organic compounds\(\def\hfill{\hskip 5em}\def\hfil{\hskip 3em}\def\eqno#1{\hfil {#1}}\)

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ISSN: 2056-9890

tert-Butyl 2-{[5-(4-cyano­phen­yl)pyridin-3-yl]sulfon­yl}acetate

aDepartment of Physics, Yuvaraja's College (Constituent College), University of Mysore, Karnataka, India, and bDepartment of Studies and Research in Chemistry, Tumkur University, Tumkur, Karnataka 572 103, India
*Correspondence e-mail: palaksha.bspm@gmail.com

(Received 26 February 2014; accepted 6 March 2014; online 12 March 2014)

In the title compound, C18H18N2O4S, the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 33.71 (9)° and an intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond closes an S(6) ring. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds to generate a three-dimensional network. A very weak aromatic ππ stacking inter­ction is also observed [centroid–centroid separation = 3.9524 (10) Å].

Related literature

For the biological activity of nitro­gen-containing heterocylces, see: Demirbas et al. (2005[Demirbas, N., Demibras, A., Karaoglu, S. A. & Celik, E. (2005). Arkivoc, 1, 75.]); Manojkumar et al. (2013[Manojkumar, K. E., Sreenivasa, S., Mohan, N. R., Aruna Kumar, D. B., Thippeswamy, B. S., Nagarjun, S. & Raja Naika, H. (2013). Indo Am. J. Pharm. Res. 3, 8154-8164.]).

[Scheme 1]

Experimental

Crystal data
  • C18H18N2O4S

  • Mr = 358.40

  • Monoclinic, P 21 /c

  • a = 17.3871 (7) Å

  • b = 12.5318 (5) Å

  • c = 8.4297 (3) Å

  • β = 99.103 (2)°

  • V = 1813.63 (12) Å3

  • Z = 4

  • Mo Kα radiation

  • μ = 0.20 mm−1

  • T = 294 K

  • 0.36 × 0.28 × 0.22 mm

Data collection
  • Bruker APEXII CCD diffractometer

  • Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2009[Bruker (2009). APEX2, SADABS and SAINT-Plus. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.]) Tmin = 0.931, Tmax = 0.957

  • 13884 measured reflections

  • 3176 independent reflections

  • 2649 reflections with I > 2σ(I)

  • Rint = 0.029

Refinement
  • R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.038

  • wR(F2) = 0.113

  • S = 1.07

  • 3176 reflections

  • 229 parameters

  • H-atom parameters constrained

  • Δρmax = 0.23 e Å−3

  • Δρmin = −0.30 e Å−3

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

D—H⋯A D—H H⋯A DA D—H⋯A
C9—H9⋯O1i 0.93 2.50 3.210 (2) 134
C12—H12⋯N2ii 0.93 2.60 3.518 (2) 172
C13—H13A⋯O1iii 0.97 2.54 3.347 (2) 141
C16—H16A⋯O4 0.96 2.36 2.971 (4) 121
Symmetry codes: (i) [-x, y-{\script{1\over 2}}, -z+{\script{1\over 2}}]; (ii) [-x, y+{\script{1\over 2}}, -z+{\script{1\over 2}}]; (iii) [x, -y+{\script{3\over 2}}, z+{\script{1\over 2}}].

Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009[Bruker (2009). APEX2, SADABS and SAINT-Plus. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.]); cell refinement: SAINT-Plus (Bruker, 2009[Bruker (2009). APEX2, SADABS and SAINT-Plus. Bruker AXS Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.]); data reduction: SAINT-Plus; program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008[Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.]); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 2012[Farrugia, L. J. (2012). J. Appl. Cryst. 45, 849-854.]) and Mercury (Macrae et al., 2008[Macrae, C. F., Bruno, I. J., Chisholm, J. A., Edgington, P. R., McCabe, P., Pidcock, E., Rodriguez-Monge, L., Taylor, R., van de Streek, J. & Wood, P. A. (2008). J. Appl. Cryst. 41, 466-470.]); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97.

Supporting information


Comment top

Nitrogen containing heterocyclic molecules show properties like Antibacterial, Anthelmintic and Anti-Inflammatory Agents antifungal [Manojkumar et al., 2013; Demirbas et al., 2005] etc. In perticular, 4-pyridin-3-yl benzonitrile nucleus has been the focus of our recent research related to design liquid crystals (our unpublished results). Keeping this in mind the title compound was synthesized and its crystal structure determined.

In the title structure, C18H18N2O4S, the dihedral angle between benzene and pyridine ring is 33.71 (9)°. and an intramolecular C16—H16A···O4 hydrogen bond closes an S(6) ring. The crystal structure displays C9—H9···O1, C13—H13A···O1 and C12—H12···N2 hydrogen bonding forming C(7), C(4) and C(5) chains along [010], [001] and [010] respectively. A weak aromatic π-π stacking interaction is also observed [centroid-centroid separation = 3.9524 (10) Å].

Related literature top

For the biological activity of nitrogen-containing heterocylces, see: Mathew et al. (2007); Demirbas et al. (2005); Manojkumar et al. (2013).

Experimental top

5-(Methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-ylboronic acid (1 mol) was taken in 1,4-dioxane and water (60:40 ml). Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride (dikis) (0.03 mol) and K2CO3 (3 mol) were added to the above solution. The solvent was degassed with argon for one hour and 4-iodobenzonitrile (1 mol) was added. Heated the contents for 5 h. The reaction was monitored by TLC, filtered the reaction mixture by using celite and the solvent was removed by rota evaporator. The crude compound was purified by 60–120 silica gel column chromatography to yield pure yellow solid of 4-(5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile.

4-(5-(methylsulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile (1 mol) was taken in dry THF (25 ml) and to this Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) in THF (1.5 mol) and Boc anhydride were added. The. reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h and completion of the reaction was confirmed by TLC. The reaction mixture was quenched by ice cold water and later extracted with ethyl acetate. Solvent was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to give crude product. The crude Product obtained was purified by column chromatography to get pure tert-butyl 2-(5-(4-cyanophenyl)pyridin-3-ylsulfonyl)acetate, which was recrystallized by dichloromethane and methanol (9:1) system to yield colourless prisms.

Refinement top

The H atoms were positioned with idealized geometry using a riding model with C—H = 0.93–0.97 Å. All H atoms were refined with isotropic displacement parameters (set to 1.2–1.5 times of the U eq of the parent atom).

Computing details top

Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2009); cell refinement: SAINT-Plus (Bruker, 2009); data reduction: SAINT-Plus (Bruker,2009); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 2012) and Mercury (Macrae et al., 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL97 (Sheldrick, 2008).

Figures top
[Figure 1] Fig. 1. Molecular structure of the title compound, showing displacement ellipsoids drawn at the 50% probability level.
[Figure 2] Fig. 2. Packing of the molecule.
[Figure 3] Fig. 3. The molecule with π-π stacking.
tert-Butyl 2-{[5-(4-cyanophenyl)pyridin-3-yl]sulfonyl}acetate top
Crystal data top
C18H18N2O4SF(000) = 752
Mr = 358.40Prism
Monoclinic, P21/cDx = 1.313 Mg m3
Hall symbol: -P 2ybcMelting point: 423 K
a = 17.3871 (7) ÅMo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
b = 12.5318 (5) Åθ = 0–25°
c = 8.4297 (3) ŵ = 0.20 mm1
β = 99.103 (2)°T = 294 K
V = 1813.63 (12) Å3Prism, colourless
Z = 40.36 × 0.28 × 0.22 mm
Data collection top
Bruker APEXII CCD
diffractometer
3176 independent reflections
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube2649 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Graphite monochromatorRint = 0.029
Detector resolution: 1.6 pixels mm-1θmax = 25.0°, θmin = 1.2°
ω scansh = 2020
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Bruker, 2009)
k = 1414
Tmin = 0.931, Tmax = 0.957l = 109
13884 measured reflections
Refinement top
Refinement on F2Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods
Least-squares matrix: fullSecondary atom site location: difference Fourier map
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.038Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
wR(F2) = 0.113H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.07 w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0589P)2 + 0.3788P]
where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3
3176 reflections(Δ/σ)max < 0.001
229 parametersΔρmax = 0.23 e Å3
0 restraintsΔρmin = 0.30 e Å3
0 constraints
Crystal data top
C18H18N2O4SV = 1813.63 (12) Å3
Mr = 358.40Z = 4
Monoclinic, P21/cMo Kα radiation
a = 17.3871 (7) ŵ = 0.20 mm1
b = 12.5318 (5) ÅT = 294 K
c = 8.4297 (3) Å0.36 × 0.28 × 0.22 mm
β = 99.103 (2)°
Data collection top
Bruker APEXII CCD
diffractometer
3176 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan
(SADABS; Bruker, 2009)
2649 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Tmin = 0.931, Tmax = 0.957Rint = 0.029
13884 measured reflections
Refinement top
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.0380 restraints
wR(F2) = 0.113H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.07Δρmax = 0.23 e Å3
3176 reflectionsΔρmin = 0.30 e Å3
229 parameters
Special details top

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Refinement. Refinement of F2 against ALL reflections. The weighted R-factor wR and goodness of fit S are based on F2, conventional R-factors R are based on F, with F set to zero for negative F2. The threshold expression of F2 > σ(F2) is used only for calculating R-factors(gt) etc. and is not relevant to the choice of reflections for refinement. R-factors based on F2 are statistically about twice as large as those based on F, and R- factors based on ALL data will be even larger.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å2) top
xyzUiso*/Ueq
C70.33192 (14)0.7433 (2)0.5018 (3)0.0863 (7)
C160.44601 (18)0.7075 (4)0.2350 (6)0.170 (2)
H16A0.41710.76770.18700.254*
H16B0.49420.70200.19360.254*
H16C0.45670.71680.34940.254*
C180.4351 (2)0.5073 (5)0.2805 (5)0.183 (2)
H18A0.44490.51970.39430.274*
H18B0.48330.49160.24350.274*
H18C0.40010.44810.25750.274*
C130.19857 (10)0.66538 (18)0.2825 (2)0.0598 (5)
H13A0.18050.72820.33300.072*
H13B0.20730.60870.36170.072*
N10.38426 (14)0.7818 (2)0.5450 (4)0.1214 (9)
C10.13164 (10)0.70509 (14)0.4150 (2)0.0508 (4)
H10.08520.74310.42490.061*
C20.19560 (11)0.75155 (16)0.4633 (2)0.0587 (5)
H20.19250.82050.50480.070*
C30.26510 (11)0.69460 (18)0.4497 (3)0.0650 (5)
C40.26913 (12)0.5924 (2)0.3865 (3)0.0738 (6)
H40.31550.55430.37730.089*
C50.20474 (11)0.54709 (16)0.3371 (3)0.0618 (5)
H50.20810.47870.29370.074*
C60.13473 (10)0.60278 (14)0.3517 (2)0.0465 (4)
C80.06428 (10)0.55338 (13)0.3044 (2)0.0448 (4)
C90.05133 (11)0.44394 (14)0.3242 (2)0.0540 (5)
H90.08910.40410.36440.065*
C100.06362 (11)0.45021 (15)0.2309 (2)0.0573 (5)
H100.10780.41600.20650.069*
C110.05613 (10)0.55892 (13)0.2040 (2)0.0465 (4)
C120.00844 (9)0.61241 (13)0.24214 (19)0.0438 (4)
H120.01410.68560.22640.053*
C140.27308 (11)0.6900 (2)0.2182 (3)0.0650 (5)
C150.39872 (15)0.6065 (3)0.1954 (3)0.1037 (10)
C170.37939 (19)0.5867 (3)0.0188 (4)0.1206 (12)
H17A0.34630.52520.00020.181*
H17B0.42650.57430.02440.181*
H17C0.35300.64770.03260.181*
N20.01068 (10)0.39231 (12)0.2900 (2)0.0609 (4)
O40.27975 (10)0.76620 (15)0.1362 (2)0.0938 (5)
O30.32424 (8)0.61363 (14)0.26226 (18)0.0771 (5)
O10.09398 (8)0.71741 (11)0.03461 (16)0.0627 (4)
O20.16443 (8)0.54780 (12)0.02716 (17)0.0701 (4)
S10.12816 (2)0.62493 (4)0.11611 (5)0.04867 (17)
Atomic displacement parameters (Å2) top
U11U22U33U12U13U23
C70.0629 (14)0.1074 (19)0.0937 (18)0.0008 (13)0.0278 (13)0.0104 (15)
C160.0595 (17)0.286 (6)0.172 (4)0.048 (3)0.044 (2)0.076 (4)
C180.125 (3)0.295 (6)0.133 (3)0.124 (4)0.034 (2)0.053 (4)
C130.0522 (10)0.0798 (13)0.0471 (10)0.0020 (10)0.0066 (8)0.0097 (10)
N10.0791 (15)0.152 (2)0.143 (2)0.0081 (15)0.0480 (16)0.0270 (19)
C10.0500 (10)0.0471 (9)0.0554 (11)0.0024 (8)0.0084 (8)0.0019 (8)
C20.0620 (12)0.0573 (11)0.0580 (11)0.0028 (9)0.0136 (9)0.0043 (9)
C30.0557 (11)0.0787 (14)0.0633 (12)0.0010 (10)0.0175 (9)0.0019 (11)
C40.0544 (12)0.0871 (15)0.0825 (15)0.0177 (11)0.0185 (11)0.0093 (13)
C50.0583 (11)0.0599 (11)0.0679 (13)0.0118 (9)0.0123 (10)0.0093 (10)
C60.0498 (10)0.0466 (9)0.0422 (9)0.0035 (7)0.0048 (7)0.0039 (7)
C80.0494 (9)0.0417 (9)0.0404 (9)0.0025 (7)0.0022 (7)0.0024 (7)
C90.0607 (11)0.0433 (9)0.0548 (11)0.0050 (8)0.0009 (9)0.0002 (8)
C100.0588 (11)0.0461 (10)0.0645 (12)0.0088 (8)0.0021 (9)0.0083 (9)
C110.0489 (9)0.0438 (9)0.0450 (9)0.0031 (7)0.0016 (7)0.0060 (7)
C120.0504 (9)0.0367 (8)0.0428 (9)0.0014 (7)0.0030 (7)0.0020 (7)
C140.0531 (11)0.0853 (15)0.0557 (12)0.0063 (11)0.0060 (9)0.0034 (11)
C150.0592 (14)0.178 (3)0.0767 (17)0.0234 (17)0.0182 (13)0.0039 (18)
C170.111 (2)0.173 (3)0.085 (2)0.028 (2)0.0357 (18)0.008 (2)
N20.0655 (10)0.0415 (8)0.0720 (11)0.0035 (7)0.0003 (9)0.0032 (7)
O40.0804 (11)0.0995 (13)0.1034 (14)0.0137 (9)0.0205 (10)0.0215 (11)
O30.0532 (8)0.1156 (13)0.0628 (9)0.0117 (8)0.0100 (7)0.0074 (8)
O10.0598 (8)0.0680 (8)0.0619 (8)0.0062 (6)0.0144 (6)0.0128 (7)
O20.0682 (9)0.0816 (10)0.0631 (8)0.0095 (7)0.0183 (7)0.0248 (7)
S10.0487 (3)0.0559 (3)0.0418 (3)0.00573 (19)0.00817 (18)0.00699 (19)
Geometric parameters (Å, º) top
C7—N11.139 (3)C5—H50.9300
C7—C31.441 (3)C6—C81.482 (2)
C16—C151.518 (5)C8—C121.388 (2)
C16—H16A0.9600C8—C91.396 (2)
C16—H16B0.9600C9—N21.327 (2)
C16—H16C0.9600C9—H90.9300
C18—C151.521 (5)C10—N21.329 (2)
C18—H18A0.9600C10—C111.384 (3)
C18—H18B0.9600C10—H100.9300
C18—H18C0.9600C11—C121.388 (2)
C13—C141.513 (3)C11—S11.7595 (18)
C13—S11.7830 (18)C12—H120.9300
C13—H13A0.9700C14—O41.195 (3)
C13—H13B0.9700C14—O41.195 (3)
C1—C21.373 (3)C14—O41.195 (3)
C1—C61.386 (2)C14—O31.320 (3)
C1—H10.9300C15—O31.494 (3)
C2—C31.392 (3)C15—C171.495 (4)
C2—H20.9300C17—H17A0.9600
C3—C41.385 (3)C17—H17B0.9600
C4—C51.377 (3)C17—H17C0.9600
C4—H40.9300O1—S11.4280 (14)
C5—C61.392 (2)O2—S11.4297 (13)
N1—C7—C3179.1 (3)N2—C9—C8125.05 (18)
C15—C16—H16A109.5N2—C9—H9117.5
C15—C16—H16B109.5C8—C9—H9117.5
H16A—C16—H16B109.5N2—C10—C11123.10 (17)
C15—C16—H16C109.5N2—C10—H10118.5
H16A—C16—H16C109.5C11—C10—H10118.5
H16B—C16—H16C109.5C10—C11—C12119.73 (17)
C15—C18—H18A109.5C10—C11—S1118.50 (14)
C15—C18—H18B109.5C12—C11—S1121.74 (13)
H18A—C18—H18B109.5C8—C12—C11118.02 (15)
C15—C18—H18C109.5C8—C12—H12121.0
H18A—C18—H18C109.5C11—C12—H12121.0
H18B—C18—H18C109.5O4—C14—O3128.3 (2)
C14—C13—S1107.26 (13)O4—C14—O3128.3 (2)
C14—C13—H13A110.3O4—C14—O3128.3 (2)
S1—C13—H13A110.3O4—C14—C13122.5 (2)
C14—C13—H13B110.3O4—C14—C13122.5 (2)
S1—C13—H13B110.3O4—C14—C13122.5 (2)
H13A—C13—H13B108.5O3—C14—C13109.17 (19)
C2—C1—C6121.49 (17)O3—C15—C17108.3 (2)
C2—C1—H1119.3O3—C15—C16109.8 (2)
C6—C1—H1119.3C17—C15—C16112.7 (3)
C1—C2—C3119.43 (19)O3—C15—C18101.1 (3)
C1—C2—H2120.3C17—C15—C18110.2 (3)
C3—C2—H2120.3C16—C15—C18114.0 (3)
C4—C3—C2119.74 (19)C15—C17—H17A109.5
C4—C3—C7121.0 (2)C15—C17—H17B109.5
C2—C3—C7119.3 (2)H17A—C17—H17B109.5
C5—C4—C3120.25 (19)C15—C17—H17C109.5
C5—C4—H4119.9H17A—C17—H17C109.5
C3—C4—H4119.9H17B—C17—H17C109.5
C4—C5—C6120.53 (19)C9—N2—C10116.72 (16)
C4—C5—H5119.7C14—O3—C15121.6 (2)
C6—C5—H5119.7O1—S1—O2118.74 (9)
C1—C6—C5118.55 (17)O1—S1—C11108.33 (8)
C1—C6—C8120.42 (15)O2—S1—C11107.78 (9)
C5—C6—C8121.01 (16)O1—S1—C13109.23 (10)
C12—C8—C9117.37 (16)O2—S1—C13107.45 (9)
C12—C8—C6122.44 (15)C11—S1—C13104.38 (9)
C9—C8—C6120.19 (16)
C6—C1—C2—C30.4 (3)S1—C13—C14—O3107.14 (17)
C1—C2—C3—C40.6 (3)C8—C9—N2—C100.7 (3)
C1—C2—C3—C7179.5 (2)C11—C10—N2—C90.4 (3)
C2—C3—C4—C50.0 (3)O4—C14—O4—O40.0 (4)
C7—C3—C4—C5179.9 (2)O3—C14—O4—O40.0 (4)
C3—C4—C5—C60.7 (3)C13—C14—O4—O40.0 (3)
C2—C1—C6—C50.2 (3)O4—C14—O4—O40.0 (4)
C2—C1—C6—C8178.38 (17)O3—C14—O4—O40.0 (4)
C4—C5—C6—C10.8 (3)C13—C14—O4—O40.0 (3)
C4—C5—C6—C8177.81 (19)O4—C14—O3—C157.3 (4)
C1—C6—C8—C1233.7 (2)O4—C14—O3—C157.3 (4)
C5—C6—C8—C12147.77 (18)O4—C14—O3—C157.3 (4)
C1—C6—C8—C9145.27 (18)C13—C14—O3—C15170.12 (19)
C5—C6—C8—C933.3 (2)C17—C15—O3—C1463.6 (4)
C12—C8—C9—N20.9 (3)C16—C15—O3—C1459.8 (3)
C6—C8—C9—N2178.05 (16)C18—C15—O3—C14179.4 (3)
N2—C10—C11—C121.2 (3)C10—C11—S1—O1153.88 (15)
N2—C10—C11—S1176.94 (15)C12—C11—S1—O124.24 (16)
C9—C8—C12—C110.0 (2)C10—C11—S1—O224.22 (17)
C6—C8—C12—C11178.94 (15)C12—C11—S1—O2153.90 (14)
C10—C11—C12—C81.0 (2)C10—C11—S1—C1389.82 (16)
S1—C11—C12—C8177.12 (12)C12—C11—S1—C1392.06 (15)
S1—C13—C14—O470.4 (3)C14—C13—S1—O182.29 (16)
S1—C13—C14—O470.4 (3)C14—C13—S1—O247.76 (18)
S1—C13—C14—O470.4 (3)C14—C13—S1—C11162.04 (15)
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C9—H9···O1i0.932.503.210 (2)134
C12—H12···N2ii0.932.603.518 (2)172
C13—H13A···O1iii0.972.543.347 (2)141
C16—H16A···O40.962.362.971 (4)121
Symmetry codes: (i) x, y1/2, z+1/2; (ii) x, y+1/2, z+1/2; (iii) x, y+3/2, z+1/2.
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top
D—H···AD—HH···AD···AD—H···A
C9—H9···O1i0.932.503.210 (2)134
C12—H12···N2ii0.932.603.518 (2)172
C13—H13A···O1iii0.972.543.347 (2)141
C16—H16A···O40.962.362.971 (4)121
Symmetry codes: (i) x, y1/2, z+1/2; (ii) x, y+1/2, z+1/2; (iii) x, y+3/2, z+1/2.
 

Acknowledgements

The authors thank H. T. Srinivasa, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India, and Dr P. A. Suchethan, University College of Science, Tumkur, India, for useful discussions.

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