organic compounds
4-Fluoro-2-[(3-methylphenyl)iminomethyl]phenol
aDepartment of Chemistry, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
*Correspondence e-mail: alice.brink@gmail.com
The title compound, C14H12FNO, crystallizes as the trans phenol–imine tautomer. The two benzene rings are essentially coplanar, being inclined to one another by 9.28 (7)°. This is at least in part due to the intramolecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond between the hydroxy O atom and the imine N atom. The is stabilized by an array of weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯F interactions, which link the molecules into a stable three-dimensional network.
Related literature
For related structures, see: Karakaş et al. (2004); Arod et al. (2005); Cheng et al. (2005); Brink et al. (2009). For related rhenium tricarbonyl complexes containing salicylaldimines, see: Brink et al. (2011). For related N,O-bidentate ligands coordinated to a rhenium tricarbonyl core, see: Schutte et al. (2011).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Refinement
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Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2005); cell SAINT-Plus (Bruker, 2004); data reduction: SAINT-Plus and XPREP (Bruker, 2004); program(s) used to solve structure: SIR92 (Altomare et al., 1999); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: DIAMOND (Brandenburg & Putz, 2004); software used to prepare material for publication: WingGX (Farrugia, 1999).
Supporting information
10.1107/S1600536812010513/sj5208sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812010513/sj5208Isup2.hkl
Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812010513/sj5208Isup3.cml
The reaction was performed under Schlenk conditions using a nitrogen atmosphere. To a solution of 5-fluorosalicylaldehyde (0.50 g, 3.57 mmol) in methanol, a solution of m-toluidine (0.382 g, 3.57 mmol) was added. The reaction was refluxed at 80°C for 3 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The product was obtained as an orange solid which was washed with cold methanol and filtered. Crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction were grown from the filtrate. Yield 82.1%. 1H NMR [acetone-d6, 600 MHz, δ (p.p.m.)] 13.04 (s, 1H), 8.90 (s, 1H), 7.40 (dd, 1H, J = 3.1, 8.7 Hz), 7.35 (t, 1H, J = 7.7 Hz), 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.24–7.20 (m, 2H), 7.16 (d, 1H, J = 7.7 Hz), 6.96 (dd, 1H, J = 4.5, 9.1 Hz), 2.39 (s, 3H, CH3).
The aromatic H atoms and hydroxy H atom were placed in geometrically idealized positions and constrained to ride on their parent atoms with Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C) and 1.5eq(O).The aliphatic H atoms were placed in geometrically idealized positions and constrained to ride on their parent atoms with Uiso(H) = 1.2Ueq(C) and 1.5eq(C), respectively for the methylene and methyl carbon atoms. The methyl groups were generated to fit the difference electron density and the groups were then refined as rigid rotors. The
parameter is meaningless and has been removed from the The Friedel opposites have been merged as the compound is a weak anomalous scatterer.Schiff-base ligands have played a significant role in the development of coordination chemistry as stable organometallic complexes are readily formed with a variety of transition metals. In continuation of our research on the coordination of various bifunctional chelate systems on the fac-[M(CO)3]+ moiety (M = Re(I), Tc(I)) (Brink et al., 2011; Schutte et al., 2011) the title compound was synthesized and is reported here.
The title compound (Figure 1) is essentially co-planar with a dihedral angle of 9.28 (7)° between the aromatic rings. The bond distances and angles in the title compound are in accord with those reported for related salicylaldimine-based ligand systems (Karakaş et al., 2004; Arod et al., 2005; Cheng et al., 2005; Brink et al., 2009).
The compound crystallizes as the trans phenol-imine tautomer. A strong intramolecular hydrogen bond occurs between the O—H···N atoms in each unique molecule. The
is stabilized by an array of weak C—H···O and C—H···F interactions. The bifurcated acceptor, O1, experiences weak hydrogen bond interactions with H16 and H1A. As a result, the two independent molecules pack nearly perpendicular to each other with a dihedral angle of 88.01 (5)° between planes drawn through the C1 aromatic ring systems (Figures 2 and 3). All the interactions serve to link the molecules into a stable three-dimensional supramolecular network. The molecular packing, viewed along the c-axis, illustrates the cube-like tunnel formation resulting from the various interactions (Figure 4).For related structures, see: Karakaş et al. (2004); Arod et al. (2005); Cheng et al. (2005); Brink et al. (2009). For related rhenium tricarbonyl complexes containing salicylaldimines, see: Brink et al. (2011). For related N,O-bidentate ligands coordinated to a rhenium tricarbonyl core, see: Schutte et al. (2011).
Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2005); cell
SAINT-Plus (Bruker, 2004); data reduction: SAINT-Plus and XPREP (Bruker, 2004); program(s) used to solve structure: SIR92 (Altomare et al., 1999); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: DIAMOND (Brandenburg & Putz, 2004); software used to prepare material for publication: WingGX (Farrugia, 1999).Fig. 1. Representation of the molecular structure of the title compound, showing the numbering scheme and displacement ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level. | |
Fig. 2. Representation of the hydrogen-bond interactions (only relevant H atoms are shown). | |
Fig. 3. Representation of the perpendicular orientation of molecules. | |
Fig. 4. Molecular packing of the unit cell illustrating the cube-like formation as viewed along the c-axis. |
C14H12FNO | F(000) = 240 |
Mr = 229.25 | Dx = 1.388 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, Pc | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: P -2yc | Cell parameters from 2573 reflections |
a = 10.2655 (6) Å | θ = 3.4–28.3° |
b = 4.6738 (2) Å | µ = 0.10 mm−1 |
c = 12.3561 (8) Å | T = 100 K |
β = 112.331 (3)° | Cuboid, orange |
V = 548.37 (5) Å3 | 0.19 × 0.1 × 0.06 mm |
Z = 2 |
Bruker X8 APEXII 4K Kappa CCD diffractometer | 1319 independent reflections |
Graphite monochromator | 1203 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Detector resolution: 512 pixels mm-1 | Rint = 0.028 |
ω and φ scans | θmax = 28.0°, θmin = 3.4° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2004) | h = −13→13 |
Tmin = 0.981, Tmax = 0.994 | k = −5→6 |
7009 measured reflections | l = −16→16 |
Refinement on F2 | 2 restraints |
Least-squares matrix: full | H-atom parameters constrained |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.034 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0597P)2 + 0.0513P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
wR(F2) = 0.095 | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
S = 1.06 | Δρmax = 0.19 e Å−3 |
1319 reflections | Δρmin = −0.19 e Å−3 |
156 parameters |
C14H12FNO | V = 548.37 (5) Å3 |
Mr = 229.25 | Z = 2 |
Monoclinic, Pc | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 10.2655 (6) Å | µ = 0.10 mm−1 |
b = 4.6738 (2) Å | T = 100 K |
c = 12.3561 (8) Å | 0.19 × 0.1 × 0.06 mm |
β = 112.331 (3)° |
Bruker X8 APEXII 4K Kappa CCD diffractometer | 1319 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2004) | 1203 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.981, Tmax = 0.994 | Rint = 0.028 |
7009 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.034 | 2 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.095 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.06 | Δρmax = 0.19 e Å−3 |
1319 reflections | Δρmin = −0.19 e Å−3 |
156 parameters |
Experimental. Intensity data was collected on a Bruker X8 Apex II 4 K Kappa CCD diffractometer using an exposure time of 55 s/frame. A total of 1495 frames were collected with a frame width of 0.5° covering up to θ = 28.0° with 99.6% completeness accomplished |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
N1 | 0.51676 (18) | 0.7931 (4) | 0.51611 (15) | 0.0170 (4) | |
O1 | 0.62483 (16) | 0.5330 (3) | 0.71672 (14) | 0.0229 (4) | |
H1B | 0.571 | 0.6442 | 0.666 | 0.034* | |
F1 | 0.95777 (14) | −0.0665 (3) | 0.54083 (13) | 0.0276 (3) | |
C1 | 0.5962 (2) | 0.6410 (4) | 0.47953 (19) | 0.0178 (4) | |
H1A | 0.5897 | 0.6626 | 0.4012 | 0.021* | |
C11 | 0.6955 (2) | 0.4372 (4) | 0.55563 (18) | 0.0161 (4) | |
C12 | 0.7069 (2) | 0.3900 (4) | 0.67131 (18) | 0.0183 (4) | |
C13 | 0.8048 (2) | 0.1934 (5) | 0.74184 (18) | 0.0211 (5) | |
H13 | 0.8132 | 0.1637 | 0.8203 | 0.025* | |
C14 | 0.8897 (2) | 0.0416 (5) | 0.6980 (2) | 0.0219 (5) | |
H14 | 0.9567 | −0.0919 | 0.7458 | 0.026* | |
C15 | 0.8756 (2) | 0.0873 (4) | 0.5839 (2) | 0.0195 (5) | |
C16 | 0.7817 (2) | 0.2812 (5) | 0.51227 (19) | 0.0181 (4) | |
H16 | 0.7753 | 0.3092 | 0.4343 | 0.022* | |
C21 | 0.4220 (2) | 0.9970 (4) | 0.44138 (18) | 0.0168 (4) | |
C22 | 0.3265 (2) | 1.1211 (4) | 0.48298 (18) | 0.0171 (4) | |
H22 | 0.3286 | 1.0669 | 0.5577 | 0.021* | |
C23 | 0.2280 (2) | 1.3232 (5) | 0.41733 (18) | 0.0189 (4) | |
C24 | 0.2290 (2) | 1.4038 (5) | 0.30877 (18) | 0.0209 (5) | |
H24 | 0.163 | 1.541 | 0.2625 | 0.025* | |
C25 | 0.3257 (2) | 1.2853 (5) | 0.26779 (19) | 0.0223 (5) | |
H25 | 0.3258 | 1.3445 | 0.1943 | 0.027* | |
C26 | 0.4219 (2) | 1.0818 (4) | 0.33261 (19) | 0.0205 (5) | |
H26 | 0.4871 | 1.0008 | 0.3036 | 0.025* | |
C231 | 0.1250 (2) | 1.4526 (5) | 0.4626 (2) | 0.0227 (5) | |
H23A | 0.1367 | 1.3641 | 0.5377 | 0.034* | |
H23B | 0.0289 | 1.4194 | 0.4063 | 0.034* | |
H23C | 0.1422 | 1.6588 | 0.4736 | 0.034* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
N1 | 0.0165 (8) | 0.0168 (8) | 0.0174 (9) | −0.0004 (6) | 0.0061 (7) | 0.0005 (6) |
O1 | 0.0264 (8) | 0.0271 (8) | 0.0181 (7) | 0.0081 (6) | 0.0116 (7) | 0.0032 (6) |
F1 | 0.0278 (7) | 0.0264 (7) | 0.0320 (7) | 0.0092 (5) | 0.0154 (6) | 0.0010 (6) |
C1 | 0.0200 (10) | 0.0174 (8) | 0.0165 (10) | −0.0022 (8) | 0.0075 (8) | 0.0011 (8) |
C11 | 0.0166 (10) | 0.0141 (9) | 0.0164 (10) | −0.0015 (7) | 0.0050 (8) | −0.0008 (8) |
C12 | 0.0190 (10) | 0.0193 (10) | 0.0170 (10) | −0.0024 (8) | 0.0074 (9) | −0.0012 (8) |
C13 | 0.0228 (11) | 0.0231 (10) | 0.0157 (10) | −0.0005 (9) | 0.0053 (9) | 0.0034 (8) |
C14 | 0.0201 (11) | 0.0207 (10) | 0.0212 (11) | 0.0009 (8) | 0.0036 (9) | 0.0019 (8) |
C15 | 0.0166 (10) | 0.0191 (10) | 0.0244 (12) | 0.0003 (8) | 0.0096 (9) | −0.0018 (8) |
C16 | 0.0194 (10) | 0.0192 (10) | 0.0178 (10) | −0.0010 (8) | 0.0095 (8) | −0.0006 (7) |
C21 | 0.0171 (10) | 0.0154 (9) | 0.0177 (10) | −0.0020 (8) | 0.0063 (8) | −0.0010 (7) |
C22 | 0.0184 (10) | 0.0163 (9) | 0.0165 (10) | −0.0023 (7) | 0.0066 (8) | −0.0006 (8) |
C23 | 0.0168 (10) | 0.0188 (10) | 0.0200 (11) | −0.0025 (8) | 0.0059 (8) | −0.0034 (8) |
C24 | 0.0181 (11) | 0.0193 (10) | 0.0219 (11) | 0.0017 (8) | 0.0039 (9) | 0.0011 (8) |
C25 | 0.0240 (12) | 0.0248 (11) | 0.0186 (10) | 0.0027 (8) | 0.0086 (9) | 0.0038 (8) |
C26 | 0.0206 (10) | 0.0217 (10) | 0.0209 (11) | 0.0022 (8) | 0.0098 (9) | 0.0001 (8) |
C231 | 0.0192 (10) | 0.0244 (10) | 0.0247 (11) | 0.0015 (8) | 0.0086 (9) | −0.0019 (9) |
N1—C1 | 1.287 (3) | C21—C22 | 1.395 (3) |
N1—C21 | 1.422 (3) | C21—C26 | 1.401 (3) |
O1—C12 | 1.353 (3) | C21—N1 | 1.422 (3) |
O1—H1B | 0.84 | C22—C23 | 1.396 (3) |
F1—C15 | 1.361 (2) | C22—H22 | 0.95 |
C1—C11 | 1.450 (3) | C23—C24 | 1.397 (3) |
C1—H1A | 0.95 | C23—C231 | 1.499 (3) |
C11—C16 | 1.401 (3) | C24—C25 | 1.389 (3) |
C11—C12 | 1.407 (3) | C24—H24 | 0.95 |
C12—C13 | 1.396 (3) | C25—C26 | 1.386 (3) |
C13—C14 | 1.385 (3) | C25—H25 | 0.95 |
C13—H13 | 0.95 | C26—H26 | 0.95 |
C14—C15 | 1.377 (3) | C231—H23A | 0.98 |
C14—H14 | 0.95 | C231—H23B | 0.98 |
C15—C16 | 1.373 (3) | C231—H23C | 0.98 |
C16—H16 | 0.95 | ||
C1—N1—C21 | 120.69 (16) | C26—C21—N1 | 124.30 (18) |
C12—O1—H1B | 109.5 | C22—C21—N1 | 116.25 (17) |
N1—C1—C11 | 121.23 (18) | C26—C21—N1 | 124.30 (18) |
N1—C1—H1A | 119.4 | C21—C22—C23 | 121.53 (18) |
C11—C1—H1A | 119.4 | C21—C22—H22 | 119.2 |
C16—C11—C12 | 119.11 (19) | C23—C22—H22 | 119.2 |
C16—C11—C1 | 118.98 (18) | C22—C23—C24 | 118.16 (18) |
C12—C11—C1 | 121.91 (18) | C22—C23—C231 | 120.94 (18) |
O1—C12—C13 | 118.70 (18) | C24—C23—C231 | 120.90 (19) |
O1—C12—C11 | 121.31 (19) | C25—C24—C23 | 120.63 (19) |
C13—C12—C11 | 119.99 (19) | C25—C24—H24 | 119.7 |
C14—C13—C12 | 120.27 (19) | C23—C24—H24 | 119.7 |
C14—C13—H13 | 119.9 | C26—C25—C24 | 120.94 (19) |
C12—C13—H13 | 119.9 | C26—C25—H25 | 119.5 |
C15—C14—C13 | 118.9 (2) | C24—C25—H25 | 119.5 |
C15—C14—H14 | 120.5 | C25—C26—C21 | 119.3 (2) |
C13—C14—H14 | 120.5 | C25—C26—H26 | 120.4 |
F1—C15—C16 | 118.91 (19) | C21—C26—H26 | 120.4 |
F1—C15—C14 | 118.57 (19) | C23—C231—H23A | 109.5 |
C16—C15—C14 | 122.5 (2) | C23—C231—H23B | 109.5 |
C15—C16—C11 | 119.17 (19) | H23A—C231—H23B | 109.5 |
C15—C16—H16 | 120.4 | C23—C231—H23C | 109.5 |
C11—C16—H16 | 120.4 | H23A—C231—H23C | 109.5 |
C22—C21—C26 | 119.44 (19) | H23B—C231—H23C | 109.5 |
C22—C21—N1 | 116.25 (17) | ||
N1—N1—C1—C11 | 0.0 (6) | N1—N1—C21—C22 | 0.0 (6) |
C21—N1—C1—C11 | 178.58 (17) | C1—N1—C21—C22 | 171.08 (18) |
N1—C1—C11—C16 | −178.66 (18) | N1—N1—C21—C26 | 0.0 (7) |
N1—C1—C11—C12 | 1.9 (3) | C1—N1—C21—C26 | −10.4 (3) |
C16—C11—C12—O1 | −179.24 (18) | C1—N1—C21—N1 | 0E1 (10) |
C1—C11—C12—O1 | 0.2 (3) | C26—C21—C22—C23 | 1.7 (3) |
C16—C11—C12—C13 | 1.1 (3) | N1—C21—C22—C23 | −179.74 (17) |
C1—C11—C12—C13 | −179.45 (19) | N1—C21—C22—C23 | −179.74 (17) |
O1—C12—C13—C14 | 179.49 (19) | C21—C22—C23—C24 | −1.3 (3) |
C11—C12—C13—C14 | −0.8 (3) | C21—C22—C23—C231 | 179.38 (19) |
C12—C13—C14—C15 | −0.2 (3) | C22—C23—C24—C25 | 0.0 (3) |
C13—C14—C15—F1 | −178.87 (18) | C231—C23—C24—C25 | 179.33 (19) |
C13—C14—C15—C16 | 1.0 (3) | C23—C24—C25—C26 | 0.9 (3) |
F1—C15—C16—C11 | 179.14 (17) | C24—C25—C26—C21 | −0.5 (3) |
C14—C15—C16—C11 | −0.8 (3) | C22—C21—C26—C25 | −0.7 (3) |
C12—C11—C16—C15 | −0.3 (3) | N1—C21—C26—C25 | −179.19 (19) |
C1—C11—C16—C15 | −179.79 (18) | N1—C21—C26—C25 | −179.19 (19) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O1—H1B···N1 | 0.84 | 1.85 | 2.601 (2) | 147 |
C1—H1A···O1i | 0.95 | 2.6 | 3.467 (3) | 151 |
C16—H16···O1i | 0.95 | 2.65 | 3.495 (3) | 149 |
C13—H13···F1ii | 0.95 | 2.6 | 3.472 (3) | 153 |
C231—H23A···F1iii | 0.98 | 2.73 | 3.321 (3) | 119 |
C231—H23C···F1iv | 0.98 | 2.67 | 3.193 (2) | 114 |
Symmetry codes: (i) x, −y+1, z−1/2; (ii) x, −y, z+1/2; (iii) x−1, y+1, z; (iv) x−1, y+2, z. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C14H12FNO |
Mr | 229.25 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, Pc |
Temperature (K) | 100 |
a, b, c (Å) | 10.2655 (6), 4.6738 (2), 12.3561 (8) |
β (°) | 112.331 (3) |
V (Å3) | 548.37 (5) |
Z | 2 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.10 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.19 × 0.1 × 0.06 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker X8 APEXII 4K Kappa CCD |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2004) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.981, 0.994 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 7009, 1319, 1203 |
Rint | 0.028 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.660 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.034, 0.095, 1.06 |
No. of reflections | 1319 |
No. of parameters | 156 |
No. of restraints | 2 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.19, −0.19 |
Computer programs: APEX2 (Bruker, 2005), SAINT-Plus (Bruker, 2004), SAINT-Plus and XPREP (Bruker, 2004), SIR92 (Altomare et al., 1999), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), DIAMOND (Brandenburg & Putz, 2004), WingGX (Farrugia, 1999).
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
O1—H1B···N1 | 0.84 | 1.85 | 2.601 (2) | 147.1 |
C1—H1A···O1i | 0.95 | 2.6 | 3.467 (3) | 151 |
C16—H16···O1i | 0.95 | 2.65 | 3.495 (3) | 149.1 |
C13—H13···F1ii | 0.95 | 2.6 | 3.472 (3) | 152.7 |
C231—H23A···F1iii | 0.98 | 2.73 | 3.321 (3) | 118.9 |
C231—H23C···F1iv | 0.98 | 2.67 | 3.193 (2) | 113.9 |
Symmetry codes: (i) x, −y+1, z−1/2; (ii) x, −y, z+1/2; (iii) x−1, y+1, z; (iv) x−1, y+2, z. |
Acknowledgements
Financial assistance from the University of the Free State (UFS), the UFS Advanced Biomolecular Cluster, SASOL and the South African National Research Foundation (SA-NRF/THRIP) is gratefully acknowledged. Part of this material is based on work supported by the SA-NRF/THRIP under grant No. GUN 2068915. Opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the SA-NRF.
References
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Schiff-base ligands have played a significant role in the development of coordination chemistry as stable organometallic complexes are readily formed with a variety of transition metals. In continuation of our research on the coordination of various bifunctional chelate systems on the fac-[M(CO)3]+ moiety (M = Re(I), Tc(I)) (Brink et al., 2011; Schutte et al., 2011) the title compound was synthesized and is reported here.
The title compound (Figure 1) is essentially co-planar with a dihedral angle of 9.28 (7)° between the aromatic rings. The bond distances and angles in the title compound are in accord with those reported for related salicylaldimine-based ligand systems (Karakaş et al., 2004; Arod et al., 2005; Cheng et al., 2005; Brink et al., 2009).
The compound crystallizes as the trans phenol-imine tautomer. A strong intramolecular hydrogen bond occurs between the O—H···N atoms in each unique molecule. The crystal structure is stabilized by an array of weak C—H···O and C—H···F interactions. The bifurcated acceptor, O1, experiences weak hydrogen bond interactions with H16 and H1A. As a result, the two independent molecules pack nearly perpendicular to each other with a dihedral angle of 88.01 (5)° between planes drawn through the C1 aromatic ring systems (Figures 2 and 3). All the interactions serve to link the molecules into a stable three-dimensional supramolecular network. The molecular packing, viewed along the c-axis, illustrates the cube-like tunnel formation resulting from the various interactions (Figure 4).