organic compounds
4-Dimethylamino-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile
aApplied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622 Giza, Egypt, bDepartment of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt, cDepartment of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and dChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
*Correspondence e-mail: edward.tiekink@gmail.com
In the title compound, C14H13N3O3, a twist occurs, as seen in the dihedral angle of 53.60 (12)° between the pyrrole and benzene rings. A three-dimensional architecture is formed in the crystal whereby layers of molecules in the ac plane are connected by C—H⋯O and C—H⋯π interactions.
Related literature
For background to the biological activity exhibited by pyrroles and pyranopyrroles, see: Amer et al. (2008, 2009).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Refinement
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Data collection: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2011); cell CrysAlis PRO; data reduction: CrysAlis PRO; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 2012) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 2006); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2010).
Supporting information
10.1107/S1600536813004893/hb7042sup1.cif
contains datablocks global, I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813004893/hb7042Isup2.hkl
Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S1600536813004893/hb7042Isup3.cml
A mixture of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxopyrrolidine-3-carbonitrile (0.22 g, 0.001 M) and excess 1,1-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine (0.2 ml) was heated under reflux for about 1.5 h on water bath. The resultant solid was filtered and dried. Re-crystallization was by slow evaporation of its DMF solution which yielded yellow prisms in 28% yield. M.pt. 482–483 K.
Carbon-bound H-atoms were placed in calculated positions (C—H 0.93 to 0.96 Å) and were included in the
in the riding model approximation, with Uiso(H) = 1.2Uequiv(C).Data collection: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2011); cell
CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2011); data reduction: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2011); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 2012) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 2006); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2010).C14H13N3O3 | F(000) = 568 |
Mr = 271.27 | Dx = 1.380 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2ybc | Cell parameters from 1717 reflections |
a = 12.7408 (14) Å | θ = 2.9–27.5° |
b = 7.8520 (9) Å | µ = 0.10 mm−1 |
c = 14.4194 (18) Å | T = 295 K |
β = 115.163 (14)° | Prism, yellow |
V = 1305.6 (3) Å3 | 0.40 × 0.20 × 0.10 mm |
Z = 4 |
Agilent SuperNova Dual diffractometer with an Atlas detector | 3020 independent reflections |
Radiation source: SuperNova (Mo) X-ray Source | 1772 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Mirror monochromator | Rint = 0.040 |
Detector resolution: 10.4041 pixels mm-1 | θmax = 27.6°, θmin = 2.9° |
ω scan | h = −16→16 |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2011) | k = −9→10 |
Tmin = 0.869, Tmax = 1.000 | l = −17→18 |
8113 measured reflections |
Refinement on F2 | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.054 | H-atom parameters constrained |
wR(F2) = 0.153 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0573P)2 + 0.268P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
S = 1.04 | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
3020 reflections | Δρmax = 0.20 e Å−3 |
184 parameters | Δρmin = −0.17 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Extinction correction: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), Fc*=kFc[1+0.001xFc2λ3/sin(2θ)]-1/4 |
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods | Extinction coefficient: 0.0065 (17) |
C14H13N3O3 | V = 1305.6 (3) Å3 |
Mr = 271.27 | Z = 4 |
Monoclinic, P21/c | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 12.7408 (14) Å | µ = 0.10 mm−1 |
b = 7.8520 (9) Å | T = 295 K |
c = 14.4194 (18) Å | 0.40 × 0.20 × 0.10 mm |
β = 115.163 (14)° |
Agilent SuperNova Dual diffractometer with an Atlas detector | 3020 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2011) | 1772 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.869, Tmax = 1.000 | Rint = 0.040 |
8113 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.054 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.153 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.04 | Δρmax = 0.20 e Å−3 |
3020 reflections | Δρmin = −0.17 e Å−3 |
184 parameters |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
O1 | 0.87550 (12) | 0.4211 (2) | 0.83764 (12) | 0.0638 (5) | |
O2 | 0.54480 (12) | 0.7013 (2) | 0.63309 (13) | 0.0643 (5) | |
O3 | 0.86456 (14) | 0.6113 (3) | 0.40226 (13) | 0.0700 (5) | |
N1 | 0.72098 (13) | 0.5628 (2) | 0.71557 (13) | 0.0457 (5) | |
N2 | 0.74285 (15) | 0.4605 (3) | 0.96511 (14) | 0.0517 (5) | |
N3 | 0.43202 (18) | 0.7134 (3) | 0.82506 (18) | 0.0764 (7) | |
C1 | 0.78270 (17) | 0.4912 (3) | 0.81026 (17) | 0.0461 (5) | |
C2 | 0.71002 (16) | 0.5147 (3) | 0.87029 (16) | 0.0448 (5) | |
C3 | 0.60974 (16) | 0.5976 (3) | 0.80526 (16) | 0.0463 (6) | |
C4 | 0.61362 (16) | 0.6288 (3) | 0.70794 (17) | 0.0471 (6) | |
C5 | 0.85888 (19) | 0.3921 (4) | 1.03016 (18) | 0.0665 (8) | |
H5A | 0.9024 | 0.3797 | 0.9901 | 0.100* | |
H5B | 0.8511 | 0.2831 | 1.0567 | 0.100* | |
H5C | 0.8987 | 0.4689 | 1.0859 | 0.100* | |
C6 | 0.6647 (2) | 0.4773 (4) | 1.01516 (18) | 0.0644 (7) | |
H6A | 0.5885 | 0.4397 | 0.9693 | 0.097* | |
H6B | 0.6615 | 0.5944 | 1.0329 | 0.097* | |
H6C | 0.6929 | 0.4089 | 1.0761 | 0.097* | |
C7 | 0.51255 (19) | 0.6588 (3) | 0.81992 (18) | 0.0551 (6) | |
C8 | 0.75727 (16) | 0.5680 (3) | 0.63493 (16) | 0.0445 (5) | |
C9 | 0.68625 (17) | 0.5068 (3) | 0.53895 (17) | 0.0501 (6) | |
H9 | 0.6157 | 0.4570 | 0.5278 | 0.060* | |
C10 | 0.71847 (18) | 0.5185 (3) | 0.45933 (18) | 0.0528 (6) | |
H10 | 0.6694 | 0.4782 | 0.3947 | 0.063* | |
C11 | 0.82415 (18) | 0.5903 (3) | 0.47577 (18) | 0.0522 (6) | |
C12 | 0.89700 (18) | 0.6489 (3) | 0.57264 (18) | 0.0558 (6) | |
H12 | 0.9687 | 0.6952 | 0.5843 | 0.067* | |
C13 | 0.86383 (17) | 0.6389 (3) | 0.65152 (17) | 0.0518 (6) | |
H13 | 0.9127 | 0.6796 | 0.7161 | 0.062* | |
C14 | 0.8062 (2) | 0.5219 (4) | 0.3082 (2) | 0.0729 (8) | |
H14A | 0.8420 | 0.5479 | 0.2632 | 0.109* | |
H14B | 0.7263 | 0.5559 | 0.2766 | 0.109* | |
H14C | 0.8111 | 0.4016 | 0.3213 | 0.109* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
O1 | 0.0468 (9) | 0.0708 (13) | 0.0703 (11) | 0.0171 (8) | 0.0215 (8) | 0.0120 (9) |
O2 | 0.0497 (9) | 0.0694 (13) | 0.0663 (10) | 0.0130 (8) | 0.0174 (8) | 0.0112 (10) |
O3 | 0.0740 (11) | 0.0761 (14) | 0.0704 (11) | −0.0066 (9) | 0.0409 (9) | 0.0007 (10) |
N1 | 0.0349 (9) | 0.0490 (12) | 0.0492 (10) | 0.0021 (8) | 0.0143 (8) | 0.0038 (9) |
N2 | 0.0497 (10) | 0.0507 (13) | 0.0499 (11) | −0.0038 (9) | 0.0165 (8) | −0.0009 (9) |
N3 | 0.0643 (13) | 0.0814 (19) | 0.0946 (17) | 0.0171 (12) | 0.0445 (12) | 0.0116 (14) |
C1 | 0.0391 (11) | 0.0387 (13) | 0.0550 (13) | −0.0014 (9) | 0.0146 (9) | −0.0004 (11) |
C2 | 0.0408 (11) | 0.0387 (13) | 0.0486 (12) | −0.0057 (9) | 0.0131 (9) | −0.0051 (10) |
C3 | 0.0373 (11) | 0.0429 (14) | 0.0555 (13) | −0.0018 (9) | 0.0167 (9) | −0.0026 (11) |
C4 | 0.0358 (11) | 0.0446 (14) | 0.0558 (13) | 0.0010 (9) | 0.0145 (9) | 0.0002 (11) |
C5 | 0.0574 (14) | 0.070 (2) | 0.0572 (14) | 0.0056 (12) | 0.0102 (11) | 0.0095 (13) |
C6 | 0.0663 (15) | 0.071 (2) | 0.0569 (15) | −0.0048 (13) | 0.0276 (12) | −0.0023 (13) |
C7 | 0.0495 (13) | 0.0514 (16) | 0.0641 (15) | 0.0005 (11) | 0.0240 (11) | 0.0017 (12) |
C8 | 0.0389 (11) | 0.0400 (13) | 0.0520 (13) | 0.0016 (9) | 0.0168 (9) | 0.0016 (10) |
C9 | 0.0388 (11) | 0.0452 (14) | 0.0610 (14) | −0.0034 (9) | 0.0162 (10) | 0.0007 (12) |
C10 | 0.0474 (12) | 0.0538 (16) | 0.0530 (13) | −0.0010 (10) | 0.0174 (10) | −0.0009 (12) |
C11 | 0.0524 (13) | 0.0473 (15) | 0.0604 (14) | 0.0034 (10) | 0.0273 (11) | 0.0045 (12) |
C12 | 0.0428 (12) | 0.0532 (16) | 0.0731 (16) | −0.0064 (10) | 0.0262 (11) | −0.0014 (13) |
C13 | 0.0385 (11) | 0.0518 (15) | 0.0586 (14) | −0.0045 (10) | 0.0144 (10) | −0.0051 (12) |
C14 | 0.0936 (19) | 0.065 (2) | 0.0674 (17) | 0.0095 (15) | 0.0411 (15) | 0.0042 (15) |
O1—C1 | 1.208 (2) | C5—H5C | 0.9600 |
O2—C4 | 1.206 (3) | C6—H6A | 0.9600 |
O3—C11 | 1.371 (3) | C6—H6B | 0.9600 |
O3—C14 | 1.424 (3) | C6—H6C | 0.9600 |
N1—C1 | 1.373 (3) | C8—C9 | 1.378 (3) |
N1—C8 | 1.423 (3) | C8—C13 | 1.391 (3) |
N1—C4 | 1.422 (3) | C9—C10 | 1.377 (3) |
N2—C2 | 1.319 (3) | C9—H9 | 0.9300 |
N2—C6 | 1.463 (3) | C10—C11 | 1.384 (3) |
N2—C5 | 1.475 (3) | C10—H10 | 0.9300 |
N3—C7 | 1.143 (3) | C11—C12 | 1.386 (3) |
C1—C2 | 1.524 (3) | C12—C13 | 1.374 (3) |
C2—C3 | 1.384 (3) | C12—H12 | 0.9300 |
C3—C7 | 1.425 (3) | C13—H13 | 0.9300 |
C3—C4 | 1.446 (3) | C14—H14A | 0.9600 |
C5—H5A | 0.9600 | C14—H14B | 0.9600 |
C5—H5B | 0.9600 | C14—H14C | 0.9600 |
C11—O3—C14 | 117.5 (2) | N2—C6—H6C | 109.5 |
C1—N1—C8 | 125.20 (17) | H6A—C6—H6C | 109.5 |
C1—N1—C4 | 110.58 (18) | H6B—C6—H6C | 109.5 |
C8—N1—C4 | 124.21 (17) | N3—C7—C3 | 175.1 (3) |
C2—N2—C6 | 119.99 (19) | C9—C8—C13 | 119.2 (2) |
C2—N2—C5 | 124.6 (2) | C9—C8—N1 | 120.52 (18) |
C6—N2—C5 | 115.32 (19) | C13—C8—N1 | 120.23 (19) |
O1—C1—N1 | 125.4 (2) | C10—C9—C8 | 120.9 (2) |
O1—C1—C2 | 128.0 (2) | C10—C9—H9 | 119.6 |
N1—C1—C2 | 106.60 (17) | C8—C9—H9 | 119.6 |
N2—C2—C3 | 130.4 (2) | C9—C10—C11 | 119.8 (2) |
N2—C2—C1 | 123.25 (19) | C9—C10—H10 | 120.1 |
C3—C2—C1 | 106.32 (19) | C11—C10—H10 | 120.1 |
C2—C3—C7 | 131.9 (2) | O3—C11—C12 | 115.4 (2) |
C2—C3—C4 | 109.54 (18) | O3—C11—C10 | 125.0 (2) |
C7—C3—C4 | 118.50 (18) | C12—C11—C10 | 119.6 (2) |
O2—C4—N1 | 123.4 (2) | C13—C12—C11 | 120.4 (2) |
O2—C4—C3 | 129.56 (19) | C13—C12—H12 | 119.8 |
N1—C4—C3 | 106.97 (17) | C11—C12—H12 | 119.8 |
N2—C5—H5A | 109.5 | C12—C13—C8 | 120.1 (2) |
N2—C5—H5B | 109.5 | C12—C13—H13 | 119.9 |
H5A—C5—H5B | 109.5 | C8—C13—H13 | 119.9 |
N2—C5—H5C | 109.5 | O3—C14—H14A | 109.5 |
H5A—C5—H5C | 109.5 | O3—C14—H14B | 109.5 |
H5B—C5—H5C | 109.5 | H14A—C14—H14B | 109.5 |
N2—C6—H6A | 109.5 | O3—C14—H14C | 109.5 |
N2—C6—H6B | 109.5 | H14A—C14—H14C | 109.5 |
H6A—C6—H6B | 109.5 | H14B—C14—H14C | 109.5 |
C8—N1—C1—O1 | −0.9 (4) | C2—C3—C4—O2 | −177.8 (2) |
C4—N1—C1—O1 | 177.9 (2) | C7—C3—C4—O2 | −0.2 (4) |
C8—N1—C1—C2 | −179.66 (19) | C2—C3—C4—N1 | −0.4 (3) |
C4—N1—C1—C2 | −0.9 (2) | C7—C3—C4—N1 | 177.2 (2) |
C6—N2—C2—C3 | 3.3 (4) | C1—N1—C8—C9 | 126.3 (2) |
C5—N2—C2—C3 | −172.2 (2) | C4—N1—C8—C9 | −52.3 (3) |
C6—N2—C2—C1 | −175.7 (2) | C1—N1—C8—C13 | −55.3 (3) |
C5—N2—C2—C1 | 8.7 (3) | C4—N1—C8—C13 | 126.1 (2) |
O1—C1—C2—N2 | 1.2 (4) | C13—C8—C9—C10 | −1.4 (4) |
N1—C1—C2—N2 | 179.9 (2) | N1—C8—C9—C10 | 177.0 (2) |
O1—C1—C2—C3 | −178.1 (2) | C8—C9—C10—C11 | 0.9 (4) |
N1—C1—C2—C3 | 0.6 (2) | C14—O3—C11—C12 | 166.8 (2) |
N2—C2—C3—C7 | 3.6 (4) | C14—O3—C11—C10 | −13.9 (4) |
C1—C2—C3—C7 | −177.2 (2) | C9—C10—C11—O3 | −178.9 (2) |
N2—C2—C3—C4 | −179.3 (2) | C9—C10—C11—C12 | 0.4 (4) |
C1—C2—C3—C4 | −0.1 (2) | O3—C11—C12—C13 | 178.1 (2) |
C1—N1—C4—O2 | 178.4 (2) | C10—C11—C12—C13 | −1.3 (4) |
C8—N1—C4—O2 | −2.8 (4) | C11—C12—C13—C8 | 0.8 (4) |
C1—N1—C4—C3 | 0.8 (2) | C9—C8—C13—C12 | 0.6 (4) |
C8—N1—C4—C3 | 179.62 (19) | N1—C8—C13—C12 | −177.8 (2) |
Cg1 is the centroid of the C8–C13 benzene ring. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
C6—H6A···O2i | 0.96 | 2.54 | 3.397 (3) | 149 |
C12—H12···O1ii | 0.93 | 2.54 | 3.384 (3) | 151 |
C5—H5B···Cg1iii | 0.96 | 2.94 | 3.848 (3) | 158 |
C6—H6B···Cg1iv | 0.96 | 3.00 | 3.781 (3) | 140 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, y−1/2, −z+3/2; (ii) −x+2, y+1/2, −z+3/2; (iii) x, −y−1/2, z−1/2; (iv) x, −y+1/2, z−1/2. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C14H13N3O3 |
Mr | 271.27 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/c |
Temperature (K) | 295 |
a, b, c (Å) | 12.7408 (14), 7.8520 (9), 14.4194 (18) |
β (°) | 115.163 (14) |
V (Å3) | 1305.6 (3) |
Z | 4 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.10 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.40 × 0.20 × 0.10 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Agilent SuperNova Dual diffractometer with an Atlas detector |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2011) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.869, 1.000 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 8113, 3020, 1772 |
Rint | 0.040 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.651 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.054, 0.153, 1.04 |
No. of reflections | 3020 |
No. of parameters | 184 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.20, −0.17 |
Computer programs: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2011), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 2012) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 2006), publCIF (Westrip, 2010).
Cg1 is the centroid of the C8–C13 benzene ring. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
C6—H6A···O2i | 0.96 | 2.54 | 3.397 (3) | 149 |
C12—H12···O1ii | 0.93 | 2.54 | 3.384 (3) | 151 |
C5—H5B···Cg1iii | 0.96 | 2.94 | 3.848 (3) | 158 |
C6—H6B···Cg1iv | 0.96 | 3.00 | 3.781 (3) | 140 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, y−1/2, −z+3/2; (ii) −x+2, y+1/2, −z+3/2; (iii) x, −y−1/2, z−1/2; (iv) x, −y+1/2, z−1/2. |
Footnotes
‡Additional correspondence author, e-mail: bakrfatehy@yahoo.com.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Ministry of Higher Education (Malaysia) for funding structural studies through the High-Impact Research scheme (UM.C/HIR-MOHE/SC/12).
References
Agilent (2011). CrysAlis PRO. Agilent Technologies, Yarnton, England. Google Scholar
Amer, F. A.-K., Hammouda, M., El-Ahl, A.-A. S. & Abdel-Wahab, B. F. (2008). J. Heterocycl. Chem. 45, 1549–1569. CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Amer, F. A.-K., Hammouda, M., El-Ahl, A. A. S. & Abdel-Wahab, B. F. (2009). Synth. Commun. 39, 416–425. Web of Science CrossRef CAS Google Scholar
Brandenburg, K. (2006). DIAMOND. Crystal Impact GbR, Bonn, Germany. Google Scholar
Farrugia, L. J. (2012). J. Appl. Cryst. 45, 849–854. Web of Science CrossRef CAS IUCr Journals Google Scholar
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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are cited.
The title compound (I) was investigated owing to the biological activities exhibited pyrroles and pyranopyrrole analogues (Amer et al. 2009; Amer et al. 2008). Herein, its crystal structure determination is described.
Crystallography shows that fusion of 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxopyrrolidine-3-carbonitrile with excess 1,1-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine afforded 4-(dimethylamino)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,5-dioxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (I) not the expected 2-((dimethylamino)methylene)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxopyrrolidine-3-carbonitrile (II).
In (I), Fig. 1, the dihedral angle of 53.60 (12)° between the pyrrole (r.m.s. deviation = 0.005 Å) and benzene rings indicates a significant twist in the molecule. The methoxy substituent is twisted out of the plane of the ring to which it is attached as seen in the value of the C14—O3—C11—C10 torsion angle of -13.9 (4)°. The dimethylamino group is also slightly twisted out of the plane through the pyrrole ring to which it is attached; the C5—N2—C2—C1 torsion angle is 8.7 (3)°.
The three-dimensional architecture of (I) is consolidated by C—H···O interactions, involving both carbonyl-O atoms, as well as C—H···π interactions whereby the benzene ring serves as a bridge between molecules, Fig. 2 and Table 1.