metal-organic compounds
Bis{2-[(4-chlorophenyl)iminomethyl]pyrrol-1-ido-κ2N,N′}bis(dimethylamido-κN)titanium(IV) toluene monosolvate
aQinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, People's Republic of China, and bKey Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
*Correspondence e-mail: liyahong@suda.edu.cn
The mononuclear title compound, [Ti(C11H8ClN2)2(C2H6N)2]·C7H8, was synthesized by the reaction of N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-pyrrolylcarbaldimine with Ti(C2H6N)4. The TiIV ion is situated on a twofold rotation axis and displays a distorted octahedral geometry defined by four N atoms from two 2-[(4-chlorophenyl)iminomethyl]pyrrol-1-ide ligands and two N atoms from two dimethylamine ligands. The Ti—Npyrrole bond length [2.1041 (19) Å] is longer than the Ti—Ndimethylamine bond length [1.9013 (19) Å]; the imine N atom exhibits the longest Ti—N bond [2.3152 (17) Å]. The toluene solvent molecule is located on a twofold rotation axis running through the C atom of the methyl group. Consequently, the H atoms of the latter are rotationally disordered. The compound contains no markable hydrogen-bonding interactions.
Related literature
For the synthesis of N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-pyrrolylcarbaldimine and its oxidovanadium(IV) complexes, see: Mozaffar et al. (2010). For the synthesis of titanium amido complexes and their applications in hydroamination reactions, see: Ramanathan et al. (2004); Cao et al. (2001); Bexrud et al. (2007); Tillack et al. (2005); Braunschweig & Breitling (2006); Zhao et al. (2012).
Experimental
Crystal data
|
Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2005); cell SAINT (Bruker, 2005); data reduction: SAINT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL.
Supporting information
10.1107/S1600536812014961/wm2614sup1.cif
contains datablocks I, global. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536812014961/wm2614Isup2.hkl
To a solution of Ti(NMe2)4 (0.112 g, 0.5 mmol) in THF (2 ml) was added N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-pyrrolylcarbaldimine (0.204 g, 1 mmol) in THF (3 ml). After stirring at room temperature overnight, volatiles were removed in vacuo, resulting in an orange solid (0.246 g, 91%). Single crystals of (I) were grown from a toluene/hexane (1:1) solution at 238 K.
All H atoms were placed in geometrically idealized positions and constrained to ride on their parent atoms with C—H = 0.93 Å for aromatic H atoms, 0.96 Å for CH3 type H atoms and 0.98 Å for CH type H atoms, respectively. Uiso(H) values were set at 1.5Ueq(C) for methyl H atoms, and 1.2Ueq(C) for the rest of the H atoms. The methyl group of the solvent molecule lies on a twofold rotation axis; consequently, the H atoms of this methyl group are disordered and were refined with an occupancy of 0.5.
Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2005); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 2005); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2005); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).[Ti(C11H8ClN2)2(C2H6N)2]·C7H8 | F(000) = 664 |
Mr = 635.48 | Dx = 1.300 Mg m−3 |
Orthorhombic, P21212 | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: P 2 2ab | Cell parameters from 3510 reflections |
a = 11.1952 (4) Å | θ = 2.7–25.3° |
b = 13.8545 (6) Å | µ = 0.46 mm−1 |
c = 10.4651 (3) Å | T = 296 K |
V = 1623.18 (10) Å3 | Block, red |
Z = 2 | 0.27 × 0.25 × 0.20 mm |
Bruker APEXII CCD diffractometer | 3172 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 2855 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.021 |
ϕ and ω scans | θmax = 26.0°, θmin = 2.0° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2005) | h = −13→13 |
Tmin = 0.886, Tmax = 0.914 | k = −6→17 |
7377 measured reflections | l = −12→12 |
Refinement on F2 | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.035 | H-atom parameters constrained |
wR(F2) = 0.103 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0643P)2 + 0.167P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
S = 1.04 | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
3172 reflections | Δρmax = 0.24 e Å−3 |
191 parameters | Δρmin = −0.81 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Absolute structure: Flack (1983), 1338 Friedel pairs |
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods | Absolute structure parameter: 0.00 (3) |
[Ti(C11H8ClN2)2(C2H6N)2]·C7H8 | V = 1623.18 (10) Å3 |
Mr = 635.48 | Z = 2 |
Orthorhombic, P21212 | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 11.1952 (4) Å | µ = 0.46 mm−1 |
b = 13.8545 (6) Å | T = 296 K |
c = 10.4651 (3) Å | 0.27 × 0.25 × 0.20 mm |
Bruker APEXII CCD diffractometer | 3172 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2005) | 2855 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.886, Tmax = 0.914 | Rint = 0.021 |
7377 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.035 | H-atom parameters constrained |
wR(F2) = 0.103 | Δρmax = 0.24 e Å−3 |
S = 1.04 | Δρmin = −0.81 e Å−3 |
3172 reflections | Absolute structure: Flack (1983), 1338 Friedel pairs |
191 parameters | Absolute structure parameter: 0.00 (3) |
0 restraints |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | Occ. (<1) | |
Ti | 0.5000 | 0.0000 | −0.00125 (4) | 0.03946 (15) | |
N3 | 0.37242 (16) | −0.00104 (15) | 0.17286 (15) | 0.0444 (4) | |
N1 | 0.52139 (16) | 0.14665 (13) | 0.04575 (18) | 0.0468 (4) | |
C7 | 0.32052 (19) | 0.07660 (18) | 0.2402 (2) | 0.0438 (5) | |
N2 | 0.37235 (18) | 0.00986 (16) | −0.12037 (17) | 0.0511 (4) | |
C8 | 0.25902 (18) | 0.14699 (16) | 0.1737 (2) | 0.0458 (5) | |
H8 | 0.2554 | 0.1440 | 0.0850 | 0.055* | |
C9 | 0.2030 (2) | 0.22161 (18) | 0.2368 (2) | 0.0515 (5) | |
H9 | 0.1606 | 0.2681 | 0.1915 | 0.062* | |
C2 | 0.5137 (3) | 0.30613 (18) | 0.0851 (3) | 0.0651 (7) | |
H2 | 0.4953 | 0.3712 | 0.0762 | 0.078* | |
C13 | 0.3605 (2) | −0.08821 (17) | 0.2195 (2) | 0.0506 (5) | |
H13 | 0.3171 | −0.0985 | 0.2940 | 0.061* | |
C1 | 0.4781 (2) | 0.23225 (17) | 0.0050 (2) | 0.0551 (6) | |
H1 | 0.4307 | 0.2404 | −0.0672 | 0.066* | |
C12 | 0.3297 (2) | 0.0845 (2) | 0.3729 (2) | 0.0594 (7) | |
H12 | 0.3734 | 0.0392 | 0.4187 | 0.071* | |
C11 | 0.2741 (3) | 0.1593 (2) | 0.4364 (2) | 0.0673 (7) | |
H11 | 0.2796 | 0.1642 | 0.5248 | 0.081* | |
C3 | 0.5818 (3) | 0.2653 (2) | 0.1808 (3) | 0.0642 (7) | |
H3 | 0.6179 | 0.2972 | 0.2487 | 0.077* | |
C10 | 0.2107 (2) | 0.22629 (19) | 0.3680 (2) | 0.0549 (6) | |
C5 | 0.2535 (2) | −0.0300 (2) | −0.1037 (3) | 0.0651 (7) | |
H5A | 0.1973 | 0.0215 | −0.0914 | 0.098* | |
H5B | 0.2526 | −0.0716 | −0.0304 | 0.098* | |
H5C | 0.2318 | −0.0663 | −0.1784 | 0.098* | |
C4 | 0.5856 (2) | 0.16622 (17) | 0.1551 (2) | 0.0505 (5) | |
C14 | 1.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.3423 (7) | 0.135 (2) | |
C15 | 0.9586 (4) | 0.0770 (4) | 0.4130 (6) | 0.1245 (18) | |
H15 | 0.9309 | 0.1311 | 0.3696 | 0.149* | |
C16 | 0.9561 (4) | 0.0779 (4) | 0.5446 (6) | 0.1265 (17) | |
H16 | 0.9251 | 0.1304 | 0.5888 | 0.152* | |
C6 | 0.3784 (3) | 0.0670 (2) | −0.2366 (3) | 0.0746 (8) | |
H6A | 0.3631 | 0.0264 | −0.3091 | 0.112* | |
H6B | 0.4565 | 0.0950 | −0.2444 | 0.112* | |
H6C | 0.3196 | 0.1174 | −0.2332 | 0.112* | |
C17 | 1.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.6079 (7) | 0.117 (2) | |
H17 | 1.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.6968 | 0.141* | |
Cl | 0.13535 (9) | 0.31837 (6) | 0.44888 (7) | 0.0879 (3) | |
C18 | 1.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.2026 (6) | 0.135 (2) | |
H18A | 0.9518 | 0.0524 | 0.1720 | 0.203* | 0.50 |
H18B | 0.9679 | −0.0600 | 0.1720 | 0.203* | 0.50 |
H18C | 1.0803 | 0.0075 | 0.1720 | 0.203* | 0.50 |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
Ti | 0.0425 (3) | 0.0420 (3) | 0.0339 (2) | 0.0016 (2) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
N3 | 0.0455 (9) | 0.0466 (9) | 0.0413 (8) | −0.0013 (10) | 0.0007 (7) | 0.0020 (9) |
N1 | 0.0506 (10) | 0.0436 (10) | 0.0464 (9) | −0.0002 (8) | 0.0061 (8) | 0.0025 (8) |
C7 | 0.0420 (10) | 0.0498 (12) | 0.0397 (10) | −0.0017 (10) | 0.0044 (9) | 0.0029 (9) |
N2 | 0.0529 (10) | 0.0574 (12) | 0.0431 (8) | 0.0072 (10) | −0.0077 (8) | 0.0005 (9) |
C8 | 0.0482 (12) | 0.0519 (13) | 0.0374 (10) | −0.0034 (10) | 0.0014 (9) | 0.0001 (9) |
C9 | 0.0559 (13) | 0.0489 (13) | 0.0497 (13) | 0.0044 (11) | −0.0017 (11) | 0.0017 (10) |
C2 | 0.0718 (17) | 0.0404 (12) | 0.0831 (17) | 0.0009 (13) | 0.0133 (15) | 0.0038 (12) |
C13 | 0.0515 (12) | 0.0522 (14) | 0.0482 (12) | −0.0038 (11) | 0.0060 (10) | 0.0076 (10) |
C1 | 0.0579 (13) | 0.0496 (13) | 0.0579 (12) | 0.0034 (10) | 0.0104 (13) | 0.0122 (11) |
C12 | 0.0698 (15) | 0.0671 (17) | 0.0412 (12) | 0.0118 (13) | −0.0048 (11) | 0.0051 (12) |
C11 | 0.091 (2) | 0.0747 (18) | 0.0364 (11) | 0.0136 (16) | −0.0008 (12) | −0.0040 (12) |
C3 | 0.0696 (16) | 0.0471 (14) | 0.0760 (17) | −0.0076 (12) | 0.0056 (14) | −0.0090 (13) |
C10 | 0.0634 (14) | 0.0534 (14) | 0.0480 (13) | 0.0037 (12) | 0.0050 (11) | −0.0074 (11) |
C5 | 0.0571 (15) | 0.0772 (18) | 0.0611 (15) | 0.0017 (13) | −0.0155 (12) | −0.0110 (12) |
C4 | 0.0526 (12) | 0.0466 (13) | 0.0524 (12) | −0.0073 (11) | 0.0042 (10) | −0.0051 (10) |
C14 | 0.126 (3) | 0.178 (5) | 0.102 (3) | −0.114 (4) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
C15 | 0.095 (3) | 0.124 (4) | 0.154 (5) | −0.039 (3) | −0.043 (3) | 0.027 (3) |
C16 | 0.094 (3) | 0.144 (5) | 0.141 (4) | −0.012 (3) | −0.015 (3) | −0.020 (4) |
C6 | 0.087 (2) | 0.084 (2) | 0.0535 (14) | 0.0153 (17) | −0.0109 (15) | 0.0142 (14) |
C17 | 0.094 (4) | 0.153 (6) | 0.104 (4) | 0.016 (5) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Cl | 0.1167 (7) | 0.0798 (5) | 0.0672 (4) | 0.0314 (5) | 0.0061 (4) | −0.0202 (4) |
C18 | 0.126 (3) | 0.178 (5) | 0.102 (3) | −0.114 (4) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Ti—N2i | 1.9013 (19) | C12—H12 | 0.9300 |
Ti—N2 | 1.9013 (19) | C11—C10 | 1.370 (4) |
Ti—N1 | 2.1041 (19) | C11—H11 | 0.9300 |
Ti—N1i | 2.1042 (19) | C3—C4 | 1.399 (4) |
Ti—N3i | 2.3152 (17) | C3—H3 | 0.9300 |
Ti—N3 | 2.3152 (17) | C10—Cl | 1.748 (3) |
N3—C13 | 1.309 (3) | C5—H5A | 0.9600 |
N3—C7 | 1.411 (3) | C5—H5B | 0.9600 |
N1—C1 | 1.350 (3) | C5—H5C | 0.9600 |
N1—C4 | 1.378 (3) | C4—C13i | 1.409 (3) |
C7—C8 | 1.382 (3) | C14—C15 | 1.378 (6) |
C7—C12 | 1.397 (3) | C14—C15ii | 1.378 (6) |
N2—C5 | 1.452 (3) | C14—C18 | 1.462 (8) |
N2—C6 | 1.453 (3) | C15—C16 | 1.377 (8) |
C8—C9 | 1.378 (3) | C15—H15 | 0.9300 |
C8—H8 | 0.9300 | C16—C17 | 1.359 (6) |
C9—C10 | 1.376 (3) | C16—H16 | 0.9300 |
C9—H9 | 0.9300 | C6—H6A | 0.9600 |
C2—C3 | 1.379 (4) | C6—H6B | 0.9600 |
C2—C1 | 1.382 (4) | C6—H6C | 0.9600 |
C2—H2 | 0.9300 | C17—C16ii | 1.359 (6) |
C13—C4i | 1.409 (3) | C17—H17 | 0.9300 |
C13—H13 | 0.9300 | C18—H18A | 0.9600 |
C1—H1 | 0.9300 | C18—H18B | 0.9600 |
C12—C11 | 1.378 (4) | C18—H18C | 0.9600 |
N2i—Ti—N2 | 98.06 (12) | C7—C12—H12 | 119.8 |
N2i—Ti—N1 | 97.88 (8) | C10—C11—C12 | 119.4 (2) |
N2—Ti—N1 | 99.75 (8) | C10—C11—H11 | 120.3 |
N2i—Ti—N1i | 99.76 (8) | C12—C11—H11 | 120.3 |
N2—Ti—N1i | 97.88 (8) | C2—C3—C4 | 106.3 (3) |
N1—Ti—N1i | 152.96 (10) | C2—C3—H3 | 126.9 |
N2i—Ti—N3i | 93.02 (7) | C4—C3—H3 | 126.9 |
N2—Ti—N3i | 168.31 (8) | C11—C10—C9 | 121.4 (2) |
N1—Ti—N3i | 74.92 (8) | C11—C10—Cl | 119.41 (19) |
N1i—Ti—N3i | 83.81 (7) | C9—C10—Cl | 119.1 (2) |
N2i—Ti—N3 | 168.31 (8) | N2—C5—H5A | 109.5 |
N2—Ti—N3 | 93.02 (7) | N2—C5—H5B | 109.5 |
N1—Ti—N3 | 83.81 (7) | H5A—C5—H5B | 109.5 |
N1i—Ti—N3 | 74.92 (8) | N2—C5—H5C | 109.5 |
N3i—Ti—N3 | 76.19 (8) | H5A—C5—H5C | 109.5 |
C13—N3—C7 | 118.36 (19) | H5B—C5—H5C | 109.5 |
C13—N3—Ti | 111.21 (16) | N1—C4—C3 | 109.6 (2) |
C7—N3—Ti | 129.97 (15) | N1—C4—C13i | 118.0 (2) |
C1—N1—C4 | 106.1 (2) | C3—C4—C13i | 132.4 (2) |
C1—N1—Ti | 137.17 (17) | C15—C14—C15ii | 115.0 (7) |
C4—N1—Ti | 116.32 (15) | C15—C14—C18 | 122.5 (3) |
C8—C7—C12 | 118.8 (2) | C15ii—C14—C18 | 122.5 (3) |
C8—C7—N3 | 119.42 (19) | C16—C15—C14 | 123.4 (6) |
C12—C7—N3 | 121.8 (2) | C16—C15—H15 | 118.3 |
C5—N2—C6 | 110.5 (2) | C14—C15—H15 | 118.3 |
C5—N2—Ti | 125.68 (17) | C17—C16—C15 | 118.2 (6) |
C6—N2—Ti | 123.6 (2) | C17—C16—H16 | 120.9 |
C9—C8—C7 | 121.0 (2) | C15—C16—H16 | 120.9 |
C9—C8—H8 | 119.5 | N2—C6—H6A | 109.5 |
C7—C8—H8 | 119.5 | N2—C6—H6B | 109.5 |
C10—C9—C8 | 119.0 (2) | H6A—C6—H6B | 109.5 |
C10—C9—H9 | 120.5 | N2—C6—H6C | 109.5 |
C8—C9—H9 | 120.5 | H6A—C6—H6C | 109.5 |
C3—C2—C1 | 107.2 (2) | H6B—C6—H6C | 109.5 |
C3—C2—H2 | 126.4 | C16ii—C17—C16 | 121.6 (7) |
C1—C2—H2 | 126.4 | C16ii—C17—H17 | 119.2 |
N3—C13—C4i | 119.1 (2) | C16—C17—H17 | 119.2 |
N3—C13—H13 | 120.5 | C14—C18—H18A | 109.5 |
C4i—C13—H13 | 120.5 | C14—C18—H18B | 109.5 |
N1—C1—C2 | 110.8 (2) | H18A—C18—H18B | 109.5 |
N1—C1—H1 | 124.6 | C14—C18—H18C | 109.5 |
C2—C1—H1 | 124.6 | H18A—C18—H18C | 109.5 |
C11—C12—C7 | 120.3 (2) | H18B—C18—H18C | 109.5 |
C11—C12—H12 | 119.8 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, −y, z; (ii) −x+2, −y, z. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | [Ti(C11H8ClN2)2(C2H6N)2]·C7H8 |
Mr | 635.48 |
Crystal system, space group | Orthorhombic, P21212 |
Temperature (K) | 296 |
a, b, c (Å) | 11.1952 (4), 13.8545 (6), 10.4651 (3) |
V (Å3) | 1623.18 (10) |
Z | 2 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.46 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.27 × 0.25 × 0.20 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker APEXII CCD diffractometer |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2005) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.886, 0.914 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 7377, 3172, 2855 |
Rint | 0.021 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.616 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.035, 0.103, 1.04 |
No. of reflections | 3172 |
No. of parameters | 191 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.24, −0.81 |
Absolute structure | Flack (1983), 1338 Friedel pairs |
Absolute structure parameter | 0.00 (3) |
Computer programs: APEX2 (Bruker, 2005), SAINT (Bruker, 2005), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).
Acknowledgements
The authors appreciate financial support from the Hundreds of Talents Program (2005012) of the CAS, the Natural Science Foundation of China (20872105), the Qinglan Project of Jiangsu Province (Bu109805) and the Open Project of the Key Laboratory for Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education of Lanzhou University (LZUMMM2010003).
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The ligand N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-pyrrolylcarbaldimine can be synthesized by the reaction of 4-chloroaniline and 2-pyrrolaldehyde. The ligand has been used in the synthesis of oxidovanadium(IV) complexes (Mozaffar et al., 2010). Herein we report the synthesis and crystal structure of a titanium amido complex [Ti(C11H8N2Cl)2(C2H6N)2](C6H5CH3), (I). Such titanium amido complexes were employed as catalysts in the hydroamination of alkynes (Ramanathan et al., 2004; Cao et al., 2001; Bexrud et al., 2007; Tillack et al., 2005; Braunschweig & Breitling, 2006; Zhao et al., 2012).
The molecular structure of (I) is shown in Fig. 1. The TiIV ion has site symmetry 2 and displays a distorted octahedral geometry. It is coordinated by four N atoms from two symmetry-related bidentate N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-pyrrolylcarbaldimine ligands and two nitrogen atoms from two dimethylamino ions. Two pyrrolyl N atoms from two coordinating N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-pyrrolylcarbaldimine molecules occupying trans positions in the equatorial plane. The dihedral angle between the pyrrolcarbaldiimine and chlorophenyl moieties in the bidentate ligand is 44.90 (10)° . There is a solvate toluene molecule present that is also located on a twofold rotation axis. Since the methyl group of the solvate toluene lies on a special position of higher symmetry than the molecular can possess, the H atoms of this group are rotationally disordered.
The compound contains no remarkable hydrogen bonding interactions. In the crystal packing, the complexes form channels parallel to [001] where the solvent molecules are located.