metal-organic compounds
Bis[methyl 3-(propylamino)but-2-enoato]zinc
aHoward University, Department of Chemistry, 525 College Street N.W., Washington, DC 20059, USA
*Correspondence e-mail: jsmatthews@howard.edu
The title compound, [Zn(C8H14NO2)2], represents a zinc complex with the Zn2+ cation coordinated by two O and two N atoms in a distorted tetrahedral geometry.
Related literature
For background to ZnO and its applications, see: Norton et al. (2004); Groenen et al. (2005); Wan et al. (2004). For the growth of ZnO, see: Tribolate et al. (1999); Fan et al. (2005); El Hichou et al. (2004); Hoon et al. (2011); Jong et al. (2009); Malandrino et al. (2005). For ZnO precursors, see: Smith (1983); Sato et al. (1994). The corresponding complex is a monomer; its structure consists of a Zn2+ cation with a distorted tetrahedral coordination (Matthews et al., 2006).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Refinement
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Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 1997); cell SAINT (Bruker, 1997); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL.
Supporting information
https://doi.org/10.1107/S160053681104520X/bt5685sup1.cif
contains datablocks I, global. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S160053681104520X/bt5685Isup2.hkl
Synthesis of bis [Methyl 3-N-(propylimino)butanoato] zinc (II) To a 100 ml round bottom flask Under an inert atmosphere of dry nitrogen, 2.00 g (12.7 mmol) of Methyl 3-N-(propylimino)butanoate was added to a Schlenk flask containing 50 ml of dried hexanes and a magnetic stir bar. The mixture was cooled to 0° and 6.4 ml s of diethyl zinc (1.0 M) was added drop wise by syringe. The mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. The solvent was removed in vaccuo to afford a white solid. The isolated solid was dissolved in dry pentane and held at -5 °C for 2 days at which time the formation of colorless crystals was observed. Spectroscopic Analysis: 1H NMR 400 MHz, CDCl3, δ p.p.m.: 0.83 (t, 6H, CH3CH2CH2), 1.42 (m, 4H, CH3CH2CH2), 1.90 (s, 6H, CH3CN), 3.12 (m, 2H, CH3CH2CH), 3.20 (m, 2H, CH3CH2CH), 3.57 (s, 6H, OCH3), 4.28 (s, 2H, CCHCO); 13C NMR 100 MHz, CDCl3, δ p.p.m.: 11.70 [CH3CH2CH2], 22.19 [CH3CH2CH2], 24.63 [CH3CN], 50.89 [CH3CH2CH2], 52.30 [OCH3], 77.31 [CHCO], 171.54 [CH3CN], 172.31 [CHCO].
H atoms were positioned geometrically and refined using a riding model with C—H = 0.95 and 0.99 Å and with Uiso(H) = 1.2 (1.5 for methyl groups) times Ueq(C).
Novel precursors have been synthesized and utilized in the growth of ZnO thin films via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). ZnO is a wide band gap (3.37ev) semiconductor, with several favorable properties including good transparency, high electron mobility, strong room-temperature luminescence and piezoelectric properties (Norton et al., 2004). ZnO has a variety of potential applications such as gas sensors, ultraviolet light-emitting diodes, solar cells, photodetectors, transistors and laser systems (Groenen et al., 2005) and (Wan et al., 2004). These applications of ZnO have propelled researchers to develop methods for the growth of ZnO thin films. Techniques that have been employed include β-ketoiminate and β-iminoesterate ligand platforms for growing ZnO thin films (Matthews et al., 2006). Herein we describe the synthesis, characterization, of a novel bis β-iminoesterate.The bond lengths and angles of the reported compound were compared to an analogous Zn bis β-iminoesterate complex that has been previously reported (Matthews et al., 2006). The Zn—O bond lengths for the reported compound are longer than that observed for the analogous complex whose bond lengths measure 1.9454 Å and 1.9572 Å respectively. The Zn—N bond lengths are also longer in the analogous compound measuring 1.9475 Å and 1.9491 Å respectively. The is no difference between the Zn—O(1B) and Zn—N(1 A) bond lengths of 1.974 Å. However, Zn—O(1 A) and Zn—N(1B) measure 1.9963 Å and 1.9785 Å respectively.
(Tribolate et al., 1999), pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) (Fan et al., 2005), spray (SP) (El Hichou et al., 2004), magnetron sputtering (Hoon et al., 2011) and MOCVD (Jong et al., 2009). MOCVD has proven to be a promising method for ZnO growth due to a high degree of controllability of the film composition, capability for large scale area growth, high growth rate, prefered orientation and high quality thin films (Malandrino et al., 2005). In order for the MOCVD process to produce uniform and reproducible films, the precursors employed need to be volatile and thermally stable. Previous studies have reported the use of metal alkyls such as diethyzinc in combination with an oxygen source (e.g.H2O or ROH) (Smith, 1983). The drawback with these precursors is that gas-phase pre-reaction occurs resulting in film contamination and precursor decomposition. In addition, dialkyzinc precursors of acetate, alkoxide and acetylacetonate have been employed (Sato et al., 1994), however impurities are often found in prepared ZnO films. These drawbacks have sparked researchers interest in developing more favorable precursors for growing ZnO. Our research group has investigated the use ofFor background to ZnO and its applications, see: Norton et al. (2004); Groenen et al. (2005); Wan et al. (2004). For the growth of ZnO, see: Tribolate et al. (1999); Fan et al. (2005); El Hichou et al. (2004); Hoon et al. (2011); Jong et al. (2009); Malandrino et al. (2005). For ZnO precursors, see: Smith (1983); Sato et al. (1994). The corresponding four-coordinate complex is a monomer and it consists of a distorted tetrahedral Zn atom (Matthews et al., 2006).
Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 1997); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 1997); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 1997); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).[Zn(C8H14NO2)2] | Z = 2 |
Mr = 377.77 | F(000) = 400 |
Triclinic, P1 | Dx = 1.395 Mg m−3 |
Hall symbol: -P 1 | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
a = 7.8087 (5) Å | Cell parameters from 7001 reflections |
b = 9.4353 (6) Å | θ = 2.3–24.6° |
c = 12.8788 (11) Å | µ = 1.39 mm−1 |
α = 76.820 (3)° | T = 103 K |
β = 77.381 (3)° | Plate, colourless |
γ = 83.413 (3)° | 0.64 × 0.51 × 0.13 mm |
V = 899.46 (11) Å3 |
Bruker SMART CCD area-detector diffractometer | 4977 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 4508 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.020 |
phi and ω scans | θmax = 30.7°, θmin = 1.7° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 2002) | h = −9→11 |
Tmin = 0.471, Tmax = 0.840 | k = −12→12 |
9957 measured reflections | l = −17→18 |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.027 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.070 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.00 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0336P)2 + 0.4769P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
4977 reflections | (Δ/σ)max = 0.003 |
214 parameters | Δρmax = 0.82 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.54 e Å−3 |
[Zn(C8H14NO2)2] | γ = 83.413 (3)° |
Mr = 377.77 | V = 899.46 (11) Å3 |
Triclinic, P1 | Z = 2 |
a = 7.8087 (5) Å | Mo Kα radiation |
b = 9.4353 (6) Å | µ = 1.39 mm−1 |
c = 12.8788 (11) Å | T = 103 K |
α = 76.820 (3)° | 0.64 × 0.51 × 0.13 mm |
β = 77.381 (3)° |
Bruker SMART CCD area-detector diffractometer | 4977 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 2002) | 4508 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.471, Tmax = 0.840 | Rint = 0.020 |
9957 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.027 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.070 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.00 | Δρmax = 0.82 e Å−3 |
4977 reflections | Δρmin = −0.54 e Å−3 |
214 parameters |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
Zn | 0.54308 (2) | 0.924864 (17) | 0.751108 (12) | 0.01951 (5) | |
O1A | 0.32476 (13) | 0.81656 (11) | 0.79509 (8) | 0.0236 (2) | |
O2A | 0.15956 (15) | 0.64045 (12) | 0.90620 (9) | 0.0302 (2) | |
O1B | 0.46956 (13) | 1.13117 (11) | 0.69599 (8) | 0.02141 (19) | |
O2B | 0.47457 (14) | 1.33455 (11) | 0.56379 (8) | 0.0244 (2) | |
N1A | 0.61225 (15) | 0.87359 (13) | 0.89469 (9) | 0.0202 (2) | |
N1B | 0.69909 (15) | 0.88855 (13) | 0.61512 (9) | 0.0199 (2) | |
C1A | 0.0663 (2) | 0.65066 (19) | 0.82025 (14) | 0.0326 (3) | |
H1AA | −0.0258 | 0.5813 | 0.8439 | 0.049* | |
H1AB | 0.1483 | 0.6278 | 0.7560 | 0.049* | |
H1AC | 0.0127 | 0.7499 | 0.8021 | 0.049* | |
C2A | 0.30075 (18) | 0.72305 (15) | 0.88369 (11) | 0.0225 (3) | |
C3A | 0.3992 (2) | 0.69008 (16) | 0.96517 (11) | 0.0246 (3) | |
H3AA | 0.3658 | 0.6099 | 1.0233 | 0.030* | |
C4A | 0.54370 (19) | 0.76365 (15) | 0.97014 (11) | 0.0212 (3) | |
C5A | 0.6216 (2) | 0.70783 (17) | 1.07104 (12) | 0.0276 (3) | |
H5AA | 0.7470 | 0.6799 | 1.0496 | 0.041* | |
H5AB | 0.5609 | 0.6227 | 1.1160 | 0.041* | |
H5AC | 0.6073 | 0.7848 | 1.1127 | 0.041* | |
C6A | 0.75495 (18) | 0.94490 (15) | 0.91732 (11) | 0.0217 (3) | |
H6AA | 0.8526 | 0.8712 | 0.9317 | 0.026* | |
H6AB | 0.7105 | 0.9852 | 0.9835 | 0.026* | |
C7A | 0.8239 (2) | 1.06658 (16) | 0.82344 (12) | 0.0252 (3) | |
H7AA | 0.7286 | 1.1437 | 0.8120 | 0.030* | |
H7AB | 0.8621 | 1.0279 | 0.7561 | 0.030* | |
C8A | 0.9787 (2) | 1.13208 (18) | 0.84601 (13) | 0.0303 (3) | |
H8AA | 1.0179 | 1.2130 | 0.7856 | 0.045* | |
H8AB | 1.0756 | 1.0571 | 0.8533 | 0.045* | |
H8AC | 0.9417 | 1.1682 | 0.9136 | 0.045* | |
C1B | 0.3431 (2) | 1.40060 (16) | 0.63758 (12) | 0.0254 (3) | |
H1BA | 0.3152 | 1.5019 | 0.6030 | 0.038* | |
H1BB | 0.3871 | 1.3986 | 0.7036 | 0.038* | |
H1BC | 0.2367 | 1.3466 | 0.6567 | 0.038* | |
C2B | 0.53266 (17) | 1.19383 (15) | 0.59936 (11) | 0.0198 (2) | |
C3B | 0.65608 (19) | 1.13903 (16) | 0.52004 (11) | 0.0227 (3) | |
H3BA | 0.6949 | 1.2061 | 0.4539 | 0.027* | |
C4B | 0.72970 (17) | 0.99394 (15) | 0.52762 (11) | 0.0203 (2) | |
C5B | 0.8511 (2) | 0.96427 (17) | 0.42470 (11) | 0.0251 (3) | |
H5BA | 0.9607 | 0.9128 | 0.4425 | 0.038* | |
H5BB | 0.8773 | 1.0569 | 0.3735 | 0.038* | |
H5BC | 0.7938 | 0.9039 | 0.3915 | 0.038* | |
C6B | 0.78253 (19) | 0.74229 (15) | 0.60851 (12) | 0.0239 (3) | |
H6BA | 0.9067 | 0.7392 | 0.6156 | 0.029* | |
H6BB | 0.7819 | 0.7233 | 0.5361 | 0.029* | |
C7B | 0.6909 (2) | 0.62329 (16) | 0.69560 (13) | 0.0276 (3) | |
H7BA | 0.5660 | 0.6270 | 0.6899 | 0.033* | |
H7BB | 0.6946 | 0.6397 | 0.7683 | 0.033* | |
C8B | 0.7791 (2) | 0.47334 (17) | 0.68364 (15) | 0.0345 (3) | |
H8BA | 0.7201 | 0.3983 | 0.7421 | 0.052* | |
H8BB | 0.9032 | 0.4702 | 0.6881 | 0.052* | |
H8BC | 0.7706 | 0.4552 | 0.6130 | 0.052* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Zn | 0.01943 (8) | 0.02190 (8) | 0.01611 (8) | −0.00083 (6) | −0.00332 (5) | −0.00224 (5) |
O1A | 0.0198 (5) | 0.0271 (5) | 0.0231 (5) | −0.0020 (4) | −0.0047 (4) | −0.0026 (4) |
O2A | 0.0254 (5) | 0.0325 (6) | 0.0328 (6) | −0.0100 (4) | −0.0064 (4) | −0.0023 (4) |
O1B | 0.0212 (5) | 0.0235 (5) | 0.0181 (4) | −0.0015 (4) | −0.0029 (4) | −0.0023 (4) |
O2B | 0.0245 (5) | 0.0230 (5) | 0.0217 (5) | 0.0005 (4) | −0.0015 (4) | −0.0003 (4) |
N1A | 0.0203 (5) | 0.0225 (5) | 0.0181 (5) | −0.0012 (4) | −0.0037 (4) | −0.0048 (4) |
N1B | 0.0175 (5) | 0.0237 (5) | 0.0195 (5) | −0.0019 (4) | −0.0048 (4) | −0.0055 (4) |
C1A | 0.0245 (7) | 0.0379 (8) | 0.0389 (8) | −0.0046 (6) | −0.0085 (6) | −0.0120 (7) |
C2A | 0.0197 (6) | 0.0222 (6) | 0.0244 (6) | −0.0017 (5) | −0.0011 (5) | −0.0054 (5) |
C3A | 0.0273 (7) | 0.0235 (6) | 0.0212 (6) | −0.0043 (5) | −0.0034 (5) | −0.0013 (5) |
C4A | 0.0224 (6) | 0.0223 (6) | 0.0181 (6) | 0.0019 (5) | −0.0033 (5) | −0.0048 (5) |
C5A | 0.0337 (8) | 0.0294 (7) | 0.0189 (6) | −0.0040 (6) | −0.0074 (5) | −0.0003 (5) |
C6A | 0.0203 (6) | 0.0258 (6) | 0.0196 (6) | −0.0016 (5) | −0.0046 (5) | −0.0055 (5) |
C7A | 0.0219 (7) | 0.0296 (7) | 0.0233 (6) | −0.0043 (5) | −0.0044 (5) | −0.0028 (5) |
C8A | 0.0225 (7) | 0.0362 (8) | 0.0323 (7) | −0.0074 (6) | −0.0047 (6) | −0.0054 (6) |
C1B | 0.0256 (7) | 0.0230 (6) | 0.0244 (6) | 0.0011 (5) | −0.0022 (5) | −0.0026 (5) |
C2B | 0.0163 (6) | 0.0224 (6) | 0.0209 (6) | −0.0030 (5) | −0.0062 (5) | −0.0019 (5) |
C3B | 0.0205 (6) | 0.0254 (6) | 0.0196 (6) | −0.0036 (5) | −0.0019 (5) | −0.0005 (5) |
C4B | 0.0152 (6) | 0.0285 (6) | 0.0188 (6) | −0.0034 (5) | −0.0047 (4) | −0.0062 (5) |
C5B | 0.0227 (7) | 0.0326 (7) | 0.0196 (6) | −0.0028 (5) | −0.0016 (5) | −0.0065 (5) |
C6B | 0.0235 (7) | 0.0249 (6) | 0.0237 (6) | 0.0002 (5) | −0.0038 (5) | −0.0076 (5) |
C7B | 0.0242 (7) | 0.0234 (7) | 0.0331 (7) | −0.0011 (5) | −0.0028 (6) | −0.0048 (6) |
C8B | 0.0321 (8) | 0.0245 (7) | 0.0447 (9) | 0.0001 (6) | −0.0043 (7) | −0.0070 (6) |
Zn—O1B | 1.9784 (10) | C6A—H6AB | 0.9900 |
Zn—N1A | 1.9784 (12) | C7A—C8A | 1.527 (2) |
Zn—N1B | 1.9785 (11) | C7A—H7AA | 0.9900 |
Zn—O1A | 1.9963 (10) | C7A—H7AB | 0.9900 |
O1A—C2A | 1.2653 (17) | C8A—H8AA | 0.9800 |
O2A—C2A | 1.3644 (17) | C8A—H8AB | 0.9800 |
O2A—C1A | 1.432 (2) | C8A—H8AC | 0.9800 |
O1B—C2B | 1.2666 (16) | C1B—H1BA | 0.9800 |
O2B—C2B | 1.3615 (16) | C1B—H1BB | 0.9800 |
O2B—C1B | 1.4292 (17) | C1B—H1BC | 0.9800 |
N1A—C4A | 1.3218 (18) | C2B—C3B | 1.3915 (19) |
N1A—C6A | 1.4773 (18) | C3B—C4B | 1.413 (2) |
N1B—C4B | 1.3197 (18) | C3B—H3BA | 0.9500 |
N1B—C6B | 1.4694 (18) | C4B—C5B | 1.5143 (19) |
C1A—H1AA | 0.9800 | C5B—H5BA | 0.9800 |
C1A—H1AB | 0.9800 | C5B—H5BB | 0.9800 |
C1A—H1AC | 0.9800 | C5B—H5BC | 0.9800 |
C2A—C3A | 1.392 (2) | C6B—C7B | 1.513 (2) |
C3A—C4A | 1.411 (2) | C6B—H6BA | 0.9900 |
C3A—H3AA | 0.9500 | C6B—H6BB | 0.9900 |
C4A—C5A | 1.515 (2) | C7B—C8B | 1.526 (2) |
C5A—H5AA | 0.9800 | C7B—H7BA | 0.9900 |
C5A—H5AB | 0.9800 | C7B—H7BB | 0.9900 |
C5A—H5AC | 0.9800 | C8B—H8BA | 0.9800 |
C6A—C7A | 1.515 (2) | C8B—H8BB | 0.9800 |
C6A—H6AA | 0.9900 | C8B—H8BC | 0.9800 |
O1B—Zn—N1A | 117.85 (4) | C8A—C7A—H7AB | 109.5 |
O1B—Zn—N1B | 97.63 (4) | H7AA—C7A—H7AB | 108.0 |
N1A—Zn—N1B | 123.66 (5) | C7A—C8A—H8AA | 109.5 |
O1B—Zn—O1A | 106.41 (4) | C7A—C8A—H8AB | 109.5 |
N1A—Zn—O1A | 96.73 (5) | H8AA—C8A—H8AB | 109.5 |
N1B—Zn—O1A | 114.34 (5) | C7A—C8A—H8AC | 109.5 |
C2A—O1A—Zn | 119.24 (9) | H8AA—C8A—H8AC | 109.5 |
C2A—O2A—C1A | 116.87 (12) | H8AB—C8A—H8AC | 109.5 |
C2B—O1B—Zn | 120.03 (9) | O2B—C1B—H1BA | 109.5 |
C2B—O2B—C1B | 117.56 (11) | O2B—C1B—H1BB | 109.5 |
C4A—N1A—C6A | 117.53 (12) | H1BA—C1B—H1BB | 109.5 |
C4A—N1A—Zn | 120.54 (10) | O2B—C1B—H1BC | 109.5 |
C6A—N1A—Zn | 121.60 (9) | H1BA—C1B—H1BC | 109.5 |
C4B—N1B—C6B | 118.11 (11) | H1BB—C1B—H1BC | 109.5 |
C4B—N1B—Zn | 121.21 (9) | O1B—C2B—O2B | 118.07 (12) |
C6B—N1B—Zn | 120.67 (9) | O1B—C2B—C3B | 129.19 (13) |
O2A—C1A—H1AA | 109.5 | O2B—C2B—C3B | 112.75 (12) |
O2A—C1A—H1AB | 109.5 | C2B—C3B—C4B | 126.74 (13) |
H1AA—C1A—H1AB | 109.5 | C2B—C3B—H3BA | 116.6 |
O2A—C1A—H1AC | 109.5 | C4B—C3B—H3BA | 116.6 |
H1AA—C1A—H1AC | 109.5 | N1B—C4B—C3B | 124.95 (12) |
H1AB—C1A—H1AC | 109.5 | N1B—C4B—C5B | 120.39 (12) |
O1A—C2A—O2A | 117.82 (13) | C3B—C4B—C5B | 114.65 (12) |
O1A—C2A—C3A | 129.20 (13) | C4B—C5B—H5BA | 109.5 |
O2A—C2A—C3A | 112.99 (12) | C4B—C5B—H5BB | 109.5 |
C2A—C3A—C4A | 126.59 (13) | H5BA—C5B—H5BB | 109.5 |
C2A—C3A—H3AA | 116.7 | C4B—C5B—H5BC | 109.5 |
C4A—C3A—H3AA | 116.7 | H5BA—C5B—H5BC | 109.5 |
N1A—C4A—C3A | 124.94 (13) | H5BB—C5B—H5BC | 109.5 |
N1A—C4A—C5A | 119.84 (13) | N1B—C6B—C7B | 112.72 (11) |
C3A—C4A—C5A | 115.22 (12) | N1B—C6B—H6BA | 109.0 |
C4A—C5A—H5AA | 109.5 | C7B—C6B—H6BA | 109.0 |
C4A—C5A—H5AB | 109.5 | N1B—C6B—H6BB | 109.0 |
H5AA—C5A—H5AB | 109.5 | C7B—C6B—H6BB | 109.0 |
C4A—C5A—H5AC | 109.5 | H6BA—C6B—H6BB | 107.8 |
H5AA—C5A—H5AC | 109.5 | C6B—C7B—C8B | 110.83 (13) |
H5AB—C5A—H5AC | 109.5 | C6B—C7B—H7BA | 109.5 |
N1A—C6A—C7A | 112.03 (11) | C8B—C7B—H7BA | 109.5 |
N1A—C6A—H6AA | 109.2 | C6B—C7B—H7BB | 109.5 |
C7A—C6A—H6AA | 109.2 | C8B—C7B—H7BB | 109.5 |
N1A—C6A—H6AB | 109.2 | H7BA—C7B—H7BB | 108.1 |
C7A—C6A—H6AB | 109.2 | C7B—C8B—H8BA | 109.5 |
H6AA—C6A—H6AB | 107.9 | C7B—C8B—H8BB | 109.5 |
C6A—C7A—C8A | 110.95 (12) | H8BA—C8B—H8BB | 109.5 |
C6A—C7A—H7AA | 109.5 | C7B—C8B—H8BC | 109.5 |
C8A—C7A—H7AA | 109.5 | H8BA—C8B—H8BC | 109.5 |
C6A—C7A—H7AB | 109.5 | H8BB—C8B—H8BC | 109.5 |
O1B—Zn—O1A—C2A | −136.62 (10) | C6A—N1A—C4A—C3A | 175.45 (13) |
N1A—Zn—O1A—C2A | −14.94 (11) | Zn—N1A—C4A—C3A | −11.12 (19) |
N1B—Zn—O1A—C2A | 116.82 (10) | C6A—N1A—C4A—C5A | −4.78 (18) |
N1A—Zn—O1B—C2B | 132.15 (10) | Zn—N1A—C4A—C5A | 168.66 (10) |
N1B—Zn—O1B—C2B | −2.54 (11) | C2A—C3A—C4A—N1A | −2.6 (2) |
O1A—Zn—O1B—C2B | −120.76 (10) | C2A—C3A—C4A—C5A | 177.56 (14) |
O1B—Zn—N1A—C4A | 129.69 (10) | C4A—N1A—C6A—C7A | 178.77 (12) |
N1B—Zn—N1A—C4A | −108.15 (11) | Zn—N1A—C6A—C7A | 5.41 (15) |
O1A—Zn—N1A—C4A | 17.10 (11) | N1A—C6A—C7A—C8A | −176.50 (12) |
O1B—Zn—N1A—C6A | −57.14 (11) | Zn—O1B—C2B—O2B | 178.12 (9) |
N1B—Zn—N1A—C6A | 65.01 (11) | Zn—O1B—C2B—C3B | −1.2 (2) |
O1A—Zn—N1A—C6A | −169.74 (10) | C1B—O2B—C2B—O1B | −1.40 (18) |
O1B—Zn—N1B—C4B | 3.50 (11) | C1B—O2B—C2B—C3B | 178.06 (12) |
N1A—Zn—N1B—C4B | −127.45 (10) | O1B—C2B—C3B—C4B | 5.5 (3) |
O1A—Zn—N1B—C4B | 115.43 (10) | O2B—C2B—C3B—C4B | −173.93 (13) |
O1B—Zn—N1B—C6B | −175.72 (10) | C6B—N1B—C4B—C3B | 178.33 (13) |
N1A—Zn—N1B—C6B | 53.32 (12) | Zn—N1B—C4B—C3B | −0.91 (19) |
O1A—Zn—N1B—C6B | −63.79 (11) | C6B—N1B—C4B—C5B | −1.41 (19) |
Zn—O1A—C2A—O2A | −173.49 (9) | Zn—N1B—C4B—C5B | 179.35 (10) |
Zn—O1A—C2A—C3A | 6.7 (2) | C2B—C3B—C4B—N1B | −4.1 (2) |
C1A—O2A—C2A—O1A | 9.44 (19) | C2B—C3B—C4B—C5B | 175.68 (14) |
C1A—O2A—C2A—C3A | −170.72 (13) | C4B—N1B—C6B—C7B | −159.60 (13) |
O1A—C2A—C3A—C4A | 5.2 (3) | Zn—N1B—C6B—C7B | 19.65 (16) |
O2A—C2A—C3A—C4A | −174.58 (13) | N1B—C6B—C7B—C8B | 178.50 (13) |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | [Zn(C8H14NO2)2] |
Mr | 377.77 |
Crystal system, space group | Triclinic, P1 |
Temperature (K) | 103 |
a, b, c (Å) | 7.8087 (5), 9.4353 (6), 12.8788 (11) |
α, β, γ (°) | 76.820 (3), 77.381 (3), 83.413 (3) |
V (Å3) | 899.46 (11) |
Z | 2 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 1.39 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.64 × 0.51 × 0.13 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker SMART CCD area-detector |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Sheldrick, 2002) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.471, 0.840 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 9957, 4977, 4508 |
Rint | 0.020 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.027, 0.070, 1.00 |
No. of reflections | 4977 |
No. of parameters | 214 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.82, −0.54 |
Computer programs: SMART (Bruker, 1997), SAINT (Bruker, 1997), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).
Zn—O1B | 1.9784 (10) | Zn—N1B | 1.9785 (11) |
Zn—N1A | 1.9784 (12) | Zn—O1A | 1.9963 (10) |
O1B—Zn—N1A | 117.85 (4) | O1B—Zn—O1A | 106.41 (4) |
O1B—Zn—N1B | 97.63 (4) | N1A—Zn—O1A | 96.73 (5) |
N1A—Zn—N1B | 123.66 (5) | N1B—Zn—O1A | 114.34 (5) |
Acknowledgements
The authors thank NSF-PREM #0611595 for financial support.
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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited.
Novel precursors have been synthesized and utilized in the growth of ZnO thin films via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). ZnO is a wide band gap (3.37ev) semiconductor, with several favorable properties including good transparency, high electron mobility, strong room-temperature luminescence and piezoelectric properties (Norton et al., 2004). ZnO has a variety of potential applications such as gas sensors, ultraviolet light-emitting diodes, solar cells, photodetectors, transistors and laser systems (Groenen et al., 2005) and (Wan et al., 2004). These applications of ZnO have propelled researchers to develop methods for the growth of ZnO thin films. Techniques that have been employed include sublimation (Tribolate et al., 1999), pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) (Fan et al., 2005), spray pyrolysis (SP) (El Hichou et al., 2004), magnetron sputtering (Hoon et al., 2011) and MOCVD (Jong et al., 2009). MOCVD has proven to be a promising method for ZnO growth due to a high degree of controllability of the film composition, capability for large scale area growth, high growth rate, prefered orientation and high quality thin films (Malandrino et al., 2005). In order for the MOCVD process to produce uniform and reproducible films, the precursors employed need to be volatile and thermally stable. Previous studies have reported the use of metal alkyls such as diethyzinc in combination with an oxygen source (e.g.H2O or ROH) (Smith, 1983). The drawback with these precursors is that gas-phase pre-reaction occurs resulting in film contamination and precursor decomposition. In addition, dialkyzinc precursors of acetate, alkoxide and acetylacetonate have been employed (Sato et al., 1994), however impurities are often found in prepared ZnO films. These drawbacks have sparked researchers interest in developing more favorable precursors for growing ZnO. Our research group has investigated the use of β-ketoiminate and β-iminoesterate ligand platforms for growing ZnO thin films (Matthews et al., 2006). Herein we describe the synthesis, characterization, of a novel bis β-iminoesterate.The bond lengths and angles of the reported compound were compared to an analogous Zn bis β-iminoesterate complex that has been previously reported (Matthews et al., 2006). The Zn—O bond lengths for the reported compound are longer than that observed for the analogous complex whose bond lengths measure 1.9454 Å and 1.9572 Å respectively. The Zn—N bond lengths are also longer in the analogous compound measuring 1.9475 Å and 1.9491 Å respectively. The is no difference between the Zn—O(1B) and Zn—N(1 A) bond lengths of 1.974 Å. However, Zn—O(1 A) and Zn—N(1B) measure 1.9963 Å and 1.9785 Å respectively.