5′,11′-Dihydro­dispiro­[cyclo­hexane-1,6′-indolo[3,2-b]carbazole-12′,1′′-cyclo­hexa­ne]

Guzei, I.A.; Spencer, L.C.; Codner, E.; Boehm, J.M.

doi:10.1107/S1600536811051208

organic compounds

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ISSN: 2056-9890

Volume 68| Part 1| January 2012| Pages o1-o2

doi:10.1107/S1600536811051208

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5′,11′-Dihydrodispiro[cyclohexane-1,6′-indolo[3,2-b]carbazole-12′,1′′-cyclohexane]

Ilia A. Guzei,^a ^* Lara C. Spencer,^a Eric Codner ^b ^* and Joshua M. Boehm ^b

^aDepartment of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706, USA, and ^bDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
^*Correspondence e-mail: iguzei@chem.wisc.edu, codner@engr.wisc.edu

(Received 8 November 2011; accepted 28 November 2011; online 3 December 2011)

The title compound, C₂₈H₃₀N₂, is a symmetrical 2:2 product from the condensation of indole and cyclohexanone. It is the only reported 5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole compound in which the spiro atoms are quaternary C atoms. Crystals were grown by vapor diffusion in a three-zone electric furnace. The molecule resides on a crystallographic inversion center. The cyclohexyl rings are in a slightly distorted chair conformation, whereas the indole units and the spiro-carbons are coplanar within 0.014 Å.

Related literature

For condensations of indole with cyclohexanone that yield 1:1 or 1:2 products, see: Yadav et al. (2001 ). For indole–ketone condensation by forming vinylindole followed by a Diels–Alder reaction, see: Noland et al. (1993 ). Recrystallization by the vapor-phase diffusion approach is explained in Kloc et al. (1997 ). For information on the related compound trans-6,12-diphenyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole dimethyl sulfoxide tetrahydrofuran solvate, see: Gu et al. (2009 ). Related compounds were found in the Cambridge Structural Database (Allen, 2002 ). Geometrical parameters were analyzed using Mogul (Bruno et al., 2002 ).

Experimental

Crystal data

C₂₈H₃₀N₂
M_r = 394.54
Monoclinic, P 2₁ /c
a = 7.4655 (2) Å
b = 13.6820 (4) Å
c = 10.5348 (3) Å
β = 109.380 (1)°
V = 1015.08 (5) Å³
Z = 2
Cu Kα radiation
μ = 0.57 mm⁻¹
T = 100 K
0.38 × 0.30 × 0.19 mm

Data collection

Bruker SMART APEXII area-detector diffractometer
Absorption correction: analytical (SADABS; Bruker, 2007 ) T_min = 0.813, T_max = 0.900
20619 measured reflections
1826 independent reflections
1779 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
R_int = 0.022

Refinement

R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.041
wR(F²) = 0.113
S = 0.99
1826 reflections
140 parameters
H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
Δρ_max = 0.35 e Å⁻³
Δρ_min = −0.22 e Å⁻³

Table 1
Selected geometric parameters (Å, °)

N1—C1	1.3743 (16)
N1—C8	1.3872 (16)

C1—N1—C8	109.12 (11)

Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2007); cell refinement: SAINT-Plus (Bruker, 2007); data reduction: SAINT-Plus; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008 ); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXTL, FCF_filter (Guzei, 2007 ) and INSerter (Guzei, 2007); molecular graphics: SHELXTL and DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 1999 ); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL, publCIF (Westrip, 2010 ) and modiCIFer (Guzei, 2007).

Supporting information

Crystal structure: contains datablocks global, I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811051208/nk2127sup1.cif

Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536811051208/nk2127Isup2.hkl

checkCIF report

Comment top

Condensations of indole with cyclohexanone yield a variety of products, often 1:1 or 1:2 structures in which the carbonyl carbon is attached to the 3-position of one or more indole moieties (Yadav et al., 2001). These products are often useful as pharmaceutical intermediates, and a variety of catalysts and reaction conditions have been explored. A particularly interesting example of indole-ketone condensation chemistry is vinylindole formation followed by the Diels-Alder reaction (Noland et al., 1993). While investigating this reaction we isolated highly symmetrical 2:2 condensation products from preparations containing indole and a cyclic ketone (cyclohexanone, tert-butyl cyclohexanone, or cyclopentanone) using hydrochloric acid as a catalyst. These 2:2 condensation products possess unusual physical properties for this class of compound, including limited solubility in most solvents, decomposition without melting at temperatures over 300 °C, and fluorescence despite the absence of extended intramolecular conjugation. Due to the lack of a suitable recrystallization solvent we employed the vapor-phase diffusion approach of Kloc et al. (1997) to produce crystals of dispiro[cyclohexane-1,6'(1'H)-indolo[3,2-b]carbazole-12'(1H),1''-cyclohexane] (I).

Data mining of the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD; November 2011 update; Allen, 2002) revealed that (I) is the only crystallographically characterized condensation product of indole and cyclohexanone in which the spiro atoms are quaternary carbon atoms.

The molecule of (I) resides on a crystallographic inversion center. The amino hydrogen atoms do not participate in hydrogen bonding interactions due to the lack of acceptors. In contrast, the related compound trans-6,12-diphenyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole dimethyl sulfoxide tetrahydrofuran solvate (II) which also has hydrogen atoms on nitrogen atoms forms hydrogen bonding interactions with the oxygen atoms of the dimethyl sulfoxide solvent molecules (Gu et al., 2009).

A Mogul (Bruno et al., 2002) structural check confirmed that the geometrical parameters of (I) are typical except for the C10—C9—C14 angle. The latter measures 111.20 (10)° and is more obtuse than the average angle of 108.3 (9)° computed for related compounds. The difference is statistically significant. The two cyclohexyl substituents most closely resemble a chair conformation. The 5,11-dihydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole core is planar within 0.0142 Å.

Related literature top

For condensations of indole with cyclohexanone that yield 1:1 or 1:2 products, see: Yadav et al. (2001). For indole–ketone condensation by forming vinylindole followed by a Diels–Alder reaction, see: Noland et al. (1993). Recrystallization by the vapor-phase diffusion approach is explained in Kloc et al. (1997). For information on the related compound trans-6,12-diphenyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydroindolo[3,2-b]carbazole dimethyl sulfoxide tetrahydrofuran solvate, see: Gu et al. (2009). Related compounds were found in the Cambridge Structural Database (Allen, 2002). Geometrical parameters were analyzed using Mogul (Bruno et al., 2002).

Experimental top

Indole (3 g) was dissolved in 25 ml of cyclohexanone. Approximately 0.25 ml of concentrated HCl was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 7–14 days. The resulting pink-white precipitate was isolated using vacuum filtration and washed in refluxing acetonitrile for 60 min.

In an alternative preparation, indole (3 g) and cyclohexanone (2.5 g) were dissolved in 25 ml of acetonitrile. Approximately 0.1 ml of concentrated HCl was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 24 h. The product was recovered from an accompanying intractable tarry material by washing with acetone followed by reflux in fresh acetonitrile.

Crystals were grown in a three-zone electric furnace. A 1 g sample of the material was placed on a microscope cover slip and inserted into a 25 mm quartz tube. The tube was placed in the furnace and connected to a supply of argon. The argon flow was adjusted to 2 ml/min, the tube was purged of air and heated in three zones. The first zone contained the initial sample and was heated to 308–310 °C to promote volatilization. The second zone was the region of molecular transport and was heated to 280–290 °C. The third zone was heated to 200 °C to encourage crystal deposition. These heating and gas flow conditions yielded needle-shaped crystals approximately 500 µm in the short dimensions and 10–15 mm long over 14 h.

Computing details top

Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2007); cell refinement: SAINT-Plus (Bruker, 2007); data reduction: SAINT-Plus (Bruker, 2007); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008), FCF_filter (Guzei, 2007) and INSerter (Guzei, 2007); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 1999); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008), publCIF (Westrip, 2010) and modiCIFer (Guzei, 2007).

Figures top

Fig. 1. Molecular structure of (I) (Brandenburg, 1999). Displacement ellipsoids are shown at the 50% probability level and C-bound H atoms are omitted. The compound resides on a crystallographic inversion center. Symmetry transformations used to generate equivalent atoms: (i) -x + 1,-y,-z.

5',11'-Dihydrodispiro[cyclohexane-1,6'-indolo[3,2-b]carbazole- 12',1''-cyclohexane] top

Crystal data top

C₂₈H₃₀N₂	F(000) = 424
M_r = 394.54	D_x = 1.291 Mg m⁻³
Monoclinic, P2₁/c	Cu Kα radiation, λ = 1.54178 Å
Hall symbol: -P 2ybc	Cell parameters from 9920 reflections
a = 7.4655 (2) Å	θ = 5.5–67.3°
b = 13.6820 (4) Å	µ = 0.57 mm⁻¹
c = 10.5348 (3) Å	T = 100 K
β = 109.380 (1)°	Block, colourless
V = 1015.08 (5) Å³	0.38 × 0.30 × 0.19 mm
Z = 2

Data collection top

Bruker SMART APEXII area-detector diffractometer	1826 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube	1779 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Graphite monochromator	R_int = 0.022
0.50° ω and 0.5 ° ϕ scans	θ_max = 67.7°, θ_min = 5.5°
Absorption correction: analytical (SADABS; Bruker, 2007)	h = −8→8
T_min = 0.813, T_max = 0.900	k = −16→16
20619 measured reflections	l = −12→12

Refinement top

Refinement on F²	Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: full	Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.041	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F²) = 0.113	H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
S = 0.99	w = 1/[σ²(F_o²) + (0.0708P)² + 0.5526P] where P = (F_o² + 2F_c²)/3
1826 reflections	(Δ/σ)_max < 0.001
140 parameters	Δρ_max = 0.35 e Å⁻³
0 restraints	Δρ_min = −0.22 e Å⁻³

Crystal data top

C₂₈H₃₀N₂	V = 1015.08 (5) Å³
M_r = 394.54	Z = 2
Monoclinic, P2₁/c	Cu Kα radiation
a = 7.4655 (2) Å	µ = 0.57 mm⁻¹
b = 13.6820 (4) Å	T = 100 K
c = 10.5348 (3) Å	0.38 × 0.30 × 0.19 mm
β = 109.380 (1)°

Data collection top

Bruker SMART APEXII area-detector diffractometer	1826 independent reflections
Absorption correction: analytical (SADABS; Bruker, 2007)	1779 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
T_min = 0.813, T_max = 0.900	R_int = 0.022
20619 measured reflections

Refinement top

R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.041	0 restraints
wR(F²) = 0.113	H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
S = 0.99	Δρ_max = 0.35 e Å⁻³
1826 reflections	Δρ_min = −0.22 e Å⁻³
140 parameters

Special details top

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F² against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F², conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F². The threshold expression of F² > σ(F²) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F² are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	x	y	z	U_iso*/U_eq
N1	0.79965 (15)	0.12731 (8)	0.03500 (11)	0.0165 (3)
H1	0.837 (2)	0.1597 (11)	−0.0234 (16)	0.017 (4)*
C1	0.87673 (18)	0.13818 (9)	0.17213 (13)	0.0164 (3)
C2	1.02992 (18)	0.19577 (9)	0.24794 (13)	0.0182 (3)
H2	1.0995	0.2347	0.2059	0.022*
C3	1.07633 (18)	0.19384 (9)	0.38671 (13)	0.0191 (3)
H3	1.1790	0.2324	0.4410	0.023*
C4	0.97353 (19)	0.13558 (9)	0.44782 (13)	0.0190 (3)
H4	1.0083	0.1353	0.5431	0.023*
C5	0.82312 (18)	0.07871 (9)	0.37278 (13)	0.0173 (3)
H5	0.7556	0.0394	0.4160	0.021*
C6	0.77079 (18)	0.07954 (9)	0.23203 (13)	0.0157 (3)
C7	0.62336 (17)	0.03331 (9)	0.12319 (12)	0.0154 (3)
C8	0.64558 (17)	0.06437 (9)	0.00578 (13)	0.0151 (3)
C9	0.47366 (17)	−0.03714 (9)	0.13577 (12)	0.0153 (3)
C10	0.57699 (18)	−0.12878 (9)	0.21510 (13)	0.0170 (3)
H10A	0.6210	−0.1696	0.1537	0.020*
H10B	0.6910	−0.1065	0.2886	0.020*
C11	0.45854 (19)	−0.19262 (9)	0.27583 (13)	0.0189 (3)
H11A	0.3571	−0.2254	0.2027	0.023*
H11B	0.5403	−0.2438	0.3329	0.023*
C12	0.3696 (2)	−0.13171 (10)	0.36026 (13)	0.0217 (3)
H12A	0.4709	−0.1009	0.4354	0.026*
H12B	0.2941	−0.1746	0.3990	0.026*
C13	0.24144 (19)	−0.05256 (10)	0.27410 (13)	0.0194 (3)
H13A	0.1855	−0.0135	0.3306	0.023*
H13B	0.1362	−0.0837	0.2020	0.023*
C14	0.35216 (18)	0.01490 (9)	0.21105 (13)	0.0172 (3)
H14A	0.4375	0.0562	0.2831	0.021*
H14B	0.2607	0.0589	0.1468	0.021*

Atomic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	U¹¹	U²²	U³³	U¹²	U¹³	U²³
N1	0.0180 (6)	0.0177 (6)	0.0138 (6)	−0.0033 (4)	0.0054 (4)	0.0008 (4)
C1	0.0180 (6)	0.0154 (6)	0.0148 (6)	0.0033 (5)	0.0041 (5)	0.0004 (5)
C2	0.0191 (7)	0.0160 (6)	0.0192 (7)	−0.0008 (5)	0.0058 (5)	0.0009 (5)
C3	0.0178 (6)	0.0174 (6)	0.0181 (7)	−0.0022 (5)	0.0007 (5)	−0.0022 (5)
C4	0.0214 (7)	0.0188 (7)	0.0149 (6)	0.0021 (5)	0.0036 (5)	−0.0005 (5)
C5	0.0196 (6)	0.0158 (6)	0.0166 (6)	0.0006 (5)	0.0063 (5)	0.0002 (5)
C6	0.0160 (6)	0.0130 (6)	0.0183 (6)	0.0021 (5)	0.0061 (5)	−0.0006 (5)
C7	0.0156 (6)	0.0147 (6)	0.0144 (6)	0.0027 (5)	0.0032 (5)	−0.0015 (5)
C8	0.0140 (6)	0.0133 (6)	0.0177 (6)	0.0008 (4)	0.0050 (5)	−0.0007 (5)
C9	0.0171 (6)	0.0151 (6)	0.0138 (6)	0.0007 (5)	0.0055 (5)	0.0003 (5)
C10	0.0178 (6)	0.0167 (7)	0.0152 (6)	0.0004 (5)	0.0039 (5)	−0.0008 (5)
C11	0.0223 (7)	0.0159 (6)	0.0159 (6)	−0.0017 (5)	0.0030 (5)	0.0019 (5)
C12	0.0276 (7)	0.0224 (7)	0.0169 (6)	−0.0049 (5)	0.0099 (6)	0.0016 (5)
C13	0.0204 (7)	0.0224 (7)	0.0176 (6)	−0.0027 (5)	0.0090 (5)	−0.0032 (5)
C14	0.0191 (6)	0.0169 (6)	0.0158 (6)	−0.0002 (5)	0.0060 (5)	−0.0013 (5)

Geometric parameters (Å, º) top

N1—C1	1.3743 (16)	C9—C8ⁱ	1.5080 (17)
N1—C8	1.3872 (16)	C9—C14	1.5608 (16)
N1—H1	0.876 (17)	C9—C10	1.5612 (17)
C1—C2	1.4001 (18)	C10—C11	1.5264 (17)
C1—C6	1.4137 (18)	C10—H10A	0.9900
C2—C3	1.3862 (19)	C10—H10B	0.9900
C2—H2	0.9500	C11—C12	1.5227 (19)
C3—C4	1.4024 (19)	C11—H11A	0.9900
C3—H3	0.9500	C11—H11B	0.9900
C4—C5	1.3791 (18)	C12—C13	1.5282 (19)
C4—H4	0.9500	C12—H12A	0.9900
C5—C6	1.4026 (18)	C12—H12B	0.9900
C5—H5	0.9500	C13—C14	1.5299 (17)
C6—C7	1.4452 (17)	C13—H13A	0.9900
C7—C8	1.3690 (18)	C13—H13B	0.9900
C7—C9	1.5146 (17)	C14—H14A	0.9900
C8—C9ⁱ	1.5080 (17)	C14—H14B	0.9900

C1—N1—C8	109.12 (11)	C14—C9—C10	111.20 (10)
C1—N1—H1	124.3 (10)	C11—C10—C9	115.59 (10)
C8—N1—H1	126.3 (10)	C11—C10—H10A	108.4
N1—C1—C2	129.67 (12)	C9—C10—H10A	108.4
N1—C1—C6	107.86 (11)	C11—C10—H10B	108.4
C2—C1—C6	122.47 (12)	C9—C10—H10B	108.4
C3—C2—C1	117.50 (12)	H10A—C10—H10B	107.4
C3—C2—H2	121.2	C12—C11—C10	110.94 (11)
C1—C2—H2	121.2	C12—C11—H11A	109.5
C2—C3—C4	120.77 (12)	C10—C11—H11A	109.5
C2—C3—H3	119.6	C12—C11—H11B	109.5
C4—C3—H3	119.6	C10—C11—H11B	109.5
C5—C4—C3	121.54 (12)	H11A—C11—H11B	108.0
C5—C4—H4	119.2	C11—C12—C13	110.44 (10)
C3—C4—H4	119.2	C11—C12—H12A	109.6
C4—C5—C6	119.31 (12)	C13—C12—H12A	109.6
C4—C5—H5	120.3	C11—C12—H12B	109.6
C6—C5—H5	120.3	C13—C12—H12B	109.6
C5—C6—C1	118.40 (11)	H12A—C12—H12B	108.1
C5—C6—C7	134.98 (12)	C12—C13—C14	111.31 (10)
C1—C6—C7	106.61 (11)	C12—C13—H13A	109.4
C8—C7—C6	106.99 (11)	C14—C13—H13A	109.4
C8—C7—C9	126.21 (11)	C12—C13—H13B	109.4
C6—C7—C9	126.79 (11)	C14—C13—H13B	109.4
C7—C8—N1	109.41 (11)	H13A—C13—H13B	108.0
C7—C8—C9ⁱ	127.44 (12)	C13—C14—C9	115.74 (10)
N1—C8—C9ⁱ	123.14 (11)	C13—C14—H14A	108.3
C8ⁱ—C9—C7	106.34 (10)	C9—C14—H14A	108.3
C8ⁱ—C9—C14	111.30 (10)	C13—C14—H14B	108.3
C7—C9—C14	108.92 (10)	C9—C14—H14B	108.3
C8ⁱ—C9—C10	110.83 (10)	H14A—C14—H14B	107.4
C7—C9—C10	108.06 (10)

C8—N1—C1—C2	−178.37 (13)	C9—C7—C8—C9ⁱ	0.9 (2)
C8—N1—C1—C6	0.86 (13)	C1—N1—C8—C7	−0.72 (14)
N1—C1—C2—C3	179.13 (12)	C1—N1—C8—C9ⁱ	179.29 (11)
C6—C1—C2—C3	−0.01 (19)	C8—C7—C9—C8ⁱ	−0.78 (18)
C1—C2—C3—C4	0.44 (19)	C6—C7—C9—C8ⁱ	−179.97 (11)
C2—C3—C4—C5	−0.2 (2)	C8—C7—C9—C14	−120.82 (13)
C3—C4—C5—C6	−0.40 (19)	C6—C7—C9—C14	59.99 (15)
C4—C5—C6—C1	0.80 (18)	C8—C7—C9—C10	118.26 (13)
C4—C5—C6—C7	−178.16 (13)	C6—C7—C9—C10	−60.93 (15)
N1—C1—C6—C5	−179.91 (11)	C8ⁱ—C9—C10—C11	−82.20 (13)
C2—C1—C6—C5	−0.61 (18)	C7—C9—C10—C11	161.65 (10)
N1—C1—C6—C7	−0.68 (13)	C14—C9—C10—C11	42.16 (14)
C2—C1—C6—C7	178.62 (11)	C9—C10—C11—C12	−52.32 (14)
C5—C6—C7—C8	179.29 (14)	C10—C11—C12—C13	59.53 (14)
C1—C6—C7—C8	0.25 (13)	C11—C12—C13—C14	−58.68 (14)
C5—C6—C7—C9	−1.4 (2)	C12—C13—C14—C9	50.47 (14)
C1—C6—C7—C9	179.57 (11)	C8ⁱ—C9—C14—C13	82.87 (13)
C6—C7—C8—N1	0.27 (14)	C7—C9—C14—C13	−160.20 (10)
C9—C7—C8—N1	−179.06 (11)	C10—C9—C14—C13	−41.22 (14)
C6—C7—C8—C9ⁱ	−179.73 (11)

Symmetry code: (i) −x+1, −y, −z.

Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formula	C₂₈H₃₀N₂
M_r	394.54
Crystal system, space group	Monoclinic, P2₁/c
Temperature (K)	100
a, b, c (Å)	7.4655 (2), 13.6820 (4), 10.5348 (3)
β (°)	109.380 (1)
V (Å³)	1015.08 (5)
Z	2
Radiation type	Cu Kα
µ (mm⁻¹)	0.57
Crystal size (mm)	0.38 × 0.30 × 0.19

Data collection
Diffractometer	Bruker SMART APEXII area-detector diffractometer
Absorption correction	Analytical (SADABS; Bruker, 2007)
T_min, T_max	0.813, 0.900
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections	20619, 1826, 1779
R_int	0.022
(sin θ/λ)_max (Å⁻¹)	0.600

Refinement
R[F² > 2σ(F²)], wR(F²), S	0.041, 0.113, 0.99
No. of reflections	1826
No. of parameters	140
H-atom treatment	H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
Δρ_max, Δρ_min (e Å⁻³)	0.35, −0.22

Computer programs: APEX2 (Bruker, 2007), SAINT-Plus (Bruker, 2007), SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008), FCF_filter (Guzei, 2007) and INSerter (Guzei, 2007), SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 1999), SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008), publCIF (Westrip, 2010) and modiCIFer (Guzei, 2007).

Selected geometric parameters (Å, º) top

N1—C1	1.3743 (16)	N1—C8	1.3872 (16)

C1—N1—C8	109.12 (11)

Acknowledgements

EC thanks Professor Wayland E. Noland for his assistance in initiating this project.

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