.56Z = 4
Monoclinic, P21/nMo Kα radiation
a = 8.3414 (9) ŵ = 1.62 mm1
b = 15.3270 (16) ÅT = 200 K
c = 11.7208 (12) Å0.28 × 0.26 × 0.20 mm
β = 101.027 (2)°
Data collection top
Bruker SMART 1000 CCD
diffractometer
3540 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Bruker, 2000)
2864 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Tmin = 0.864, Tmax = 1.000Rint = 0.030
10347 measured reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.0280 restraints
wR(F2) = 0.075H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.18Δρmax = 1.00 e Å3
3540 reflectionsΔρmin = 0.72 e Å3
190 parameters
Special details top

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
Pd10.01972 (3)0.059770 (17)0.31747 (2)0.02267 (8)
Cl10.10981 (11)0.07263 (6)0.31179 (8)0.0316 (2)
Cl20.22196 (12)0.13589 (7)0.26969 (8)0.0377 (2)
N10.3194 (4)0.0089 (2)0.0758 (3)0.0301 (7)
N20.2618 (4)0.1877 (2)0.0729 (3)0.0337 (7)
N30.2348 (3)0.00482 (19)0.3552 (2)0.0230 (6)
N40.1485 (4)0.17256 (19)0.3406 (2)0.0276 (6)
C10.3028 (4)0.0517 (2)0.1734 (3)0.0232 (7)
C20.2710 (4)0.1409 (2)0.1712 (3)0.0266 (7)
C30.2751 (5)0.1441 (3)0.0234 (3)0.0365 (9)
H30.26660.17520.09450.044*
C40.3007 (5)0.0556 (3)0.0224 (3)0.0335 (8)
H40.30520.02660.09340.040*
C50.3386 (4)0.0043 (2)0.2797 (3)0.0235 (7)
C60.4750 (4)0.0569 (3)0.2984 (3)0.0312 (8)
H60.54750.05620.24500.037*
C70.5064 (4)0.1105 (3)0.3944 (3)0.0333 (8)
H70.59950.14750.40750.040*
C80.4000 (4)0.1094 (2)0.4710 (3)0.0290 (8)
H80.41940.14560.53800.035*
C90.2662 (4)0.0558 (2)0.4498 (3)0.0257 (7)
H90.19400.05480.50330.031*
C100.2571 (4)0.1951 (2)0.2742 (3)0.0262 (7)
C110.3524 (5)0.2700 (2)0.2987 (3)0.0342 (9)
H110.42740.28590.25070.041*
C120.3370 (5)0.3206 (3)0.3926 (4)0.0400 (10)
H120.40240.37130.41090.048*
C130.2252 (5)0.2968 (3)0.4605 (3)0.0400 (10)
H130.21280.33120.52570.048*
C140.1324 (5)0.2231 (2)0.4324 (3)0.0350 (9)
H140.05500.20720.47850.042*
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
Pd10.02314 (14)0.02532 (15)0.02103 (14)0.00354 (10)0.00798 (10)0.00188 (10)
Cl10.0248 (4)0.0329 (5)0.0384 (5)0.0023 (4)0.0089 (4)0.0000 (4)
Cl20.0340 (5)0.0461 (6)0.0346 (5)0.0158 (4)0.0106 (4)0.0100 (4)
N10.0340 (17)0.0312 (17)0.0285 (16)0.0009 (13)0.0144 (13)0.0009 (13)
N20.0414 (19)0.0305 (17)0.0296 (16)0.0011 (14)0.0076 (14)0.0063 (14)
N30.0219 (14)0.0269 (16)0.0204 (13)0.0005 (11)0.0044 (11)0.0021 (12)
N40.0327 (17)0.0243 (16)0.0261 (15)0.0050 (12)0.0063 (13)0.0035 (12)
C10.0202 (16)0.0278 (18)0.0220 (16)0.0005 (13)0.0049 (13)0.0035 (14)
C20.0271 (18)0.0262 (19)0.0273 (18)0.0015 (14)0.0072 (15)0.0023 (14)
C30.039 (2)0.041 (2)0.031 (2)0.0001 (18)0.0101 (17)0.0107 (17)
C40.040 (2)0.038 (2)0.0253 (18)0.0008 (17)0.0131 (16)0.0034 (16)
C50.0219 (17)0.0248 (18)0.0244 (17)0.0024 (13)0.0060 (14)0.0009 (14)
C60.0230 (18)0.038 (2)0.034 (2)0.0046 (15)0.0109 (15)0.0073 (17)
C70.0258 (19)0.036 (2)0.035 (2)0.0068 (16)0.0013 (15)0.0091 (17)
C80.0270 (18)0.032 (2)0.0255 (18)0.0019 (15)0.0005 (14)0.0081 (15)
C90.0274 (18)0.0312 (19)0.0178 (15)0.0006 (14)0.0023 (13)0.0046 (14)
C100.0285 (18)0.0199 (17)0.0290 (18)0.0014 (14)0.0028 (15)0.0035 (14)
C110.034 (2)0.030 (2)0.037 (2)0.0003 (16)0.0010 (16)0.0043 (17)
C120.039 (2)0.030 (2)0.046 (2)0.0006 (17)0.0055 (19)0.0029 (18)
C130.055 (3)0.027 (2)0.032 (2)0.0104 (18)0.0054 (19)0.0083 (17)
C140.051 (2)0.027 (2)0.0284 (19)0.0096 (17)0.0097 (17)0.0009 (15)
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
Pd1—N32.022 (3)C4—H40.9500
Pd1—N42.026 (3)C5—C61.377 (5)
Pd1—Cl12.2939 (10)C6—C71.377 (5)
Pd1—Cl22.3037 (9)C6—H60.9500
N1—C41.338 (4)C7—C81.378 (5)
N1—C11.349 (4)C7—H70.9500
N2—C31.335 (5)C8—C91.370 (5)
N2—C21.347 (4)C8—H80.9500
N3—C91.341 (4)C9—H90.9500
N3—C51.351 (4)C10—C111.394 (5)
N4—C101.347 (4)C11—C121.372 (6)
N4—C141.353 (4)C11—H110.9500
C1—C21.393 (5)C12—C131.386 (6)
C1—C51.496 (5)C12—H120.9500
C2—C101.488 (5)C13—C141.374 (6)
C3—C41.374 (5)C13—H130.9500
C3—H30.9500C14—H140.9500
N3—Pd1—N487.89 (12)C6—C5—C1119.7 (3)
N3—Pd1—Cl188.08 (8)C5—C6—C7120.1 (3)
N4—Pd1—Cl1173.45 (8)C5—C6—H6119.9
N3—Pd1—Cl2178.07 (8)C7—C6—H6119.9
N4—Pd1—Cl290.98 (9)C6—C7—C8118.6 (3)
Cl1—Pd1—Cl293.19 (4)C6—C7—H7120.7
C4—N1—C1117.1 (3)C8—C7—H7120.7
C3—N2—C2117.2 (3)C9—C8—C7119.5 (3)
C9—N3—C5119.7 (3)C9—C8—H8120.2
C9—N3—Pd1119.4 (2)C7—C8—H8120.2
C5—N3—Pd1120.5 (2)N3—C9—C8121.6 (3)
C10—N4—C14119.5 (3)N3—C9—H9119.2
C10—N4—Pd1122.7 (2)C8—C9—H9119.2
C14—N4—Pd1117.7 (3)N4—C10—C11120.8 (3)
N1—C1—C2120.8 (3)N4—C10—C2119.4 (3)
N1—C1—C5113.0 (3)C11—C10—C2119.7 (3)
C2—C1—C5125.8 (3)C12—C11—C10119.5 (4)
N2—C2—C1121.2 (3)C12—C11—H11120.2
N2—C2—C10113.4 (3)C10—C11—H11120.2
C1—C2—C10125.3 (3)C11—C12—C13119.3 (4)
N2—C3—C4121.6 (3)C11—C12—H12120.4
N2—C3—H3119.2C13—C12—H12120.4
C4—C3—H3119.2C14—C13—C12119.2 (4)
N1—C4—C3121.9 (3)C14—C13—H13120.4
N1—C4—H4119.1C12—C13—H13120.4
C3—C4—H4119.1N4—C14—C13121.7 (4)
N3—C5—C6120.4 (3)N4—C14—H14119.2
N3—C5—C1119.9 (3)C13—C14—H14119.2
N4—Pd1—N3—C9116.6 (3)N1—C1—C5—C645.6 (4)
Cl1—Pd1—N3—C958.2 (3)C2—C1—C5—C6128.3 (4)
N4—Pd1—N3—C570.4 (3)N3—C5—C6—C70.0 (6)
Cl1—Pd1—N3—C5114.7 (3)C1—C5—C6—C7178.1 (3)
N3—Pd1—N4—C1062.0 (3)C5—C6—C7—C80.7 (6)
Cl2—Pd1—N4—C10116.4 (3)C6—C7—C8—C90.4 (6)
N3—Pd1—N4—C14112.7 (3)C5—N3—C9—C81.5 (5)
Cl2—Pd1—N4—C1468.8 (3)Pd1—N3—C9—C8171.5 (3)
C4—N1—C1—C21.3 (5)C7—C8—C9—N30.8 (6)
C4—N1—C1—C5175.5 (3)C14—N4—C10—C110.3 (5)
C3—N2—C2—C13.7 (5)Pd1—N4—C10—C11175.0 (3)
C3—N2—C2—C10179.3 (3)C14—N4—C10—C2178.2 (3)
N1—C1—C2—N22.4 (5)Pd1—N4—C10—C27.1 (4)
C5—C1—C2—N2171.0 (3)N2—C2—C10—N4128.8 (3)
N1—C1—C2—C10177.4 (3)C1—C2—C10—N455.8 (5)
C5—C1—C2—C104.0 (6)N2—C2—C10—C1149.1 (5)
C2—N2—C3—C41.4 (6)C1—C2—C10—C11126.2 (4)
C1—N1—C4—C33.7 (5)N4—C10—C11—C121.0 (5)
N2—C3—C4—N12.4 (6)C2—C10—C11—C12178.9 (3)
C9—N3—C5—C61.1 (5)C10—C11—C12—C130.9 (6)
Pd1—N3—C5—C6171.8 (3)C11—C12—C13—C140.1 (6)
C9—N3—C5—C1179.2 (3)C10—N4—C14—C130.5 (5)
Pd1—N3—C5—C16.3 (4)Pd1—N4—C14—C13174.4 (3)
N1—C1—C5—N3132.6 (3)C12—C13—C14—N40.6 (6)
C2—C1—C5—N353.5 (5)
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C6—H6···Cl1i0.952.833.445 (4)124
C11—H11···Cl1ii0.952.823.629 (4)143
Symmetry codes: (i) x+1, y, z; (ii) x+1/2, y+1/2, z+1/2.

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formula[PdCl2(C14H10N4)]
Mr411.56
Crystal system, space groupMonoclinic, P21/n
Temperature (K)200
a, b, c (Å)8.3414 (9), 15.3270 (16), 11.7208 (12)
β (°) 101.027 (2)
V3)1470.8 (3)
Z4
Radiation typeMo Kα
µ (mm1)1.62
Crystal size (mm)0.28 × 0.26 × 0.20
Data collection
DiffractometerBruker SMART 1000 CCD
diffractometer
Absorption correctionMulti-scan
(SADABS; Bruker, 2000)
Tmin, Tmax0.864, 1.000
No. of measured, independent and
observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections
10347, 3540, 2864
Rint0.030
(sin θ/λ)max1)0.666
Refinement
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S 0.028, 0.075, 1.18
No. of reflections3540
No. of parameters190
H-atom treatmentH-atom parameters constrained
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å3)1.00, 0.72

Computer programs: SMART (Bruker, 2000), SAINT (Bruker, 2000), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), ORTEP-3 (Farrugia, 1997) and PLATON (Spek, 2009).

Selected geometric parameters (Å, º) top
Pd1—N32.022 (3)Pd1—Cl12.2939 (10)
Pd1—N42.026 (3)Pd1—Cl22.3037 (9)
N3—Pd1—N487.89 (12)Cl1—Pd1—Cl293.19 (4)
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C6—H6···Cl1i0.952.833.445 (4)123.7
C11—H11···Cl1ii0.952.823.629 (4)143.0
Symmetry codes: (i) x+1, y, z; (ii) x+1/2, y+1/2, z+1/2.
 

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Priority Research Centers Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea, funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (grant No. 2010-0029626). The author thanks the KBSI, Jeonju Center, for the X-ray data collection.

References

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