organic compounds
4-(Naphthalen-1-yl)pyridine
aInstitut für Organische Chemie, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, D-09596 Freiberg/Sachsen, Germany
*Correspondence e-mail: Edwin.Weber@chemie.tu-freiberg.de
In the title compound, C15H11N, the mean planes of the aromatic moieties are inclined to one another by 72.9 (1)°. The crystal is stabilized by π–π stacking interactions between the pyridine rings of inversion-related molecules, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.772 (2) Å. In addition, C—H⋯π contacts involving an α-C—H group of the pyridine ring and the nonsubstituted ring of the naphthalene unit are observed, giving rise to a herringbone-type supramolecular architecture of the naphthalene moiety being contained in the molecule.
Related literature
For preparative methods and the characterization of the title compound, see: Miyaura et al. (1981); Broutin & Colobert (2005); Molander & Beaumard (2010). For π–π stacking interactions, see: James (2004). For C—H⋯π interactions, see: Nishio et al. (2009). For non-classic hydrogen bonds, see: Desiraju & Steiner (1999). For related structures, see: Boeyens et al. (1988); Fabbiani et al. (2006); Suthar et al. (2005). For aspects of organic crystal engineering, see: Tiekink et al. (2010).
Experimental
Crystal data
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Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 2007); cell SAINT-NT (Bruker, 2007); data reduction: SAINT-NT; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 2012); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).
Supporting information
https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536813014372/fj2629sup1.cif
contains datablocks I, global. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536813014372/fj2629Isup2.hkl
Supporting information file. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536813014372/fj2629Isup3.cml
Preparation of the title compound was achieved by a Suzuki cross coupling reaction (Miyaura et al., 1981) between 2-(1-naphthyl)-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (Broutin & Colobert, 2005) (4.94 g, 25 mmol) and 4-bromopyridinium hydrochloride (4.87 g, 25 mmol) in the presence of tetrakis(triphenylphosphane)palladium (0.52 g, 0.45 mmol) and potassium phosphate (7.24 g, 34 mmol) in 136 ml degassed N,N-dimethylformamide. The resulting mixture was heated to 100 °C and stirred at this temperature for 6 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was extracted with toluene. The extract was washed with saturated aqueous NaCl solution and dried (Na2SO4). Evaporation of the solvent and crystallization from ethanol yielded 1.10 g (24%) colourless crystals. M.p. (366–368 K). Spectroscopic data correspond to those reported for the compound obtained via a different synthetic route (Molander & Beaumard, 2010).
Aromatic H atoms were positioned geometrically and allowed to ride on their respective parent atoms, with C—H = 0.95 Å and Uiso(H) = 1.2 Ueq(C).
Molecules having a defined structure with rather predictable supramolecular interactions of their construction elements and functional groups such as π···π (James, 2004) or weak hydrogen bonding contacts (Desiraju & Steiner,1999) are helpful in gaining deeper insight into the principles of crystal engineering (Tiekink et al., 2010). This has stimulated to determine the of the title compound being composed of two π-systems of different electronic nature (naphthalene and pyridine units) and having potential capability of weak C—H···π (Nishio et al., 2009) or C—H···N bonding (Desiraju & Steiner, 1999). In the the bond distances both of the naphthalene (AB) and pyridine (C) parts agree well with those found for related compounds (Boeyens et al., (1988) Suthar et al., 2005). The naphthalene moiety shows a slight distortion from strict planarity with largest atomic distances from the best plane being 0.029 (1) Å for C7 and -0.030 (2) Å for C9. The mean planes of the naphthalene and pyridine moieties are inclined to one another by 72.9 (1) ° (Fig. 1). Contrary to expectations, the nitrogen of the heterocyclic ring is excluded from molecular association. Instead, the is stabilized by weaker C—H···π contacts with the non-substituted ring of the naphthalene unit (B) acting as an acceptor [C6—H6···centroid(B) 2.69 Å, 161 °, C14—H14···centroid(B) 2.84 Å, 146 °]. Moreover, the centre···centre distance of 3.772 (2) Å between the pyridine rings of inversion related molecules indicate the occurrence of π···π stacking interactions (Fig. 2). In a similar fashion as in the of naphthalene (Fabbiani et al., 2006), each molecule is surrounded by another six molecules so that their naphthalene elements form a herringbone motif.
For preparative methods and the characterization of the title compound, see: Miyaura et al. (1981); Broutin & Colobert (2005); Molander & Beaumard (2010). For π···π stacking interactions, see: James (2004). For C—H···π interactions, see: Nishio et al. (2009). For non-classic hydrogen bonds, see: Desiraju & Steiner (1999). For related structures, see: Boeyens et al. (1988); Fabbiani et al. (2006); Suthar et al. (2005). For aspects of organic crystal engineering, see: Tiekink et al. (2010).
Data collection: SMART (Bruker, 2007); cell
SAINT-NT (Bruker, 2007); data reduction: SAINT-NT (Bruker, 2007); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 (Farrugia, 2012); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).C15H11N | F(000) = 432 |
Mr = 205.25 | Dx = 1.225 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21/n | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: -P 2yn | Cell parameters from 7291 reflections |
a = 6.8487 (2) Å | θ = 2.9–32.2° |
b = 7.4436 (2) Å | µ = 0.07 mm−1 |
c = 21.8378 (5) Å | T = 193 K |
β = 91.833 (1)° | Irregular, colourless |
V = 1112.70 (5) Å3 | 0.53 × 0.43 × 0.43 mm |
Z = 4 |
Bruker X8 APEX CCD diffractometer | 2302 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | Rint = 0.019 |
Graphite monochromator | θmax = 28.6°, θmin = 1.9° |
φ and ω scans | h = −7→9 |
14800 measured reflections | k = −10→9 |
2831 independent reflections | l = −29→28 |
Refinement on F2 | Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods |
Least-squares matrix: full | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.047 | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
wR(F2) = 0.147 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.05 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0714P)2 + 0.2598P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
2831 reflections | (Δ/σ)max < 0.001 |
145 parameters | Δρmax = 0.25 e Å−3 |
0 restraints | Δρmin = −0.18 e Å−3 |
C15H11N | V = 1112.70 (5) Å3 |
Mr = 205.25 | Z = 4 |
Monoclinic, P21/n | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 6.8487 (2) Å | µ = 0.07 mm−1 |
b = 7.4436 (2) Å | T = 193 K |
c = 21.8378 (5) Å | 0.53 × 0.43 × 0.43 mm |
β = 91.833 (1)° |
Bruker X8 APEX CCD diffractometer | 2302 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
14800 measured reflections | Rint = 0.019 |
2831 independent reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.047 | 0 restraints |
wR(F2) = 0.147 | H-atom parameters constrained |
S = 1.05 | Δρmax = 0.25 e Å−3 |
2831 reflections | Δρmin = −0.18 e Å−3 |
145 parameters |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R-factors based on ALL data will be even larger. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
C1 | 0.12887 (17) | 0.13749 (16) | 0.10279 (5) | 0.0377 (3) | |
C2 | 0.2963 (2) | 0.1121 (2) | 0.07098 (6) | 0.0502 (3) | |
H2 | 0.3218 | 0.1859 | 0.0378 | 0.060* | |
C3 | 0.4299 (2) | −0.0245 (2) | 0.08800 (7) | 0.0568 (4) | |
H3 | 0.5416 | −0.0412 | 0.0656 | 0.068* | |
C4 | 0.3968 (2) | −0.13166 (19) | 0.13686 (7) | 0.0517 (3) | |
H4 | 0.4867 | −0.2206 | 0.1477 | 0.062* | |
C5 | 0.22727 (18) | −0.10975 (16) | 0.17143 (6) | 0.0405 (3) | |
C6 | 0.1913 (2) | −0.21677 (19) | 0.22348 (7) | 0.0521 (3) | |
H6 | 0.2814 | −0.3045 | 0.2354 | 0.063* | |
C7 | 0.0282 (2) | −0.1939 (2) | 0.25625 (7) | 0.0587 (4) | |
H7 | 0.0089 | −0.2637 | 0.2908 | 0.070* | |
C8 | −0.1115 (2) | −0.0647 (2) | 0.23796 (7) | 0.0552 (4) | |
H8 | −0.2247 | −0.0516 | 0.2600 | 0.066* | |
C9 | −0.08234 (18) | 0.04175 (17) | 0.18808 (6) | 0.0433 (3) | |
H9 | −0.1765 | 0.1262 | 0.1764 | 0.052* | |
C10 | 0.08913 (16) | 0.02542 (15) | 0.15386 (5) | 0.0356 (3) | |
C11 | −0.00895 (17) | 0.28518 (16) | 0.08512 (5) | 0.0383 (3) | |
C12 | −0.1289 (2) | 0.27550 (19) | 0.03312 (6) | 0.0519 (3) | |
H12 | −0.1247 | 0.1757 | 0.0076 | 0.062* | |
C13 | −0.2554 (2) | 0.4160 (2) | 0.01943 (7) | 0.0603 (4) | |
H13 | −0.3365 | 0.4058 | −0.0154 | 0.072* | |
C14 | −0.1506 (2) | 0.5733 (2) | 0.10206 (8) | 0.0595 (4) | |
H14 | −0.1552 | 0.6763 | 0.1261 | 0.071* | |
C15 | −0.0213 (2) | 0.43915 (19) | 0.11996 (7) | 0.0537 (4) | |
H15 | 0.0569 | 0.4526 | 0.1553 | 0.064* | |
N1 | −0.26865 (18) | 0.56431 (17) | 0.05271 (6) | 0.0572 (3) |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
C1 | 0.0399 (6) | 0.0367 (6) | 0.0362 (5) | 0.0064 (4) | −0.0017 (4) | −0.0047 (4) |
C2 | 0.0521 (8) | 0.0563 (8) | 0.0428 (6) | 0.0127 (6) | 0.0091 (6) | 0.0022 (6) |
C3 | 0.0486 (8) | 0.0686 (9) | 0.0540 (8) | 0.0212 (7) | 0.0123 (6) | −0.0027 (7) |
C4 | 0.0460 (7) | 0.0516 (8) | 0.0571 (8) | 0.0194 (6) | −0.0029 (6) | −0.0033 (6) |
C5 | 0.0402 (6) | 0.0373 (6) | 0.0435 (6) | 0.0048 (5) | −0.0073 (5) | −0.0031 (5) |
C6 | 0.0531 (8) | 0.0455 (7) | 0.0569 (8) | 0.0037 (6) | −0.0104 (6) | 0.0099 (6) |
C7 | 0.0618 (9) | 0.0573 (9) | 0.0568 (8) | −0.0067 (7) | −0.0005 (7) | 0.0170 (7) |
C8 | 0.0471 (8) | 0.0601 (8) | 0.0589 (8) | −0.0050 (6) | 0.0105 (6) | 0.0056 (7) |
C9 | 0.0369 (6) | 0.0428 (6) | 0.0504 (7) | 0.0027 (5) | 0.0015 (5) | −0.0007 (5) |
C10 | 0.0350 (6) | 0.0331 (5) | 0.0383 (6) | 0.0021 (4) | −0.0043 (4) | −0.0050 (4) |
C11 | 0.0381 (6) | 0.0386 (6) | 0.0383 (6) | 0.0045 (5) | 0.0027 (4) | 0.0011 (4) |
C12 | 0.0523 (8) | 0.0491 (7) | 0.0536 (7) | 0.0098 (6) | −0.0100 (6) | −0.0085 (6) |
C13 | 0.0536 (8) | 0.0660 (9) | 0.0603 (8) | 0.0133 (7) | −0.0156 (7) | 0.0007 (7) |
C14 | 0.0652 (9) | 0.0452 (7) | 0.0681 (9) | 0.0169 (7) | −0.0011 (7) | −0.0076 (7) |
C15 | 0.0608 (9) | 0.0479 (7) | 0.0516 (7) | 0.0134 (6) | −0.0114 (6) | −0.0087 (6) |
N1 | 0.0518 (7) | 0.0529 (7) | 0.0669 (8) | 0.0175 (5) | −0.0010 (6) | 0.0064 (6) |
C1—C2 | 1.3723 (17) | C8—C9 | 1.367 (2) |
C1—C10 | 1.4259 (17) | C8—H8 | 0.9300 |
C1—C11 | 1.4916 (16) | C9—C10 | 1.4172 (17) |
C2—C3 | 1.4098 (19) | C9—H9 | 0.9300 |
C2—H2 | 0.9300 | C11—C15 | 1.3797 (18) |
C3—C4 | 1.357 (2) | C11—C12 | 1.3823 (17) |
C3—H3 | 0.9300 | C12—C13 | 1.3849 (19) |
C4—C5 | 1.4144 (19) | C12—H12 | 0.9300 |
C4—H4 | 0.9300 | C13—N1 | 1.326 (2) |
C5—C6 | 1.4161 (19) | C13—H13 | 0.9300 |
C5—C10 | 1.4252 (16) | C14—N1 | 1.328 (2) |
C6—C7 | 1.356 (2) | C14—C15 | 1.3828 (19) |
C6—H6 | 0.9300 | C14—H14 | 0.9300 |
C7—C8 | 1.405 (2) | C15—H15 | 0.9300 |
C7—H7 | 0.9300 | ||
C2—C1—C10 | 119.92 (11) | C7—C8—H8 | 119.7 |
C2—C1—C11 | 120.16 (11) | C8—C9—C10 | 121.00 (12) |
C10—C1—C11 | 119.90 (10) | C8—C9—H9 | 119.5 |
C1—C2—C3 | 120.78 (13) | C10—C9—H9 | 119.5 |
C1—C2—H2 | 119.6 | C9—C10—C5 | 118.21 (11) |
C3—C2—H2 | 119.6 | C9—C10—C1 | 122.98 (10) |
C4—C3—C2 | 120.51 (13) | C5—C10—C1 | 118.81 (11) |
C4—C3—H3 | 119.7 | C15—C11—C12 | 116.81 (12) |
C2—C3—H3 | 119.7 | C15—C11—C1 | 121.27 (11) |
C3—C4—C5 | 120.82 (12) | C12—C11—C1 | 121.92 (11) |
C3—C4—H4 | 119.6 | C11—C12—C13 | 119.29 (13) |
C5—C4—H4 | 119.6 | C11—C12—H12 | 120.4 |
C4—C5—C6 | 122.03 (12) | C13—C12—H12 | 120.4 |
C4—C5—C10 | 119.14 (11) | N1—C13—C12 | 124.30 (14) |
C6—C5—C10 | 118.83 (12) | N1—C13—H13 | 117.8 |
C7—C6—C5 | 121.34 (13) | C12—C13—H13 | 117.8 |
C7—C6—H6 | 119.3 | N1—C14—C15 | 124.12 (14) |
C5—C6—H6 | 119.3 | N1—C14—H14 | 117.9 |
C6—C7—C8 | 120.05 (13) | C15—C14—H14 | 117.9 |
C6—C7—H7 | 120.0 | C11—C15—C14 | 119.60 (13) |
C8—C7—H7 | 120.0 | C11—C15—H15 | 120.2 |
C9—C8—C7 | 120.51 (13) | C14—C15—H15 | 120.2 |
C9—C8—H8 | 119.7 | C13—N1—C14 | 115.86 (12) |
C10—C1—C2—C3 | 0.3 (2) | C2—C1—C10—C9 | −178.79 (12) |
C11—C1—C2—C3 | 178.62 (13) | C11—C1—C10—C9 | 2.86 (17) |
C1—C2—C3—C4 | −1.1 (2) | C2—C1—C10—C5 | 1.02 (17) |
C2—C3—C4—C5 | 0.5 (2) | C11—C1—C10—C5 | −177.32 (10) |
C3—C4—C5—C6 | −178.45 (14) | C2—C1—C11—C15 | −105.67 (15) |
C3—C4—C5—C10 | 0.8 (2) | C10—C1—C11—C15 | 72.68 (16) |
C4—C5—C6—C7 | 179.85 (14) | C2—C1—C11—C12 | 73.83 (17) |
C10—C5—C6—C7 | 0.6 (2) | C10—C1—C11—C12 | −107.83 (14) |
C5—C6—C7—C8 | 1.5 (2) | C15—C11—C12—C13 | −1.2 (2) |
C6—C7—C8—C9 | −1.6 (2) | C1—C11—C12—C13 | 179.30 (13) |
C7—C8—C9—C10 | −0.3 (2) | C11—C12—C13—N1 | 1.1 (3) |
C8—C9—C10—C5 | 2.34 (18) | C12—C11—C15—C14 | 0.4 (2) |
C8—C9—C10—C1 | −177.84 (12) | C1—C11—C15—C14 | 179.90 (13) |
C4—C5—C10—C9 | 178.26 (11) | N1—C14—C15—C11 | 0.6 (3) |
C6—C5—C10—C9 | −2.44 (17) | C12—C13—N1—C14 | −0.1 (2) |
C4—C5—C10—C1 | −1.57 (17) | C15—C14—N1—C13 | −0.8 (2) |
C6—C5—C10—C1 | 177.74 (11) |
Cg1 is the centroid of the C5–C9 ring. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
C6—H6···Cg1i | 0.93 | 2.69 | 3.577 (2) | 161 |
C14—H14···Cg1ii | 0.93 | 2.84 | 3.648 (2) | 146 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1/2, y−1/2, −z+1/2; (ii) x, y+1, z. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C15H11N |
Mr | 205.25 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21/n |
Temperature (K) | 193 |
a, b, c (Å) | 6.8487 (2), 7.4436 (2), 21.8378 (5) |
β (°) | 91.833 (1) |
V (Å3) | 1112.70 (5) |
Z | 4 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.07 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.53 × 0.43 × 0.43 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker X8 APEX CCD |
Absorption correction | – |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 14800, 2831, 2302 |
Rint | 0.019 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.672 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.047, 0.147, 1.05 |
No. of reflections | 2831 |
No. of parameters | 145 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.25, −0.18 |
Computer programs: SMART (Bruker, 2007), SAINT-NT (Bruker, 2007), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008), SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008), ORTEP-3 (Farrugia, 2012), SHELXTL (Sheldrick, 2008).
Cg1 is the centroid of the C5–C9 ring. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
C6—H6···Cg1i | 0.93 | 2.69 | 3.577 (2) | 161 |
C14—H14···Cg1ii | 0.93 | 2.84 | 3.648 (2) | 146 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1/2, y−1/2, −z+1/2; (ii) x, y+1, z. |
References
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Molecules having a defined structure with rather predictable supramolecular interactions of their construction elements and functional groups such as π···π (James, 2004) or weak hydrogen bonding contacts (Desiraju & Steiner,1999) are helpful in gaining deeper insight into the principles of crystal engineering (Tiekink et al., 2010). This has stimulated to determine the crystal structure of the title compound being composed of two π-systems of different electronic nature (naphthalene and pyridine units) and having potential capability of weak C—H···π (Nishio et al., 2009) or C—H···N bonding (Desiraju & Steiner, 1999). In the crystal structure, the bond distances both of the naphthalene (AB) and pyridine (C) parts agree well with those found for related compounds (Boeyens et al., (1988) Suthar et al., 2005). The naphthalene moiety shows a slight distortion from strict planarity with largest atomic distances from the best plane being 0.029 (1) Å for C7 and -0.030 (2) Å for C9. The mean planes of the naphthalene and pyridine moieties are inclined to one another by 72.9 (1) ° (Fig. 1). Contrary to expectations, the nitrogen of the heterocyclic ring is excluded from molecular association. Instead, the crystal structure is stabilized by weaker C—H···π contacts with the non-substituted ring of the naphthalene unit (B) acting as an acceptor [C6—H6···centroid(B) 2.69 Å, 161 °, C14—H14···centroid(B) 2.84 Å, 146 °]. Moreover, the centre···centre distance of 3.772 (2) Å between the pyridine rings of inversion related molecules indicate the occurrence of π···π stacking interactions (Fig. 2). In a similar fashion as in the crystal structure of naphthalene (Fabbiani et al., 2006), each molecule is surrounded by another six molecules so that their naphthalene elements form a herringbone motif.