Crystal structures of five 1-alkyl-4-aryl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium halide salts

Guino-o, M.A.; Talbot, M.O.; Slitts, M.M.; Pham, T.N.; Audi, M.C.; Janzen, D.E.

doi:10.1107/S2056989015009019

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ISSN: 2056-9890

Volume 71| Part 6| June 2015| Pages 628-635

doi:10.1107/S2056989015009019

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Crystal structures of five 1-alkyl-4-aryl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium halide salts

Marites A. Guino-o,^a ^* Meghan O. Talbot,^a Michael M. Slitts,^a Theresa N. Pham,^a Maya C. Audi ^a and Daron E. Janzen ^b

^aChemistry Department, University of St Thomas, Mail OSS 402, Summit Avenue, St Paul, MN 55105-1079, USA, and ^bDept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Catherine University, 2004 Randolph Avenue, St Paul, MN 55105, USA
^*Correspondence e-mail: maguinoo@stthomas.edu

Edited by M. Zeller, Youngstown State University, USA (Received 7 May 2015; accepted 10 May 2015; online 16 May 2015)

The asymmetric units for the salts 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-isopropyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide, C₁₁H₁₃FN₃⁺·I⁻, (1), 1-isopropyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide, C₁₂H₁₆N₃⁺·I⁻, (2), 1-isopropyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide, C₁₁H₁₄N₃⁺·I⁻, (3), and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide, C₉H₁₀N₃⁺·I⁻, (4), contain one cation and one iodide ion, whereas in 1-benzyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium bromide monohydrate, C₁₅H₁₄N₃⁺·Br⁻·H₂O, (5), there is an additional single water molecule. There is a predominant C—H⋯X(halide) interaction for all salts, resulting in a two-dimensional extended sheet network between the triazolium cation and the halide ions. For salts with para-substitution on the aryl ring, there is an additional π–anion interaction between a triazolium carbon and iodide displayed by the layers. For salts without the para-substitution on the aryl ring, the π–π interactions are between the triazolium and aryl rings. The melting points of these salts agree with the predicted substituent inductive effects.

Keywords: crystal structure; 1,2,4-triazolium salts; C-H⋯halide interactions.

CCDC references: 1400159; 1400158; 1400157; 1400156; 1400155

1. Chemical context

Literature syntheses of asymmetric 1,2,4-triazolium cations have increased in recent years due to their utility as cations in ionic liquids (ILs) and as precursors to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) (Dwivedi et al., 2014 ; Meyer & Strassner, 2011 ; Mochida et al., 2011 ; Nelson, 2015 ; Porcar et al., 2013 ; Strassner et al., 2013 ). Most structural analyses of these cations have been performed to understand how the intermolecular features of ILs affect their physical properties. (Porcar et al., 2013).

Most recently, Strassner has introduced a new group of ionic liquids called `TAAILs' (tunable aryl–alkyl ionic liquids) (Ahrens et al., 2009 ). The idea is to tune the properties of the ionic liquids through modification of the aryl and alkyl substituents of an imidazole cation (Scheme 1). The new cations can still be combined with the previously used anions in ILs. These workers have demonstrated that electron-donating para-substituents on the aryl group lower the melting point, while electron-withdrawing para-substituents raise the melting point. Thus one can tune the IL properties through the introduction of an electronic variation through para-substitution on the aryl rings. This group has also extended the concept to the 1,2,4-triazolium cation core (Meyer & Strassner, 2011).

Our group became interested in learning how the aryl/alkyl substituents on the triazole ring affect the solid-state structures of the salts because strategic choice of substituents should allow tailorable π–π interactions as predicted by Strassner's group (Meyer & Strassner, 2011). Herein, the preparation and crystal structure analyses of salts (1)–(5) are discussed (Scheme 2). Cations (1)–(3) compare the inductive effects of the electronic para-substituents in the aryl group, while cations (3)–(5) contrast the steric bulk of the alkyl substituents. None of the compounds presented here are ILs because we used iodide or bromide counter-anions to facilitate crystal formation. Understanding interactions in the solid state may help better design systems where the triazolium cations are needed.

2. Structural commentary

Salts (1) and (2) crystallized in the orthorhombic space group Pccn, salt (3) in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n, and salt (5) in the monoclinic space group C2/c. Salt (4) crystallized in the non-centrosymmetric space group Cc with a Flack parameter of −0.01 (2) indicating the absolute structure is well determined.

The asymmetric unit for all salts contains one cation and one iodide or bromide ion, except for salt (5), where there is an additional single water molecule. The bond lengths in the triazolium rings for all salts indicate aromaticity with C—N and N—N bond distances in the narrow range of 1.292 (6)–1.365 (5) Å for (1), 1.304 (5)–1.365 (4) Å for (2), 1.301 (3)–1.374 (3) Å for (3), 1.297 (6)–1.370 (5) Å for (4), and 1.299 (4)–1.375 (4) Å for (5); with N—C—N bond angles of 107.7 (4)° for (1), 107.5 (3)° for (2), 107.3 (2)° for (3), 107.5 (3)° for (4), and 107.2 (2)° for (5). These values are very similar to those reported for 4-phenyl-1-ethyl-4H-1,2,4-triazolium bromide, in which the C—N and N—N bond distances range is 1.301 (3)–1.469 (4) Å and the N—C—N bond angle is 107.8 (2)° (Meyer & Strassner, 2011). The phenyl ring for these salts lies in almost the same plane as the triazole ring with torsion angles of 6.5 (7)° for (1), 24.1 (5)° for (2), 12.9 (4)° for (4), and 3.1 (4)° for (5); except for salt (3) where the phenyl ring is almost perpendicular to the triazole ring with a torsion angle of 65.1 (3)°. The torsion angle between the phenyl and triazole rings for the reported triazolium bromide is 5.8 (4)° (Meyer & Strassner, 2011). There are no significant intramolecular interactions found in any of the salts.

3. Supramolecular features

For all five salts, there is a predominant C—H⋯halide intermolecular interaction between the hydrogen atoms in the triazolium ring and the counter ions, forming an extended network (Figs. 1–5 and Tables 1–5 ). For the asymmetric unit in salt (1), there are a total of four C—H⋯I⁻ intermolecular interactions with two neighboring molecules (Fig. 1, Table 1). Each iodide ion interacts with two C—H moieties from the triazolium ring and two from the ortho C—H moieties of the aryl group. There is an additional C—H⋯N interaction between the meta C—H of the aryl ring and the triazolium nitrogen atom. The fluorine substituent in the para- position of the aryl ring is not an acceptor in any of the C—H interactions in salt (1). The asymmetric unit of salt (2) shows a total of three C—H⋯I⁻ intermolecular interactions with two neighboring molecules (Fig. 2, Table 2). Two C—H moieties from the triazolium ring and one ortho C—H of the aryl ring interact with one iodide ion. In the asymmetric unit of salt (3) (Fig. 3, Table 3), there are a total of three C—H⋯I⁻ intermolecular interactions, two from the triazolium C—H moieties, and one methine hydrogen atom from the isopropyl group because the aryl ring does not lie on the plane of the triazolium ring. For salts (4) and (5) (Figs. 4 and 5, Tables 4 and 5), there are only a total of two C—H⋯I/Br⁻ intermolecular interactions, both from the triazole ring's C—H groups. However, in salt (5), a water molecule is in the asymmetric unit along the plane of the triazole and phenyl rings and is also interacting with the Br⁻ ion and the ortho C—H of the phenyl ring. A square-shaped hydrogen-bonding network is formed between two bromide ions and water molecules (Fig. 6 and Table 5). Thus, each bromide ion has two acceptor interactions with water hydrogen atoms and one acceptor interaction with the C—H of the triazolium ring, and each water molecule has two donor interactions with the bromide ions and one acceptor interaction with the ortho C—H of the aryl ring (Figs. 5 and 6, Table 5).

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) for salt (1)

D—H⋯A	D—H	H⋯A	D⋯A	D—H⋯A
C1—H1⋯I1ⁱ	0.95	2.97	3.912 (4)	170
C2—H2⋯I1ⁱⁱ	0.95	2.83	3.774 (5)	173
C7—H7⋯I1ⁱ	0.95	2.86	3.801 (4)	170
C8—H8⋯N3ⁱⁱⁱ	0.95	2.60	3.548 (6)	174
C11—H11⋯I1ⁱⁱ	0.95	3.13	4.083 (5)	177
Symmetry codes: (i) $[-x+{\script{1\over 2}}, y, z+{\script{1\over 2}}]$ ; (ii) -x, -y, -z+1; (iii) $[x+{\script{1\over 2}}, -y, -z+{\script{3\over 2}}]$ .

Table 2
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) for salt (2)

D—H⋯A	D—H	H⋯A	D⋯A	D—H⋯A
C1—H1⋯I1ⁱ	0.95	3.06	3.901 (3)	149
C2—H2⋯I1ⁱⁱ	0.95	2.84	3.771 (4)	168
C3—H3⋯I1ⁱⁱⁱ	1.00	3.00	3.870 (4)	146
C11—H11⋯I1ⁱ	0.95	2.98	3.930 (3)	174
Symmetry codes: (i) $[-x+{\script{1\over 2}}, y, z+{\script{1\over 2}}]$ ; (ii) -x+1, -y, -z+1; (iii) x, y, z+1.

Table 3
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) for salt (3)

D—H⋯A	D—H	H⋯A	D⋯A	D—H⋯A
C1—H1⋯I1ⁱ	0.95	2.87	3.744 (2)	153
C2—H2⋯I1ⁱⁱ	0.95	2.94	3.800 (2)	151
C3—H3⋯I1ⁱ	1.00	3.18	4.033 (2)	145
Symmetry codes: (i) x+1, y, z; (ii) $[x-{\script{1\over 2}}, -y+{\script{1\over 2}}, z-{\script{1\over 2}}]$ .

Table 4
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) for salt (4)

D—H⋯A	D—H	H⋯A	D⋯A	D—H⋯A
C1—H1⋯I1ⁱ	0.95	2.85	3.707 (4)	150
C2—H2⋯I1ⁱⁱ	0.95	2.94	3.811 (4)	153
C3—H3B⋯I1ⁱⁱⁱ	0.98	3.10	4.079 (6)	176
Symmetry codes: (i) $[x-{\script{1\over 2}}, -y+{\script{1\over 2}}, z-{\script{1\over 2}}]$ ; (ii) $[x, -y, z-{\script{1\over 2}}]$ ; (iii) x, y, z-1.

Table 5
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °) for salt (5)

D—H⋯A	D—H	H⋯A	D⋯A	D—H⋯A
C1—H1⋯Br1	0.95	2.59	3.455 (3)	151
C2—H2⋯Br1ⁱ	0.95	2.75	3.644 (3)	156
C11—H11⋯O1ⁱⁱ	0.95	2.55	3.247 (4)	130
O1—H1A⋯Br1ⁱⁱ	0.95 (6)	2.42 (6)	3.365 (3)	172 (4)
O1—H1B⋯Br1	0.92 (7)	2.43 (7)	3.341 (3)	170 (5)
Symmetry codes: (i) x, y-1, z; (ii) $[-x+2, y, -z+{\script{1\over 2}}]$ .

Figure 1
Extended sheet network viewed along the c axis of salt (1). H atoms not participating in the extended sheet network are not shown. For symmetry codes, see Table 1

Figure 2
Extended sheet network viewed along the c axis of salt (2). H atoms not participating in the extended sheet network are not shown. For symmetry codes, see Table 2

Figure 3
Extended sheet network viewed along the c axis of salt (3). H atoms not participating in the extended sheet network are not shown. For symmetry codes, see Table 3

Figure 4
Extended sheet network viewed along the a axis of salt (4). H atoms not participating in the extended sheet network are not shown. For symmetry codes, see Table 4

Figure 5
Extended sheet network of salt (5). H atoms not participating in the extended sheet network are not shown. For symmetry codes, see Table 5

Figure 6
Donor–acceptor interactions of bromide ions and water molecules with each other, with the triazolium C—H, and the ortho C—H of the aryl ring found in salt (5). H atoms not participating in the interactions are not shown. For symmetry codes, see Table 5

Salts (1), (2), and (4) pack as layered sheets as shown in Fig. 7. In salt (1), there is an additional intermolecular interaction between the triazolium carbon and the iodide ion (C1⋯I1) with a distance of 3.546 (4) Å between layers along the unit cell c axis (Fig. 8). While an anion–π interaction is not common, similar interactions have been reported in the literature, especially in supramolecular systems (Chifotides & Dunbar, 2013 ). Each cation in the sheet is further stabilized by an F⋯F interaction with a distance of 2.889 (5) Å between neighboring cations (Fig. 8). C—F⋯F—C contacts are reported in the literature to be weak but still relevant for crystal packing (Chopra, 2012 ). In salt (2), the iodide ion between layers is interacting with both the triazolium carbon [C1⋯I1 distance of 3.532 (4) Å, Fig. 9] and the methine hydrogen atom of the isopropyl group (C3—H3⋯I1, Fig. 9, Table 2), in addition to the three hydrogen-bonding interactions with the ortho hydrogen atom and triazolium hydrogen atom of a cation within the sheet (Figs. 2 and 9, Table 2). Salt (4) also demonstrates iodide ion interaction with both the triazolium carbon [C1⋯I1 distance of 3.503 (3) Å, Fig. 10] and the methyl hydrogen atom (C3—H3⋯I1; Fig. 10, Table 4) in alternating layers, in addition to the hydrogen bonding with the neighboring cation's triazolium hydrogen atoms (Fig. 3, Table 4). The structure is stabilized further by π–π interactions between aryl carbon atoms in alternating layers [C6⋯C9 with a distance of 3.384 (5) Å] and an aryl carbon atom with a triazolium carbon atom [C1⋯C8 with a distance of 3.282 (4) Å], also in alternating layers (Fig. 10). In salt (5) there are π-interactions [C11⋯C11 with a distance of 3.220 (5) Å and C1⋯C12 with a distance of 3.335 (4) Å] between triazolium and aryl rings in alternating layers which are closely associated with the donor–acceptor interactions of the bromide ions and water molecules (Figs. 6 and 11). Extending the layers further reveals another π–π interaction [C1⋯C13 with a distance of 3.370 (4) Å] between the triazolium cation and aryl rings (Fig. 12), and a π–π interaction [C2⋯O1, 3.143 (5) Å] between the carbon atom of the triazole ring and the oxygen atom of the water molecule (Fig. 12a). This triazole–phenyl π stacking is parallel with the c axis (Fig. 12b). The extended sheet network in salt (3) passes diagonally through the cell, but there are no significant intermolecular interactions between cations, as shown in Fig. 13.

Figure 7
Layered structure observed in the packing of nearly flat cations with iodides. (a) Salt (1) viewed along the a axis; (b) salt (2) viewed along the a axis; and (c) salt (4) viewed along the b axis.

Figure 8
Salt (1) showing intermolecular interactions between layers and neighboring cations. H atoms not participating in intermolecular interactions are not shown. [Symmetry codes: (iv) −x, −y, −z + 1; (v) x − $[{1\over 2}]$ , −y − $[{1\over 2}]$ , z.]

Figure 9
Salt (2) showing intermolecular interactions between layers and neighboring cations. H atoms not participating in intermolecular interactions are not shown. [Symmetry codes: (iv) −x + $[{1\over 2}]$ , y, z + $[{1\over 2}]$ ; (v) −x + $[{1\over 2}]$ , y, z − $[{1\over 2}]$ .]

Figure 10
Salt (4) showing intermolecular interactions between layers and neighboring cations as viewed along the a axis. H atoms not participating in intermolecular interactions are not shown. [Symmetry codes: (iv) x, −y, z − $[{1\over 2}]$ ; (v) x, −y, z + $[{1\over 2}]$ .]

Figure 11
π–π interactions between the triazolium and phenyl rings in salt (5). H atoms not participating in the interactions are omitted. [Symmetry codes: (ii) −x + 2, y, −z + $[{1\over 2}]$ ; (iii) −x + 2, −y, −z; (iv) x, −y, z − $[{1\over 2}]$ .]

Figure 12
(a) Extended π–π interactions between triazolium and phenyl rings in salt (5). (b) Layered structure observed in the packing of nearly flat triazole and phenyl rings with a twisted benzyl ring of the cation in salt (5). H atoms not participating in the interactions are omitted. [Symmetry codes: (ii) −x + 2, y, −z + $[{1\over 2}]$ ; (iii) −x + 2, −y, −z; (iv) x, −y, z − $[{1\over 2}]$ .]

Figure 13
Extended sheet network in salt (3).

Interestingly, when there is para-substitution on the aryl ring [salts (1) and (2)], there are no observed π–π interactions between the phenylene and triazole rings. The observed interactions are predominantly from the triazolium carbon atom with the iodide ion. The absence of the para-substituents allows π–π interactions between the phenyl and triazole rings as demonstrated in salts (4) and (5). However, to facilitate π–π interaction, the aryl ring needs to be co-planar with the triazolium ring; thus there are no π–π interactions in salt (3). Salt (5) exhibited the lowest melting-point temperature, possibly due to the presence of water in the crystal lattice, and thus will not be included in the discussion here. The higher melting points of salts (1), (2) and (4) compared to salt (3) may reflect the layering of the triazolium-aryl cation core sheets and the resulting inter-layer interactions. As predicted by Strassner, the electron-withdrawing substituent in the aryl ring found in salt (1) increased the melting point when compared to salt (2), which contains an electron-donating substituent on the aryl ring (Meyer & Strassner, 2011). The π–π interactions between the phenyl and triazole rings in salt (4) likely facilitate the increase in melting-point temperature.

In summary, for 1-alkyl-4-aryl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium halide salts, the predominant intermolecular interaction is the C—H⋯halide hydrogen bond between the hydrogen atoms in the triazolium cation and the halide ions forming extended sheets. For salts with para-substitution on the aryl ring, π–π interactions between the triazolium carbon and the halide are present. The melting points of these salts agree with substituent inductive effects predictions. For salts without the para-substitution on the aryl ring, π–π interactions displayed by the layers are between the triazolium and aryl rings.

4. Database survey

Salt (3) is one of the azolium salts that was utilized by Abdellah in the direct electrochemical reduction of the salt to form the N-heterocyclic carbene (Abdellah et al., 2011 ). Salt (4) is a carbene-precursor to phosphorescent platinum(II)–NHC complexes; the crystal structure as a carbene ligand is also reported (Tenne et al., 2013 ). Triazolium cation (5) was used in the investigation of kinetics and mechanism of azocoupling (Becker et al., 1991 ).

5. Synthesis and crystallization

General Methods. All salts were synthesized in two steps. The first step is an intramolecular transamination pathway similar to literature methods (Meyer & Strassner, 2011; Naik et al., 2008 ; Holm et al., 2010 ). The products of this transamination step are 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazole as the salt (1) precursor, 4-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole as the salt (2) precursor, and 4-(phenyl)-1,2,4-triazole as salts (3), (4) and (5) precursor. In our attempts, we utilized a microwave reactor to shorten the reaction time from 24 hrs to roughly 15–30 mins with 20–70% yields (Meyer & Strassner, 2011; Naik et al., 2008; Holm et al., 2010). The second step is a nucleophilic substitution between the first-step products, 4-aryl-1,2,4-triazoles, and an alkyl halide (2-iodopropane, iodomethane, and benzyl bromide). This synthetic approach was used in the literature (Meyer & Strassner, 2011; Holm et al., 2010), but in our attempts we again used the microwave reactor to shorten the reaction time from 48 hrs to 10-30 mins with 10-70% yields (Meyer & Strassner, 2011; Holm et al., 2010).

N,N-dimethylformamide azine dihydrochloride (DMFA·2HCl) was synthesized following literature methods (Naik et al., 2008; Holm et al., 2010). All other reagents and solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and isopropanol were dried with molecular sieves (4Å). A Biotage microwave reactor was used for all synthetic preparations. All NMR spectra were recorded on a JEOL 400 MHz spectrometer. ¹H and ¹³C NMR chemical shifts were determined by reference to residual ¹H and ¹³C solvent peaks. All thermal analysis experiments were performed on a TA model TGA Q500 thermal gravimetric analyzer and TA model DSC Q100 differential scanning calorimeter. For TGA experiments, crystal samples with masses between 0.4 to 1.4 mg were loaded onto platinum pans. Dry grade nitrogen gas was used for all samples with a balance purge rate of 40.00 mL/min and a sample purge rate of 60.00 mL/min. The temperature was ramped at 20.00 K per minute until a final temperature of 673.00 or 773.00 K was reached. For DSC experiments, crystal samples with masses between 3 and 9 mg were loaded onto platinum pans. Dry grade nitrogen gas was used for all samples with a sample purge range of 50.00 mL/min. The samples were subjected to a heat/cool/heat cycle with a temperature ramp rate of 10.00 K per minute until a final temperature of 473–523 K was reached for the heating cycle, and a temperature ramp rate of 5.00 K per minute until a final temperature of 273 or 248 K was reached for the cooling cycle.

Step 1: synthesis of 4-aryl-1,2,4-triazoles. A 20 mL microwave reaction vessel with a stir bar was charged with 1:1 molar equivalents of N,N-dimethylformamide azine dihydrochloride (DMFA·2HCl), and a para-substituted aryl amine (4-fluoroaniline or p-toluidine), or aniline. The microwave was set to 443 or 453 K at normal absorbance, and run for 10–30 mins. Once completed, the mixture was washed with THF, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the remaining solid was washed with diethyl ether. Salt (1) precursor: 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazole. Brown oil (1.09 g, 72% yield).¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.44 (s, 2H, CH), 7.40–7.38 (m, 2H, Ar), 7.27–7.23 (m, 3H, Ar). Salt (2) precursor: 4-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole. Brown solid (0.26 g, 27% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.45 (s, 2H, CH), 7.35–7.32 (d, 2H, Ar), 7.28–7.2 (d, 2H, Ar), 2.43 (s, 3H, Me). The proton spectrum values are the same as the literature values (Holm et al., 2010). Salts (3), (4) and (5) precursor: 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole. Brown solid (0.303 g, 22% yield). ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.46 (s, 2H, CH), 7.54–7.49 (m, 2H, Ar) 7.47–7.42 (m, 1H, Ar), 7.39–7.36 (m, 2H, Ar). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 141.5, 133.9, 130.4, 129.1, 122.2. The proton and carbon spectra are the same as the literature values (Meyer & Strassner, 2011; Holm, et al., 2010).

Step 2: synthesis of 1-alkyl-4-aryl-1,2,4-triazole halides. A 20 mL microwave reaction vessel with a stir bar was charged with 1:2 molar equivalents of 4-aryl-1,2,4-triazole, a halide-substituted alkyl group (2-iodopropane, iodomethane, and benzyl bromide), and THF (5 mL). The microwave was set to 393–433 K at high absorbance for 10–30 mins. The resulting mixture was vacuum filtered, and washed with diethyl ether (3 × 10 mL). The solid product was recrystallized from hot isopropanol and placed in the refrigerator for several days. Salt (1): 1-isopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide. Needle-like colorless crystals (0.070 g, 11% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.70 (s, 1H, CH), 9.73 (s, 1H, CH), 7.94–7.90 (dd, 2H, Ar), 7.63–7.60 (dd, 2H, Ar), 4.84–4.82 (sept, 1H, iPr), 1.61–1.59 (d, 6H, iPr).¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 164.0, 161.5, 143.1, 140.8, 128.8, 125.5, 117.3, 117.1, 55.8, 21.3. Decomposition temp: 516.4 K. Salt (2): 1-isopropyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide. Colorless prismatic crystals (0.22 g, 54% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.68 (s, 1H, CH), 9.73 (s, 1H,) , 7.75–7.72 (dd, 2H, Ar), 7.71–7.50 (d, 2H, Ar), 4.88-4.78 (sept, 1H, iPr), 2.41 (s, 3H, Me), 1.60–1.58 (d, 6H, iPr).¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 142.7, 140.3, 140.2, 130.4, 129.8, 122.3, 55.6, 21.1, 20.7. Decomposition temp: 500.4 K. Salt (3): 1-isopropyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide. Colorless prismatic crystals (0.107 g, 24% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.73 (s, 1H, CH), 9.77 (s, 1H, CH), 7.86–7.85 (d, 2H, Ar), 7.73–7.69 (t, 2H, Ar), 7.66–7.62 (t, 1H, Ar), 4.88–4.81 (sept, 1H, iPr), 1.60–1.58 (d, 6H, Me). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 142.8, 140.4, 132.2, 130.5, 130.2, 122.6, 55.7, 21.2. Decomposition temp: 500.9 K. Salt (4): 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide. Colorless prism crystals (0.144 g, 70% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.77 (s, 1H, CH), 9.76 (s, 1H, CH), 7.84–7.81 (dt, 2H, Ar), 7.73–7.66 (tt, 2H, Ar), 7.65–7.62 (tt, 1H, Ar), 4.15 (s, 3H, Me). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 142.7, 142.0, 132.1, 130.6, 130.3, 122.5, 39.0. Decomposition temp: 506.2 K.The proton and carbon spectroscopic values are the same as the literature values (Tenne et al., 2013). Salt (5): 1-benzyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium bromide. Colorless prismatic crystals (0.065 g, 10% yield).¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.05 (s, 1H, CH), 9.81 (s, 1H, CH), 7.87–7.84 (dt, 1H, Ar), 7.85–7.84 (dd, 1H, Ar), 7.72–7.68 (tt, 2H, Ar), 7.66–7.62 (tt, 1H, Ar), 7.56 (m, 2H, Bn), 7.47–7.41 (m, 3H, Bn), 5.71 (s, 2H, CH₂). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 143.4, 141.9, 133.0, 132.2, 130.5, 130.2, 129.1, 129.0, 128.9, 122.6, 55.2. Decomposition temp: 431.8 K.

Melting points: salt (1), m.p.: 512.8 K; salt (2), m.p.: 489.4 K; salt (3), m.p.: 455.3 K; salt (4), m.p.: 505.7 K; salt (5), m.p.: 389.2 K.

6. Refinement

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 6. H atoms for salts (1)–(4) were placed in calculated positions and allowed to ride on their parent atoms at C—H distances of 0.95 Å for the triazolium and aryl rings, 0.98 Å for the methyl groups, and 1.00 Å for the methine group. H atoms for salt (5) were treated with a mixture of independent and constrained refinement. The C—H distances are 0.95 Å for the triazolium and aryl rings, 0.99 Å for the methylene group, and 0.95 (6) Å and 0.92 (7) Å for water. Salt (4) crystallized in the non-centrosymmetric space group Cc with a Flack parameter of −0.01 (2) indicating the absolute structure is well determined.

Table 6
Experimental details

	Salt (1)	Salt (2)	Salt (3)
Crystal data
Chemical formula	C₁₁H₁₃FN₃⁺·I⁻	C₁₂H₁₆N₃⁺·I⁻	C₁₁H₁₄N₃⁺·I⁻
M_r	333.14	329.18	315.15
Crystal system, space group	Orthorhombic, Pccn	Orthorhombic, Pccn	Monoclinic, P2₁/n
Temperature (K)	173	173	173
a, b, c (Å)	16.396 (3), 21.732 (4), 7.2412 (12)	15.843 (3), 21.933 (4), 7.8250 (14)	5.9326 (11), 17.826 (3), 12.129 (2)
α, β, γ (°)	90, 90, 90	90, 90, 90	90, 102.897 (7), 90
V (Å³)	2580.1 (7)	2719.0 (8)	1250.3 (4)
Z	8	8	4
Radiation type	Mo Kα	Mo Kα	Mo Kα
μ (mm⁻¹)	2.47	2.34	2.54
Crystal size (mm)	0.71 × 0.05 × 0.02	0.52 × 0.12 × 0.04	0.80 × 0.40 × 0.10

Data collection
Diffractometer	Rigaku XtaLAB mini	Rigaku XtaLAB mini	Rigaku XtaLAB mini
Absorption correction	Multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998 )	Multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)	Multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)
T_min, T_max	0.671, 0.952	0.564, 0.911	0.356, 0.776
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections	17829, 2632, 1872	16099, 2767, 2150	12823, 2858, 2582
R_int	0.073	0.051	0.044
(sin θ/λ)_max (Å⁻¹)	0.625	0.625	0.649

Refinement
R[F² > 2σ(F²)], wR(F²), S	0.035, 0.077, 1.03	0.031, 0.065, 1.04	0.023, 0.055, 1.09
No. of reflections	2632	2767	2858
No. of parameters	147	148	138
No. of restraints	0	0	0
H-atom treatment	H-atom parameters constrained	H-atom parameters constrained	H-atom parameters constrained
Δρ_max, Δρ_min (e Å⁻³)	0.60, −0.58	0.43, −0.36	0.40, −0.69

	Salt (4)	Salt (5)
Crystal data
Chemical formula	C₉H₁₀N₃⁺·I⁻	C₁₅H₁₄N₃⁺·Br⁻·H₂O
M_r	287.10	334.22
Crystal system, space group	Monoclinic, Cc	Monoclinic, C2/c
Temperature (K)	173	173
a, b, c (Å)	7.660 (2), 16.912 (5), 8.412 (3)	24.783 (6), 8.996 (2), 13.089 (3)
α, β, γ (°)	90, 101.137 (7), 90	90, 100.068 (7), 90
V (Å³)	1069.2 (6)	2873.3 (13)
Z	4	8
Radiation type	Mo Kα	Mo Kα
μ (mm⁻¹)	2.96	2.86
Crystal size (mm)	0.31 × 0.23 × 0.13	0.60 × 0.37 × 0.17

Data collection
Diffractometer	Rigaku XtaLAB mini	Rigaku XtaLAB mini
Absorption correction	Multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)	Multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)
T_min, T_max	0.439, 0.681	0.321, 0.614
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections	5472, 2420, 2359	6672, 3259, 2630
R_int	0.020	0.031
(sin θ/λ)_max (Å⁻¹)	0.649	0.650

Refinement
R[F² > 2σ(F²)], wR(F²), S	0.018, 0.037, 1.05	0.043, 0.098, 1.08
No. of reflections	2420	3259
No. of parameters	119	189
No. of restraints	2	0
H-atom treatment	H-atom parameters constrained	H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
Δρ_max, Δρ_min (e Å⁻³)	0.18, −0.36	0.75, −0.63
Absolute structure	Flack x determined using 1112 quotients [(I⁺)−(I⁻)]/[(I⁺)+(I⁻)] (Parsons et al., 2013 )	–
Absolute structure parameter	−0.012 (18)	–
Computer programs: CrystalClearSM Expert (Rigaku, 2011 ), SIR97 (Altomare et al., 1999 ), SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015 ), CrystalStructure (Rigaku, 2010 ) and Mercury (Macrae et al., 2006 ).

Supporting information

CCDC references: 1400159; 1400158; 1400157; 1400156; 1400155

Crystal structure: contains datablocks salt1, salt2, salt3, salt4, salt5. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015009019/zl2623sup1.cif

Structure factors: contains datablock salt1. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015009019/zl2623salt1sup2.hkl

Structure factors: contains datablock salt2. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015009019/zl2623salt2sup3.hkl

Structure factors: contains datablock salt3. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015009019/zl2623salt3sup4.hkl

Structure factors: contains datablock salt4. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015009019/zl2623salt4sup5.hkl

Structure factors: contains datablock salt5. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015009019/zl2623salt5sup6.hkl

Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015009019/zl2623salt1sup7.cml

Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015009019/zl2623salt2sup8.cml

Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015009019/zl2623salt3sup9.cml

Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015009019/zl2623salt4sup10.cml

Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015009019/zl2623salt5sup11.cml

checkCIF report

Chemical context top

Literature syntheses of asymmetric 1,2,4-triazolium cations have increased in recent years due to their utility as cations in ionic liquids (ILs) and as precursors to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) (Dwivedi et al., 2014; Meyer & Strassner, 2011; Mochida et al., 2011; Nelson, 2015; Porcar et al., 2013; Strassner et al., 2013). Most structural analyses of these cations have been performed to understand how the intermolecular features of ILs affect their physical properties. (Porcar et al., 2013).

Most recently, Strassner has introduced a new group of ionic liquids called `TAAILs' (tunable aryl–alkyl ionic liquids) (Ahrens et al., 2009). The idea is to tune the properties of the ionic liquids through modification of the aryl and alkyl substituents of an imidazole cation (Scheme 1). The new cations can still be combined with the previously used anions in ILs. These workers have demonstrated that electron-donating para- substituents on the aryl group lower the melting point, while electron-withdrawing para- substituents raise the melting point. Thus one can tune the IL properties through the introduction of an electronic variation through para- substitution on the aryl rings. This group has also extended the concept to the 1,2,4-triazolium cation core (Meyer & Strassner, 2011).

Structural commentary top

Salts (1) and (2) crystallized in the orthorhombic space group Pccn, salt (3) in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n, and salt (5) in the monoclinic space group C2/c. Salt (4) crystallized in the non-centrosymmetric space group Cc with a Flack parameter of -0.01 (2) indicating the absolute structure is well determined.

Supramolecular features top

For all five salts, there is a predominant C—H···halide intermolecular interaction between the hydrogen atoms in the triazolium ring and the counter ions, forming an extended network (Fig.s 1–5, Tables 1–5). For the asymmetric unit in salt (1), there are a total of four C—H···I^- intermolecular interactions with two neighboring molecules (Fig. 1, Table 1). Each iodide ion interacts with two C—H moieties from the triazolium ring and two from the ortho C—H moieties of the aryl group. There is an additional C—H···N interaction between the meta C—H of the aryl ring and the triazolium nitrogen. The fluorine substituent in the para- position of the aryl ring is not an acceptor in any of the C—H interactions in salt (1). The asymmetric unit of salt (2) shows a total of three C—H···I^- intermolecular interactions with two neighboring molecules (Fig. 2, Table 2). Two C—H moieties from the triazolium ring and one ortho C—H of the aryl ring interact with one iodide ion. In the asymmetric unit of salt (3) (Fig. 3, Table 3), there are a total of three C—H···I^- intermolecular interactions, two from the triazolium C—H moieties, and one methine hydrogen from the isopropyl group because the aryl ring does not lie on the plane of the triazolium ring. For salts (4) and (5) (Figs. 4 and 5, Tables 4 and 5), there are only a total of two C—H···I/Br^- intermolecular interactions, both from the triazole ring's C—H groups. However, in salt (5), a water molecule is in the asymmetric unit along the plane of the triazole and phenyl rings and is also interacting with the Br^- ion and the ortho C—H of the phenyl ring. A square-shaped hydrogen-bonding network is formed between two bromide ions and water molecules (Fig. 6 and Table 5). Thus, each bromide ion has two acceptor interactions with water hydrogen atoms and one acceptor interaction with the C—H of the triazolium ring, and each water molecule has two donor interactions with the bromide ions and one acceptor interaction with the ortho C—H of the aryl ring (Figs. 5 and 6, Table 5).

Salts (1), (2), and (4) pack as layered sheets as shown in Fig. 7. In salt (1), there is an additional intermolecular interaction between the triazolium carbon and the iodide ion (C1···I1) with a distance of 3.546 (4) Å between layers along the unit cell c-axis (Fig. 8). While an anion–π interaction is not common, similar interactions have been reported in the literature, especially in supramolecular systems (Chifotides & Dunbar, 2013). Each cation in the sheet is further stabilized by an F···F interaction with a distance of 2.889 (5) Å between neighboring cations (Fig. 8). C—F···F—C contacts are reported in the literature to be weak but still relevant for crystal packing (Chopra, 2012). In salt (2), the iodide ion between layers is interacting with both the triazolium carbon (C1···I1 distance of 3.532 (4) Å, Fig. 9) and the methine hydrogen atom of the isopropyl group (C3—H3···I1, Fig. 9, Table 2), in addition to the three hydrogen-bonding interactions with the ortho hydrogen atom and triazolium hydrogen atom of a cation within the sheet (Figs. 2 and 9, Table 2). Salt (4) also demonstrates iodide ion interaction with both the triazolium carbon [C1···I1 distance of 3.503 (3) Å, Fig. 10] and the methyl hydrogen atom (C3—H3···I1; Fig. 10, Table 4) in alternating layers, in addition to the hydrogen bonding with the neighboring cation's triazolium hydrogen atoms (Fig. 3, Table 4). The structure is stabilized further by π–π interactions between aryl carbons in alternating layers [C6···C9 with a distance of 3.384 (5) Å] and an aryl carbon with a triazolium carbon [C1···C8 with a distance of 3.282 (4) Å], also in alternating layers (Fig. 10). In salt (5) there are π-interactions [C11···C11 with a distance of 3.220 (5) Å and C1···C12 with a distance of 3.335 (4) Å] between triazolium and aryl rings in alternating layers which are closely associated with the donor–acceptor interactions of the bromide ions and water molecules (Figs. 6 and 11). Extending the layers further reveals another π–π interaction [C1···C13 with a distance of 3.370 (4) Å] between the triazolium cation and aryl rings (Fig. 12), and a π–π interaction [C2···O1, 3.143 (5) Å] between the carbon atom of the triazole ring and the oxygen atom of the water molecule (Fig. 12a). This triazole–phenyl π stacking is parallel with the c axis (Fig. 12b). The extended sheet network in salt (3) passes diagonally through the cell, but there are no significant intermolecular interactions between cations, as shown in Fig. 13.

Interestingly, when there is para-substitution on the aryl ring [salts (1) and (2)], there are no observed π–π interactions between the phenylene and triazole rings. The observed interactions are predominantly from the triazolium carbon atom with the iodide ion. The absence of the para-substitutents allows π–π interactions between the phenyl and triazole rings as demonstrated in salts (4) and (5). However, to facilitate π–π interaction, the aryl ring needs to be co-planar with the triazolium ring; thus there are no π–π interactions in salt (3). Salt (5) exhibited the lowest melting-point temperature, possibly due to the presence of water in the crystal lattice, and thus will not be included in the discussion here. The higher melting points of salts (1), (2) and (4) compared to salt (3) may reflect the layering of the triazolium-aryl cation core sheets and the resulting inter-layer interactions. As predicted by Strassner, the electron-withdrawing substituent in the aryl ring found in salt (1) increased the melting point when compared to salt (2), which contains an electron-donating substituent on the aryl ring (Meyer & Strassner, 2011). The π–π interactions between the phenyl and triazole rings in salt (4) likely facilitate the increase in melting-point temperature.

In summary, for 1-alkyl-4-aryl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium halide salts, the predominant intermolecular interaction is the C—H···halide hydrogen bond between the hydrogen atoms in the triazolium cation and the halide ions forming extended sheets. For salts with para-substitution on the aryl ring, π–π interactions between the triazolium carbon and the halide are present. The melting points of these salts agree with substituent inductive effects predictions. For salts without the para-substitution on the aryl ring, π–π interactions displayed by the layers are between the triazolium and aryl rings.

Database survey top

Salt (3) is one of the azolium salts that was utilized by Abdellah in the direct electrochemical reduction of the salt to form the N-heterocyclic carbene (Abdellah et al., 2011). Salt (4) is a carbene-precursor to phosphorescent platinum(II)–NHC complexes; the crystal structure as a carbene ligand is also reported (Tenne et al., 2013). Triazolium cation (5) was used in the investigation of kinetics and mechanism of azocoupling (Becker et al., 1991).

Synthesis and crystallization top

General Methods. All salts were synthesized in two steps. The first step is an intramolecular transamination pathway similar to literature methods (Meyer & Strassner, 2011; Naik et al., 2008; Holm et al., 2010). The products of this transamination step are 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazole as the salt (1) precursor, 4-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazole as the salt (2) precursor, and 4-(phenyl)-1,2,4-triazole as salts (3), (4) and (5) precursor. In our attempts, we utilized a microwave reactor to shorten the reaction time from 24 hrs to roughly 15–30 mins with 20–70% yields (Meyer & Strassner, 2011; Naik et al., 2008; Holm et al., 2010). The second step is a nucleophilic substitution between the first-step products, 4-aryl-1,2,4-triazoles, and an alkyl halide (2-iodopropane, iodomethane, and benzyl bromide). This synthetic approach was used in the literature (Meyer & Strassner, 2011; Holm et al., 2010), but in our attempts we again used the microwave reactor to shorten the reaction time from 48 hrs to 10-30 mins with 10-70% yields (Meyer & Strassner, 2011; Holm et al., 2010).

Step 2: synthesis of 1-alkyl-4-aryl-1,2,4-triazole halides. A 20 mL microwave reaction vessel with a stir bar was charged with 1:2 molar equivalents of 4-aryl-1,2,4-triazole, a halide-substituted alkyl group (2-iodopropane, iodomethane, and benzyl bromide), and THF (5 mL). The microwave was set to 393–433 k at high absorbance for 10–30 mins. The resulting mixture was vacuum filtered, and washed with diethyl ether (3 × 10 mL). The solid product was recrystallized from hot isopropanol and placed in the refrigerator for several days. Salt (1): 1-isopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide. Needle-like colorless crystals (0.070 g, 11% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.70 (s, 1H, CH), 9.73 (s, 1H, CH), 7.94–7.90 (dd, 2H, Ar), 7.63–7.60 (dd, 2H, Ar), 4.84–4.82 (sept, 1H, iPr), 1.61–1.59 (d, 6H, iPr).¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 164.0, 161.5, 143.1, 140.8, 128.8, 125.5, 117.3, 117.1, 55.8, 21.3. Decomposition temp: 516.4 K. Salt (2): 1-isopropyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide. Colorless prismatic crystals (0.22 g, 54% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.68 (s, 1H, CH), 9.73 (s, 1H, ), 7.75–7.72 (dd, 2H, Ar), 7.71–7.50 (d, 2H, Ar), 4.88-4.78 (sept, 1H, iPr), 2.41 (s, 3H, Me), 1.60–1.58 (d, 6H, iPr).¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 142.7, 140.3, 140.2, 130.4, 129.8, 122.3, 55.6, 21.1, 20.7. Decomposition temp: 500.4 K. Salt (3): 1-isopropyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide. Colorless prismatic crystals (0.107 g, 24% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.73 (s, 1H, CH), 9.77 (s, 1H, CH), 7.86–7.85 (d, 2H, Ar), 7.73–7.69 (t, 2H, Ar), 7.66–7.62 (t, 1H, Ar), 4.88–4.81 (sept, 1H, iPr), 1.60–1.58 (d, 6H, Me). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 142.8, 140.4, 132.2, 130.5, 130.2, 122.6, 55.7, 21.2. Decomposition temp: 500.9 K. Salt (4): 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide. Colorless prism crystals (0.144 g, 70% yield). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 10.77 (s, 1H, CH), 9.76 (s, 1H, CH), 7.84–7.81 (dt, 2H, Ar), 7.73–7.66 (tt, 2H, Ar), 7.65–7.62 (tt, 1H, Ar), 4.15 (s, 3H, Me). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 142.7, 142.0, 132.1, 130.6, 130.3, 122.5, 39.0. Decomposition temp: 506.2 K.The proton and carbon spectroscopic values are the same as the literature values (Tenne et al., 2013). Salt (5): 1-benzyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium bromide. Colorless prismatic crystals (0.065 g, 10% yield).¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 11.05 (s, 1H, CH), 9.81 (s, 1H, CH), 7.87–7.84 (dt, 1H, Ar), 7.85–7.84 (dd, 1H, Ar), 7.72–7.68 (tt, 2H, Ar), 7.66–7.62 (tt, 1H, Ar), 7.56 (m, 2H, Bn), 7.47–7.41 (m, 3H, Bn), 5.71 (s, 2H, CH₂). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 143.4, 141.9, 133.0, 132.2, 130.5, 130.2, 129.1, 129.0, 128.9, 122.6, 55.2. Decomposition temp: 431.8 K.

Melting points: salt (1), m.p.: 512.8 K; salt (2), m.p.: 489.4 K; salt (3), m.p.: 455.3 K; salt (4), m.p.: 505.7 K; salt (5), m.p.: 389.2 K.

Refinement top

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 6. H atoms for salts (1)–(4) were placed in calculated positions and allowed to ride on their parent atoms at C—H distances of 0.95 Å for the triazolium and aryl rings, 0.98 Å for the methyl groups, and 1.00 Å for the methine group. H atoms for salt (5) were treated with a mixture of independent and constrained refinement. The C—H distances are 0.95 Å for the triazolium and aryl rings, 0.99 Å for the methylene group, and 0.95 (6) Å and 0.92 (7) Å for water. Salt (4) crystallized in the non-centrosymmetric space group Cc with a Flack parameter of -0.01 (2) indicating the absolute structure is well determined.

Related literature top

For related literature, see: Abdellah et al. (2011); Ahrens et al. (2009); Becker et al. (1991); Chifotides & Dunbar (2013); Chopra (2012); Dwivedi et al. (2014); Holm et al. (2010); Meyer & Strassner (2011); Mochida et al. (2011); Naik et al. (2008); Nelson (2015); Porcar et al. (2013); Strassner et al. (2013); Tenne et al. (2013).

Computing details top

For all compounds, data collection: CrystalClearSM Expert (Rigaku, 2011); cell refinement: CrystalClearSM Expert (Rigaku, 2011); data reduction: CrystalClearSM Expert (Rigaku, 2011); program(s) used to solve structure: SIR97 (Altomare et al., 1999); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015); molecular graphics: CrystalStructure (Rigaku, 2010); software used to prepare material for publication: Mercury (Macrae et al., 2006).

Figures top

	Fig. 1. Extended sheet network viewed along the c axis of salt (1). H atoms not participating in the extended sheet network are not shown. For symmetry codes, see Table 1.
	Fig. 2. Extended sheet network viewed along the c axis of salt (2). H atoms not participating in the extended sheet network are not shown. For symmetry codes, see Table 2.
	Fig. 3. Extended sheet network viewed along the c axis of salt (3). H atoms not participating in the extended sheet network are not shown. For symmetry codes, see Table 3.
	Fig. 4. Extended sheet network viewed along the a axis of salt (4). H atoms not participating in the extended sheet network are not shown. For symmetry codes, see Table 4.
	Fig. 5. Extended sheet network of salt (5). H atoms not participating in the extended sheet network are not shown. For symmetry codes, see Table 5.
	Fig. 6. Donor–acceptor interactions of bromide ions and water molecules with each other, with the triazolium C—H, and the ortho C—H of the aryl ring found in salt (5). H atoms not participating in the interactions are not shown. For symmetry codes, see Table 5.
	Fig. 7. Layered structure observed in the packing of nearly flat cations with iodides. (a) Salt (1) viewed along the a axis; (b) salt (2) viewed along the a axis; and (c) salt (4) viewed along the b axis.
	Fig. 8. Salt (1) showing intermolecular interactions between layers and neighboring cations. H atoms not participating in intermolecular interactions are not shown. [Symmetry codes: (iv) -x, -y, -z + 1; (v) x - 1/2, -y - 1/2, z.]
	Fig. 9. Salt (2) showing intermolecular interactions between layers and neighboring cations. H atoms not participating in intermolecular interactions are not shown. [Symmetry codes: (iv) -x + 1/2, y, z + 1/2; (v) -x + 1/2, y, z - 1/2.]
	Fig. 10. Salt (4) showing intermolecular interactions between layers and neighboring cations as viewed along the a axis. H atoms not participating in intermolecular interactions are not shown. [Symmetry codes: (iv) x, -y, z - 1/2; (v) x, -y, z + 1/2.]
	Fig. 11. π–π interactions between the triazolium and phenyl rings in salt (5). H atoms not participating in the interactions are omitted. [Symmetry codes: (ii) -x + 2, y, -z + 1/2; (iii) -x + 2, -y, -z; (iv) x, -y, z - 1/2.]
	Fig. 12. (a) Extended π–π interactions between triazolium and phenyl rings in salt (5). (b) Layered structure observed in the packing of nearly flat triazole and phenyl rings with a twisted benzyl ring of the cation in salt (5). H atoms not participating in the interactions are omitted. [Symmetry codes: (ii) -x + 2, y, -z + 1/2; (iii) -x + 2, -y, -z; (iv) x, -y, z - 1/2.]
	Fig. 13. Extended sheet network in salt (3).

(salt1) 4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1-isopropyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide top

Crystal data top

C₁₁H₁₃FN₃⁺·I⁻	D_x = 1.715 Mg m⁻³
M_r = 333.14	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71075 Å
Orthorhombic, Pccn	Cell parameters from 13432 reflections
a = 16.396 (3) Å	θ = 3.1–26.5°
b = 21.732 (4) Å	µ = 2.47 mm⁻¹
c = 7.2412 (12) Å	T = 173 K
V = 2580.1 (7) Å³	Needle, colorless
Z = 8	0.71 × 0.05 × 0.02 mm
F(000) = 1296

Data collection top

Rigaku XtaLAB mini diffractometer	1872 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Detector resolution: 6.849 pixels mm^-1	R_int = 0.073
ω scans	θ_max = 26.4°, θ_min = 3.1°
Absorption correction: multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)	h = −16→20
T_min = 0.671, T_max = 0.952	k = −27→27
17829 measured reflections	l = −9→9
2632 independent reflections

Refinement top

Refinement on F²	0 restraints
Least-squares matrix: full	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.035	H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F²) = 0.077	w = 1/[σ²(F_o²) + (0.0311P)² + 1.7321P] where P = (F_o² + 2F_c²)/3
S = 1.03	(Δ/σ)_max < 0.001
2632 reflections	Δρ_max = 0.60 e Å⁻³
147 parameters	Δρ_min = −0.58 e Å⁻³

Crystal data top

C₁₁H₁₃FN₃⁺·I⁻	V = 2580.1 (7) Å³
M_r = 333.14	Z = 8
Orthorhombic, Pccn	Mo Kα radiation
a = 16.396 (3) Å	µ = 2.47 mm⁻¹
b = 21.732 (4) Å	T = 173 K
c = 7.2412 (12) Å	0.71 × 0.05 × 0.02 mm

Data collection top

Rigaku XtaLAB mini diffractometer	2632 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)	1872 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
T_min = 0.671, T_max = 0.952	R_int = 0.073
17829 measured reflections

Refinement top

R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.035	0 restraints
wR(F²) = 0.077	H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.03	Δρ_max = 0.60 e Å⁻³
2632 reflections	Δρ_min = −0.58 e Å⁻³
147 parameters

Special details top

Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	x	y	z	U_iso*/U_eq
I1	0.12779 (2)	0.10735 (2)	0.28479 (4)	0.03130 (11)
F1	0.2967 (2)	−0.19361 (13)	0.6333 (6)	0.0857 (12)
N1	0.1110 (2)	0.01458 (15)	0.7471 (4)	0.0293 (8)
N2	0.0756 (2)	0.10799 (15)	0.7882 (5)	0.0304 (8)
N3	0.0050 (2)	0.07473 (17)	0.7909 (6)	0.0419 (10)
C1	0.1383 (3)	0.07255 (19)	0.7626 (5)	0.0287 (10)
H1	0.1936	0.0854	0.7559	0.034*
C2	0.0290 (3)	0.0188 (2)	0.7647 (7)	0.0427 (12)
H2	−0.0069	−0.0155	0.7584	0.051*
C3	0.0723 (3)	0.17592 (19)	0.8200 (6)	0.0313 (10)
H3	0.0550	0.1833	0.9506	0.038*
C4	0.0089 (3)	0.2039 (2)	0.6936 (7)	0.0426 (12)
H4A	−0.0445	0.1859	0.7206	0.051*
H4B	0.0235	0.1955	0.5649	0.051*
H4C	0.0068	0.2485	0.7136	0.051*
C5	0.1571 (3)	0.2027 (2)	0.7944 (7)	0.0398 (11)
H5A	0.1764	0.1937	0.6692	0.048*
H5B	0.1944	0.1843	0.8846	0.048*
H5C	0.1552	0.2473	0.8129	0.048*
C6	0.1595 (3)	−0.0401 (2)	0.7140 (6)	0.0338 (10)
C7	0.2430 (3)	−0.03589 (19)	0.7138 (7)	0.0405 (12)
H7	0.2687	0.0027	0.7333	0.049*
C8	0.2895 (3)	−0.0880 (2)	0.6851 (7)	0.0472 (13)
H8	0.3474	−0.0857	0.6827	0.057*
C9	0.2503 (3)	−0.1427 (2)	0.6601 (8)	0.0533 (14)
C10	0.1678 (3)	−0.1476 (2)	0.6597 (9)	0.0651 (17)
H10	0.1426	−0.1864	0.6401	0.078*
C11	0.1205 (3)	−0.0954 (2)	0.6883 (8)	0.0515 (14)
H11	0.0626	−0.0979	0.6899	0.062*

Atomic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	U¹¹	U²²	U³³	U¹²	U¹³	U²³
I1	0.03225 (18)	0.02454 (15)	0.03710 (17)	−0.00037 (12)	0.00019 (13)	−0.00025 (12)
F1	0.054 (2)	0.0306 (16)	0.173 (4)	0.0116 (15)	−0.011 (2)	−0.010 (2)
N1	0.031 (2)	0.0197 (16)	0.037 (2)	−0.0012 (15)	−0.0021 (15)	0.0028 (14)
N2	0.037 (2)	0.0243 (18)	0.0300 (18)	−0.0021 (16)	−0.0007 (16)	−0.0009 (17)
N3	0.027 (2)	0.030 (2)	0.069 (3)	−0.0055 (16)	0.0044 (19)	−0.007 (2)
C1	0.031 (3)	0.024 (2)	0.031 (2)	−0.0044 (18)	0.0006 (17)	−0.0012 (17)
C2	0.036 (3)	0.025 (2)	0.067 (4)	−0.006 (2)	0.000 (2)	−0.003 (2)
C3	0.039 (3)	0.023 (2)	0.032 (3)	0.0029 (19)	0.0006 (18)	−0.0027 (19)
C4	0.045 (3)	0.032 (2)	0.051 (3)	0.008 (2)	−0.001 (2)	0.001 (2)
C5	0.038 (3)	0.027 (2)	0.055 (3)	−0.0022 (19)	−0.003 (2)	−0.004 (2)
C6	0.031 (3)	0.027 (2)	0.043 (3)	0.0011 (19)	−0.003 (2)	0.000 (2)
C7	0.037 (3)	0.022 (2)	0.062 (3)	−0.005 (2)	0.000 (2)	−0.001 (2)
C8	0.033 (3)	0.035 (3)	0.073 (4)	−0.002 (2)	−0.001 (2)	−0.001 (2)
C9	0.044 (3)	0.028 (3)	0.089 (4)	0.004 (2)	−0.011 (3)	−0.004 (3)
C10	0.042 (4)	0.024 (3)	0.129 (5)	−0.004 (2)	−0.010 (3)	−0.003 (3)
C11	0.027 (3)	0.033 (3)	0.094 (4)	−0.004 (2)	−0.010 (3)	−0.001 (3)

Geometric parameters (Å, º) top

F1—C9	1.356 (6)	C4—H4C	0.9800
N1—C1	1.342 (5)	C5—H5A	0.9800
N1—C2	1.354 (6)	C5—H5B	0.9800
N1—C6	1.450 (6)	C5—H5C	0.9800
N2—C1	1.298 (5)	C6—C7	1.371 (6)
N2—N3	1.365 (5)	C6—C11	1.375 (6)
N2—C3	1.495 (5)	C7—C8	1.381 (6)
N3—C2	1.292 (6)	C7—H7	0.9500
C1—H1	0.9500	C8—C9	1.364 (7)
C2—H2	0.9500	C8—H8	0.9500
C3—C4	1.512 (6)	C9—C10	1.358 (7)
C3—C5	1.519 (6)	C10—C11	1.390 (7)
C3—H3	1.0000	C10—H10	0.9500
C4—H4A	0.9800	C11—H11	0.9500
C4—H4B	0.9800

C1—N1—C2	105.1 (4)	C3—C5—H5A	109.5
C1—N1—C6	126.9 (4)	C3—C5—H5B	109.5
C2—N1—C6	128.0 (4)	H5A—C5—H5B	109.5
C1—N2—N3	111.1 (3)	C3—C5—H5C	109.5
C1—N2—C3	129.5 (4)	H5A—C5—H5C	109.5
N3—N2—C3	119.3 (3)	H5B—C5—H5C	109.5
C2—N3—N2	103.8 (4)	C7—C6—C11	121.6 (4)
N2—C1—N1	107.7 (4)	C7—C6—N1	119.5 (4)
N2—C1—H1	126.1	C11—C6—N1	118.9 (4)
N1—C1—H1	126.1	C6—C7—C8	119.8 (4)
N3—C2—N1	112.3 (4)	C6—C7—H7	120.1
N3—C2—H2	123.9	C8—C7—H7	120.1
N1—C2—H2	123.9	C9—C8—C7	118.3 (5)
N2—C3—C4	109.2 (3)	C9—C8—H8	120.9
N2—C3—C5	109.0 (3)	C7—C8—H8	120.9
C4—C3—C5	113.6 (4)	F1—C9—C10	119.6 (5)
N2—C3—H3	108.3	F1—C9—C8	117.8 (5)
C4—C3—H3	108.3	C10—C9—C8	122.6 (5)
C5—C3—H3	108.3	C9—C10—C11	119.5 (5)
C3—C4—H4A	109.5	C9—C10—H10	120.3
C3—C4—H4B	109.5	C11—C10—H10	120.3
H4A—C4—H4B	109.5	C6—C11—C10	118.3 (5)
C3—C4—H4C	109.5	C6—C11—H11	120.9
H4A—C4—H4C	109.5	C10—C11—H11	120.9
H4B—C4—H4C	109.5

C1—N2—N3—C2	−0.4 (5)	C2—N1—C6—C7	−175.2 (5)
C3—N2—N3—C2	−178.2 (4)	C1—N1—C6—C11	−175.1 (4)
N3—N2—C1—N1	0.1 (5)	C2—N1—C6—C11	3.1 (7)
C3—N2—C1—N1	177.7 (4)	C11—C6—C7—C8	0.7 (8)
C2—N1—C1—N2	0.2 (4)	N1—C6—C7—C8	179.0 (4)
C6—N1—C1—N2	178.8 (4)	C6—C7—C8—C9	−0.9 (8)
N2—N3—C2—N1	0.6 (5)	C7—C8—C9—F1	−179.6 (5)
C1—N1—C2—N3	−0.5 (5)	C7—C8—C9—C10	1.0 (9)
C6—N1—C2—N3	−179.0 (4)	F1—C9—C10—C11	179.6 (6)
C1—N2—C3—C4	132.0 (5)	C8—C9—C10—C11	−1.0 (10)
N3—N2—C3—C4	−50.6 (5)	C7—C6—C11—C10	−0.6 (8)
C1—N2—C3—C5	7.3 (6)	N1—C6—C11—C10	−178.9 (5)
N3—N2—C3—C5	−175.3 (4)	C9—C10—C11—C6	0.7 (9)
C1—N1—C6—C7	6.5 (7)

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
C1—H1···I1ⁱ	0.95	2.97	3.912 (4)	170
C2—H2···I1ⁱⁱ	0.95	2.83	3.774 (5)	173
C7—H7···I1ⁱ	0.95	2.86	3.801 (4)	170
C8—H8···N3ⁱⁱⁱ	0.95	2.60	3.548 (6)	174
C11—H11···I1ⁱⁱ	0.95	3.13	4.083 (5)	177

Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1/2, y, z+1/2; (ii) −x, −y, −z+1; (iii) x+1/2, −y, −z+3/2.

(salt2) 1-Isopropyl-4-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide top

Crystal data top

C₁₂H₁₆N₃⁺·I⁻	D_x = 1.608 Mg m⁻³
M_r = 329.18	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71075 Å
Orthorhombic, Pccn	Cell parameters from 12738 reflections
a = 15.843 (3) Å	θ = 3.1–26.4°
b = 21.933 (4) Å	µ = 2.34 mm⁻¹
c = 7.8250 (14) Å	T = 173 K
V = 2719.0 (8) Å³	Prism, colorless
Z = 8	0.52 × 0.12 × 0.04 mm
F(000) = 1296

Data collection top

Rigaku XtaLAB mini diffractometer	2150 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Detector resolution: 6.849 pixels mm^-1	R_int = 0.051
ω scans	θ_max = 26.4°, θ_min = 3.1°
Absorption correction: multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)	h = −17→19
T_min = 0.564, T_max = 0.911	k = −27→27
16099 measured reflections	l = −9→9
2767 independent reflections

Refinement top

Refinement on F²	0 restraints
Least-squares matrix: full	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.031	H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F²) = 0.065	w = 1/[σ²(F_o²) + (0.0241P)² + 1.7237P] where P = (F_o² + 2F_c²)/3
S = 1.04	(Δ/σ)_max = 0.001
2767 reflections	Δρ_max = 0.43 e Å⁻³
148 parameters	Δρ_min = −0.36 e Å⁻³

Crystal data top

C₁₂H₁₆N₃⁺·I⁻	V = 2719.0 (8) Å³
M_r = 329.18	Z = 8
Orthorhombic, Pccn	Mo Kα radiation
a = 15.843 (3) Å	µ = 2.34 mm⁻¹
b = 21.933 (4) Å	T = 173 K
c = 7.8250 (14) Å	0.52 × 0.12 × 0.04 mm

Data collection top

Rigaku XtaLAB mini diffractometer	2767 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)	2150 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
T_min = 0.564, T_max = 0.911	R_int = 0.051
16099 measured reflections

Refinement top

R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.031	0 restraints
wR(F²) = 0.065	H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.04	Δρ_max = 0.43 e Å⁻³
2767 reflections	Δρ_min = −0.36 e Å⁻³
148 parameters

Special details top

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	x	y	z	U_iso*/U_eq
I1	0.39750 (2)	0.11566 (2)	0.28064 (3)	0.03506 (9)
N1	0.36095 (16)	0.01570 (12)	0.6774 (4)	0.0323 (7)
N2	0.40416 (16)	0.10301 (12)	0.7635 (4)	0.0323 (7)
N3	0.47092 (18)	0.06448 (14)	0.7832 (4)	0.0474 (8)
C1	0.3387 (2)	0.07437 (14)	0.7003 (4)	0.0327 (8)
H1	0.2852	0.0918	0.6752	0.039*
C2	0.4431 (2)	0.01195 (17)	0.7293 (5)	0.0466 (10)
H2	0.4758	−0.0243	0.7266	0.056*
C3	0.4142 (2)	0.16834 (15)	0.8098 (5)	0.0360 (8)
H3	0.4272	0.1708	0.9347	0.043*
C4	0.3329 (2)	0.20152 (16)	0.7779 (6)	0.0558 (12)
H4A	0.2877	0.1826	0.8450	0.067*
H4B	0.3188	0.1993	0.6561	0.067*
H4C	0.3391	0.2443	0.8117	0.067*
C5	0.4878 (2)	0.19528 (16)	0.7123 (5)	0.0483 (10)
H5A	0.4763	0.1933	0.5894	0.058*
H5B	0.5392	0.1721	0.7379	0.058*
H5C	0.4958	0.2379	0.7465	0.058*
C6	0.3098 (2)	−0.03293 (14)	0.6067 (4)	0.0335 (8)
C7	0.3493 (2)	−0.08364 (16)	0.5362 (5)	0.0417 (9)
H7	0.4090	−0.0858	0.5296	0.050*
C8	0.3000 (2)	−0.13047 (15)	0.4763 (5)	0.0449 (10)
H8	0.3269	−0.1655	0.4301	0.054*
C9	0.2121 (2)	−0.12853 (15)	0.4805 (5)	0.0387 (9)
C10	0.1751 (2)	−0.07632 (15)	0.5485 (5)	0.0401 (9)
H10	0.1153	−0.0731	0.5506	0.048*
C11	0.2231 (2)	−0.02902 (14)	0.6130 (5)	0.0377 (9)
H11	0.1966	0.0058	0.6612	0.045*
C12	0.1601 (3)	−0.18091 (17)	0.4159 (6)	0.0535 (11)
H12A	0.1066	−0.1655	0.3703	0.064*
H12B	0.1487	−0.2093	0.5099	0.064*
H12C	0.1910	−0.2022	0.3252	0.064*

Atomic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	U¹¹	U²²	U³³	U¹²	U¹³	U²³
I1	0.03260 (14)	0.02809 (12)	0.04449 (16)	0.00250 (9)	−0.00283 (10)	0.00031 (10)
N1	0.0298 (15)	0.0265 (14)	0.0406 (18)	0.0021 (11)	0.0055 (13)	0.0034 (12)
N2	0.0265 (15)	0.0293 (14)	0.0411 (18)	0.0028 (11)	0.0026 (13)	−0.0011 (12)
N3	0.0322 (16)	0.0385 (17)	0.071 (2)	0.0074 (13)	−0.0089 (17)	−0.0046 (16)
C1	0.0283 (17)	0.0266 (16)	0.043 (2)	0.0031 (14)	0.0050 (16)	0.0047 (15)
C2	0.036 (2)	0.036 (2)	0.068 (3)	0.0101 (17)	−0.003 (2)	−0.0004 (19)
C3	0.038 (2)	0.0299 (18)	0.040 (2)	−0.0017 (14)	0.0005 (16)	−0.0045 (15)
C4	0.039 (2)	0.0287 (19)	0.100 (4)	0.0033 (16)	0.004 (2)	−0.005 (2)
C5	0.039 (2)	0.042 (2)	0.064 (3)	−0.0091 (17)	0.006 (2)	−0.006 (2)
C6	0.0343 (19)	0.0263 (17)	0.040 (2)	0.0014 (15)	0.0069 (17)	0.0046 (14)
C7	0.034 (2)	0.035 (2)	0.057 (3)	0.0052 (16)	0.0123 (18)	−0.0020 (17)
C8	0.047 (2)	0.028 (2)	0.060 (3)	0.0077 (16)	0.015 (2)	−0.0016 (16)
C9	0.042 (2)	0.0297 (19)	0.044 (2)	−0.0033 (15)	0.0061 (18)	0.0026 (15)
C10	0.0319 (19)	0.037 (2)	0.051 (2)	0.0029 (16)	0.0060 (18)	0.0005 (17)
C11	0.035 (2)	0.0264 (17)	0.051 (3)	0.0067 (14)	0.0062 (18)	−0.0030 (16)
C12	0.055 (2)	0.041 (2)	0.065 (3)	−0.0058 (19)	0.012 (2)	−0.006 (2)

Geometric parameters (Å, º) top

N1—C1	1.346 (4)	C5—H5B	0.9800
N1—C2	1.365 (4)	C5—H5C	0.9800
N1—C6	1.449 (4)	C6—C11	1.377 (4)
N2—C1	1.310 (4)	C6—C7	1.390 (4)
N2—N3	1.363 (4)	C7—C8	1.372 (5)
N2—C3	1.487 (4)	C7—H7	0.9500
N3—C2	1.304 (5)	C8—C9	1.394 (5)
C1—H1	0.9500	C8—H8	0.9500
C2—H2	0.9500	C9—C10	1.392 (5)
C3—C4	1.500 (5)	C9—C12	1.502 (5)
C3—C5	1.514 (5)	C10—C11	1.383 (5)
C3—H3	1.0000	C10—H10	0.9500
C4—H4A	0.9800	C11—H11	0.9500
C4—H4B	0.9800	C12—H12A	0.9800
C4—H4C	0.9800	C12—H12B	0.9800
C5—H5A	0.9800	C12—H12C	0.9800

C1—N1—C2	105.5 (3)	C3—C5—H5C	109.5
C1—N1—C6	127.5 (3)	H5A—C5—H5C	109.5
C2—N1—C6	127.0 (3)	H5B—C5—H5C	109.5
C1—N2—N3	111.1 (3)	C11—C6—C7	120.8 (3)
C1—N2—C3	129.7 (3)	C11—C6—N1	119.9 (3)
N3—N2—C3	119.1 (3)	C7—C6—N1	119.3 (3)
C2—N3—N2	104.4 (3)	C8—C7—C6	118.6 (3)
N2—C1—N1	107.5 (3)	C8—C7—H7	120.7
N2—C1—H1	126.2	C6—C7—H7	120.7
N1—C1—H1	126.2	C7—C8—C9	122.5 (3)
N3—C2—N1	111.4 (3)	C7—C8—H8	118.8
N3—C2—H2	124.3	C9—C8—H8	118.8
N1—C2—H2	124.3	C10—C9—C8	117.1 (3)
N2—C3—C4	109.6 (3)	C10—C9—C12	121.8 (3)
N2—C3—C5	109.6 (3)	C8—C9—C12	121.1 (3)
C4—C3—C5	112.8 (3)	C11—C10—C9	121.6 (3)
N2—C3—H3	108.2	C11—C10—H10	119.2
C4—C3—H3	108.2	C9—C10—H10	119.2
C5—C3—H3	108.2	C6—C11—C10	119.3 (3)
C3—C4—H4A	109.5	C6—C11—H11	120.3
C3—C4—H4B	109.5	C10—C11—H11	120.3
H4A—C4—H4B	109.5	C9—C12—H12A	109.5
C3—C4—H4C	109.5	C9—C12—H12B	109.5
H4A—C4—H4C	109.5	H12A—C12—H12B	109.5
H4B—C4—H4C	109.5	C9—C12—H12C	109.5
C3—C5—H5A	109.5	H12A—C12—H12C	109.5
C3—C5—H5B	109.5	H12B—C12—H12C	109.5
H5A—C5—H5B	109.5

C1—N2—N3—C2	0.1 (4)	C2—N1—C6—C11	158.4 (4)
C3—N2—N3—C2	−178.7 (3)	C1—N1—C6—C7	157.1 (3)
N3—N2—C1—N1	0.3 (4)	C2—N1—C6—C7	−20.4 (5)
C3—N2—C1—N1	178.9 (3)	C11—C6—C7—C8	−1.4 (5)
C2—N1—C1—N2	−0.5 (4)	N1—C6—C7—C8	177.3 (3)
C6—N1—C1—N2	−178.4 (3)	C6—C7—C8—C9	1.3 (6)
N2—N3—C2—N1	−0.4 (4)	C7—C8—C9—C10	0.2 (6)
C1—N1—C2—N3	0.6 (4)	C7—C8—C9—C12	−179.2 (4)
C6—N1—C2—N3	178.6 (3)	C8—C9—C10—C11	−1.6 (6)
C1—N2—C3—C4	1.5 (5)	C12—C9—C10—C11	177.9 (4)
N3—N2—C3—C4	−179.9 (3)	C7—C6—C11—C10	0.1 (5)
C1—N2—C3—C5	−122.8 (4)	N1—C6—C11—C10	−178.6 (3)
N3—N2—C3—C5	55.8 (4)	C9—C10—C11—C6	1.4 (6)
C1—N1—C6—C11	−24.1 (5)

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
C1—H1···I1ⁱ	0.95	3.06	3.901 (3)	149
C2—H2···I1ⁱⁱ	0.95	2.84	3.771 (4)	168
C3—H3···I1ⁱⁱⁱ	1.00	3.00	3.870 (4)	146
C11—H11···I1ⁱ	0.95	2.98	3.930 (3)	174

Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1/2, y, z+1/2; (ii) −x+1, −y, −z+1; (iii) x, y, z+1.

(salt3) 1-Isopropyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide top

Crystal data top

C₁₁H₁₄N₃⁺·I⁻	F(000) = 616
M_r = 315.15	D_x = 1.674 Mg m⁻³
Monoclinic, P2₁/n	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71075 Å
a = 5.9326 (11) Å	Cell parameters from 11444 reflections
b = 17.826 (3) Å	θ = 3.4–27.6°
c = 12.129 (2) Å	µ = 2.54 mm⁻¹
β = 102.897 (7)°	T = 173 K
V = 1250.3 (4) Å³	Prism, colorless
Z = 4	0.80 × 0.40 × 0.10 mm

Data collection top

Rigaku XtaLAB mini diffractometer	2582 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Detector resolution: 6.849 pixels mm^-1	R_int = 0.044
ω scans	θ_max = 27.5°, θ_min = 3.5°
Absorption correction: multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)	h = −7→7
T_min = 0.356, T_max = 0.776	k = −23→23
12823 measured reflections	l = −15→15
2858 independent reflections

Refinement top

Refinement on F²	0 restraints
Least-squares matrix: full	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.023	H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F²) = 0.055	w = 1/[σ²(F_o²) + (0.0167P)² + 0.5394P] where P = (F_o² + 2F_c²)/3
S = 1.09	(Δ/σ)_max = 0.002
2858 reflections	Δρ_max = 0.40 e Å⁻³
138 parameters	Δρ_min = −0.69 e Å⁻³

Crystal data top

C₁₁H₁₄N₃⁺·I⁻	V = 1250.3 (4) Å³
M_r = 315.15	Z = 4
Monoclinic, P2₁/n	Mo Kα radiation
a = 5.9326 (11) Å	µ = 2.54 mm⁻¹
b = 17.826 (3) Å	T = 173 K
c = 12.129 (2) Å	0.80 × 0.40 × 0.10 mm
β = 102.897 (7)°

Data collection top

Rigaku XtaLAB mini diffractometer	2858 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)	2582 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
T_min = 0.356, T_max = 0.776	R_int = 0.044
12823 measured reflections

Refinement top

R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.023	0 restraints
wR(F²) = 0.055	H-atom parameters constrained
S = 1.09	Δρ_max = 0.40 e Å⁻³
2858 reflections	Δρ_min = −0.69 e Å⁻³
138 parameters

Special details top

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	x	y	z	U_iso*/U_eq
I1	0.15256 (2)	0.20965 (2)	0.66252 (2)	0.02352 (6)
N1	0.3956 (3)	0.19026 (11)	0.39549 (15)	0.0187 (4)
N2	0.5118 (3)	0.29644 (10)	0.46845 (17)	0.0209 (4)
N3	0.3012 (3)	0.31018 (12)	0.39771 (16)	0.0236 (4)
C1	0.5686 (4)	0.22566 (13)	0.46767 (19)	0.0212 (5)
H1	0.7062	0.2033	0.5101	0.025*
C2	0.2350 (4)	0.24481 (13)	0.35485 (19)	0.0226 (5)
H2	0.0932	0.2359	0.3020	0.027*
C3	0.6455 (4)	0.35740 (13)	0.53664 (19)	0.0257 (5)
H3	0.7619	0.3342	0.5999	0.031*
C4	0.7738 (5)	0.40192 (15)	0.4629 (2)	0.0392 (6)
H4A	0.6625	0.4228	0.3982	0.047*
H4B	0.8817	0.3688	0.4358	0.047*
H4C	0.8599	0.4428	0.5073	0.047*
C5	0.4824 (4)	0.40497 (14)	0.5871 (2)	0.0335 (6)
H5A	0.4001	0.3730	0.6308	0.040*
H5B	0.3705	0.4296	0.5262	0.040*
H5C	0.5710	0.4430	0.6369	0.040*
C6	0.3826 (4)	0.11147 (13)	0.36959 (18)	0.0205 (5)
C7	0.5430 (4)	0.08035 (15)	0.3150 (2)	0.0294 (5)
H7	0.6593	0.1105	0.2945	0.035*
C8	0.5291 (5)	0.00422 (16)	0.2914 (2)	0.0393 (6)
H8	0.6388	−0.0185	0.2556	0.047*
C9	0.3563 (4)	−0.03878 (15)	0.3195 (2)	0.0376 (6)
H9	0.3462	−0.0907	0.3016	0.045*
C10	0.1980 (5)	−0.00676 (15)	0.3736 (2)	0.0349 (6)
H10	0.0800	−0.0368	0.3928	0.042*
C11	0.2112 (4)	0.06924 (14)	0.4001 (2)	0.0285 (5)
H11	0.1047	0.0916	0.4382	0.034*

Atomic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	U¹¹	U²²	U³³	U¹²	U¹³	U²³
I1	0.01997 (9)	0.02622 (11)	0.02322 (10)	−0.00035 (5)	0.00235 (6)	−0.00040 (6)
N1	0.0184 (9)	0.0182 (9)	0.0187 (9)	0.0009 (7)	0.0021 (7)	−0.0004 (8)
N2	0.0204 (10)	0.0189 (10)	0.0220 (10)	0.0016 (7)	0.0015 (8)	0.0004 (8)
N3	0.0237 (10)	0.0198 (10)	0.0254 (10)	0.0050 (8)	0.0013 (8)	0.0028 (8)
C1	0.0205 (11)	0.0176 (11)	0.0235 (11)	0.0014 (9)	0.0009 (9)	−0.0013 (9)
C2	0.0206 (11)	0.0218 (13)	0.0236 (11)	0.0031 (9)	0.0011 (9)	0.0009 (10)
C3	0.0275 (12)	0.0162 (12)	0.0291 (12)	−0.0003 (9)	−0.0024 (9)	−0.0032 (10)
C4	0.0370 (14)	0.0268 (14)	0.0583 (18)	−0.0093 (11)	0.0202 (13)	−0.0114 (13)
C5	0.0430 (15)	0.0260 (14)	0.0333 (13)	−0.0031 (11)	0.0125 (11)	−0.0098 (11)
C6	0.0220 (10)	0.0183 (12)	0.0186 (10)	0.0023 (9)	−0.0008 (8)	0.0002 (9)
C7	0.0272 (12)	0.0267 (13)	0.0351 (13)	0.0014 (10)	0.0091 (10)	−0.0034 (11)
C8	0.0406 (15)	0.0309 (15)	0.0462 (16)	0.0097 (12)	0.0091 (12)	−0.0090 (13)
C9	0.0534 (17)	0.0160 (13)	0.0371 (14)	0.0016 (11)	−0.0032 (12)	−0.0042 (11)
C10	0.0454 (15)	0.0238 (14)	0.0340 (14)	−0.0097 (11)	0.0061 (11)	0.0029 (11)
C11	0.0350 (13)	0.0247 (13)	0.0271 (12)	−0.0025 (10)	0.0096 (10)	0.0004 (10)

Geometric parameters (Å, º) top

N1—C1	1.348 (3)	C5—H5A	0.9800
N1—C2	1.374 (3)	C5—H5B	0.9800
N1—C6	1.437 (3)	C5—H5C	0.9800
N2—C1	1.306 (3)	C6—C11	1.380 (3)
N2—N3	1.371 (3)	C6—C7	1.390 (3)
N2—C3	1.484 (3)	C7—C8	1.386 (4)
N3—C2	1.301 (3)	C7—H7	0.9500
C1—H1	0.9500	C8—C9	1.382 (4)
C2—H2	0.9500	C8—H8	0.9500
C3—C5	1.515 (3)	C9—C10	1.384 (4)
C3—C4	1.520 (3)	C9—H9	0.9500
C3—H3	1.0000	C10—C11	1.390 (4)
C4—H4A	0.9800	C10—H10	0.9500
C4—H4B	0.9800	C11—H11	0.9500
C4—H4C	0.9800

C1—N1—C2	105.57 (19)	C3—C5—H5A	109.5
C1—N1—C6	126.54 (19)	C3—C5—H5B	109.5
C2—N1—C6	127.88 (19)	H5A—C5—H5B	109.5
C1—N2—N3	111.62 (19)	C3—C5—H5C	109.5
C1—N2—C3	127.22 (19)	H5A—C5—H5C	109.5
N3—N2—C3	121.14 (18)	H5B—C5—H5C	109.5
C2—N3—N2	103.99 (18)	C11—C6—C7	122.2 (2)
N2—C1—N1	107.3 (2)	C11—C6—N1	118.8 (2)
N2—C1—H1	126.4	C7—C6—N1	119.0 (2)
N1—C1—H1	126.4	C8—C7—C6	118.3 (2)
N3—C2—N1	111.6 (2)	C8—C7—H7	120.9
N3—C2—H2	124.2	C6—C7—H7	120.9
N1—C2—H2	124.2	C9—C8—C7	120.3 (2)
N2—C3—C5	108.96 (19)	C9—C8—H8	119.8
N2—C3—C4	109.27 (19)	C7—C8—H8	119.8
C5—C3—C4	113.2 (2)	C8—C9—C10	120.5 (3)
N2—C3—H3	108.4	C8—C9—H9	119.7
C5—C3—H3	108.4	C10—C9—H9	119.7
C4—C3—H3	108.4	C9—C10—C11	120.1 (2)
C3—C4—H4A	109.5	C9—C10—H10	119.9
C3—C4—H4B	109.5	C11—C10—H10	119.9
H4A—C4—H4B	109.5	C6—C11—C10	118.5 (2)
C3—C4—H4C	109.5	C6—C11—H11	120.8
H4A—C4—H4C	109.5	C10—C11—H11	120.8
H4B—C4—H4C	109.5

C1—N2—N3—C2	0.0 (2)	C1—N1—C6—C11	114.7 (3)
C3—N2—N3—C2	−178.7 (2)	C2—N1—C6—C11	−63.7 (3)
N3—N2—C1—N1	0.1 (3)	C1—N1—C6—C7	−65.1 (3)
C3—N2—C1—N1	178.8 (2)	C2—N1—C6—C7	116.5 (3)
C2—N1—C1—N2	−0.2 (2)	C11—C6—C7—C8	−0.3 (4)
C6—N1—C1—N2	−178.9 (2)	N1—C6—C7—C8	179.6 (2)
N2—N3—C2—N1	−0.1 (2)	C6—C7—C8—C9	1.3 (4)
C1—N1—C2—N3	0.2 (3)	C7—C8—C9—C10	−1.3 (4)
C6—N1—C2—N3	178.9 (2)	C8—C9—C10—C11	0.1 (4)
C1—N2—C3—C5	−135.4 (2)	C7—C6—C11—C10	−0.9 (4)
N3—N2—C3—C5	43.1 (3)	N1—C6—C11—C10	179.3 (2)
C1—N2—C3—C4	100.5 (3)	C9—C10—C11—C6	0.9 (4)
N3—N2—C3—C4	−81.0 (3)

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
C1—H1···I1ⁱ	0.95	2.87	3.744 (2)	153
C2—H2···I1ⁱⁱ	0.95	2.94	3.800 (2)	151
C3—H3···I1ⁱ	1.00	3.18	4.033 (2)	145

Symmetry codes: (i) x+1, y, z; (ii) x−1/2, −y+1/2, z−1/2.

(salt4) 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium iodide top

Crystal data top

C₉H₁₀N₃⁺·I⁻	F(000) = 552
M_r = 287.10	D_x = 1.783 Mg m⁻³
Monoclinic, Cc	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71075 Å
a = 7.660 (2) Å	Cell parameters from 5405 reflections
b = 16.912 (5) Å	θ = 3.5–27.6°
c = 8.412 (3) Å	µ = 2.96 mm⁻¹
β = 101.137 (7)°	T = 173 K
V = 1069.2 (6) Å³	Prism, colorless
Z = 4	0.31 × 0.23 × 0.13 mm

Data collection top

Rigaku XtaLAB mini diffractometer	2359 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Detector resolution: 6.849 pixels mm^-1	R_int = 0.020
ω scans	θ_max = 27.5°, θ_min = 3.5°
Absorption correction: multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)	h = −9→9
T_min = 0.439, T_max = 0.681	k = −21→21
5472 measured reflections	l = −10→10
2420 independent reflections

Refinement top

Refinement on F²	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
Least-squares matrix: full	H-atom parameters constrained
R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.018	w = 1/[σ²(F_o²) + (0.0128P)²] where P = (F_o² + 2F_c²)/3
wR(F²) = 0.037	(Δ/σ)_max < 0.001
S = 1.05	Δρ_max = 0.18 e Å⁻³
2420 reflections	Δρ_min = −0.36 e Å⁻³
119 parameters	Absolute structure: Flack x determined using 1112 quotients [(I⁺)-(I^-)]/[(I⁺)+(I^-)] (Parsons et al., 2013)
2 restraints	Absolute structure parameter: −0.012 (18)

Crystal data top

C₉H₁₀N₃⁺·I⁻	V = 1069.2 (6) Å³
M_r = 287.10	Z = 4
Monoclinic, Cc	Mo Kα radiation
a = 7.660 (2) Å	µ = 2.96 mm⁻¹
b = 16.912 (5) Å	T = 173 K
c = 8.412 (3) Å	0.31 × 0.23 × 0.13 mm
β = 101.137 (7)°

Data collection top

Rigaku XtaLAB mini diffractometer	2420 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)	2359 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
T_min = 0.439, T_max = 0.681	R_int = 0.020
5472 measured reflections

Refinement top

R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.018	H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F²) = 0.037	Δρ_max = 0.18 e Å⁻³
S = 1.05	Δρ_min = −0.36 e Å⁻³
2420 reflections	Absolute structure: Flack x determined using 1112 quotients [(I⁺)-(I^-)]/[(I⁺)+(I^-)] (Parsons et al., 2013)
119 parameters	Absolute structure parameter: −0.012 (18)
2 restraints

Special details top

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	x	y	z	U_iso*/U_eq
I1	0.70097 (5)	0.18929 (2)	0.53544 (5)	0.03177 (8)
N1	0.4911 (4)	0.06092 (17)	0.1783 (3)	0.0223 (6)
N2	0.7314 (6)	0.0784 (2)	0.0734 (5)	0.0399 (12)
N3	0.6399 (4)	0.14778 (18)	0.0768 (4)	0.0271 (7)
C1	0.4981 (5)	0.1377 (2)	0.1394 (4)	0.0258 (8)
H1	0.4152	0.1774	0.1546	0.031*
C2	0.6381 (6)	0.0273 (2)	0.1362 (5)	0.0362 (10)
H2	0.6682	−0.0270	0.1511	0.043*
C3	0.7052 (12)	0.2216 (2)	0.0167 (8)	0.0414 (12)
H3A	0.6248	0.2651	0.0304	0.050*
H3B	0.7095	0.2158	−0.0984	0.050*
H3C	0.8247	0.2332	0.0780	0.050*
C4	0.3552 (5)	0.0234 (2)	0.2475 (5)	0.0227 (8)
C5	0.2349 (7)	0.0696 (3)	0.3098 (6)	0.0333 (11)
H5	0.2446	0.1256	0.3107	0.040*
C6	0.0998 (6)	0.0327 (3)	0.3709 (6)	0.0378 (11)
H6	0.0156	0.0636	0.4130	0.045*
C7	0.0876 (7)	−0.0481 (3)	0.3707 (5)	0.0399 (12)
H7	−0.0050	−0.0730	0.4128	0.048*
C8	0.2093 (7)	−0.0936 (3)	0.3098 (5)	0.0381 (11)
H8	0.1999	−0.1496	0.3106	0.046*
C9	0.3449 (7)	−0.0583 (2)	0.2475 (5)	0.0296 (10)
H9	0.4288	−0.0895	0.2057	0.035*

Atomic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	U¹¹	U²²	U³³	U¹²	U¹³	U²³
I1	0.03583 (13)	0.02441 (11)	0.03571 (12)	−0.00729 (17)	0.00855 (9)	−0.00034 (18)
N1	0.0210 (15)	0.0225 (15)	0.0248 (14)	0.0018 (13)	0.0077 (12)	0.0007 (12)
N2	0.035 (3)	0.0347 (19)	0.056 (3)	0.0041 (18)	0.024 (2)	0.0023 (16)
N3	0.0305 (17)	0.0241 (16)	0.0293 (16)	−0.0016 (14)	0.0120 (14)	0.0002 (13)
C1	0.0268 (19)	0.0248 (19)	0.0268 (18)	0.0041 (15)	0.0080 (16)	−0.0011 (15)
C2	0.033 (2)	0.025 (2)	0.056 (3)	0.0062 (17)	0.023 (2)	−0.0004 (18)
C3	0.055 (2)	0.0333 (19)	0.043 (3)	−0.014 (3)	0.026 (2)	−0.003 (3)
C4	0.0172 (18)	0.032 (2)	0.0181 (18)	0.0002 (17)	0.0023 (15)	0.0020 (16)
C5	0.031 (3)	0.036 (3)	0.034 (3)	0.001 (2)	0.009 (2)	−0.006 (2)
C6	0.025 (2)	0.058 (3)	0.033 (3)	−0.001 (2)	0.013 (2)	−0.005 (2)
C7	0.032 (3)	0.060 (3)	0.028 (2)	−0.014 (2)	0.004 (2)	0.005 (2)
C8	0.042 (3)	0.040 (3)	0.033 (2)	−0.012 (3)	0.009 (2)	0.005 (2)
C9	0.032 (3)	0.029 (2)	0.028 (2)	0.0018 (18)	0.0072 (19)	0.0048 (17)

Geometric parameters (Å, º) top

N1—C1	1.343 (4)	C4—C9	1.384 (6)
N1—C2	1.368 (5)	C4—C5	1.386 (6)
N1—C4	1.435 (5)	C5—C6	1.389 (7)
N2—C2	1.297 (6)	C5—H5	0.9500
N2—N3	1.370 (5)	C6—C7	1.369 (7)
N3—C1	1.306 (5)	C6—H6	0.9500
N3—C3	1.471 (6)	C7—C8	1.381 (8)
C1—H1	0.9500	C7—H7	0.9500
C2—H2	0.9500	C8—C9	1.385 (7)
C3—H3A	0.9800	C8—H8	0.9500
C3—H3B	0.9800	C9—H9	0.9500
C3—H3C	0.9800

C1—N1—C2	105.4 (3)	C9—C4—C5	121.3 (4)
C1—N1—C4	126.4 (3)	C9—C4—N1	119.2 (4)
C2—N1—C4	128.2 (3)	C5—C4—N1	119.4 (4)
C2—N2—N3	103.8 (4)	C4—C5—C6	119.0 (4)
C1—N3—N2	111.4 (3)	C4—C5—H5	120.5
C1—N3—C3	127.9 (4)	C6—C5—H5	120.5
N2—N3—C3	120.7 (4)	C7—C6—C5	120.2 (5)
N3—C1—N1	107.5 (3)	C7—C6—H6	119.9
N3—C1—H1	126.3	C5—C6—H6	119.9
N1—C1—H1	126.3	C6—C7—C8	120.4 (5)
N2—C2—N1	112.0 (3)	C6—C7—H7	119.8
N2—C2—H2	124.0	C8—C7—H7	119.8
N1—C2—H2	124.0	C7—C8—C9	120.6 (5)
N3—C3—H3A	109.5	C7—C8—H8	119.7
N3—C3—H3B	109.5	C9—C8—H8	119.7
H3A—C3—H3B	109.5	C4—C9—C8	118.5 (5)
N3—C3—H3C	109.5	C4—C9—H9	120.8
H3A—C3—H3C	109.5	C8—C9—H9	120.8
H3B—C3—H3C	109.5

C2—N2—N3—C1	0.0 (4)	C1—N1—C4—C5	−12.9 (6)
C2—N2—N3—C3	179.3 (4)	C2—N1—C4—C5	167.9 (4)
N2—N3—C1—N1	−0.4 (4)	C9—C4—C5—C6	−1.0 (7)
C3—N3—C1—N1	−179.6 (4)	N1—C4—C5—C6	177.6 (4)
C2—N1—C1—N3	0.6 (4)	C4—C5—C6—C7	0.7 (7)
C4—N1—C1—N3	−178.7 (3)	C5—C6—C7—C8	0.0 (7)
N3—N2—C2—N1	0.4 (5)	C6—C7—C8—C9	−0.2 (7)
C1—N1—C2—N2	−0.6 (5)	C5—C4—C9—C8	0.7 (6)
C4—N1—C2—N2	178.6 (4)	N1—C4—C9—C8	−177.9 (4)
C1—N1—C4—C9	165.7 (4)	C7—C8—C9—C4	−0.1 (7)
C2—N1—C4—C9	−13.4 (6)

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
C1—H1···I1ⁱ	0.95	2.85	3.707 (4)	150
C2—H2···I1ⁱⁱ	0.95	2.94	3.811 (4)	153
C3—H3B···I1ⁱⁱⁱ	0.98	3.10	4.079 (6)	176

Symmetry codes: (i) x−1/2, −y+1/2, z−1/2; (ii) x, −y, z−1/2; (iii) x, y, z−1.

(salt5) 1-Benzyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-ium bromide monohydrate top

Crystal data top

C₁₅H₁₄N₃⁺·Br⁻·H₂O	F(000) = 1360
M_r = 334.22	D_x = 1.545 Mg m⁻³
Monoclinic, C2/c	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71075 Å
a = 24.783 (6) Å	Cell parameters from 10996 reflections
b = 8.996 (2) Å	θ = 3.2–27.7°
c = 13.089 (3) Å	µ = 2.86 mm⁻¹
β = 100.068 (7)°	T = 173 K
V = 2873.3 (13) Å³	Prism, colorless
Z = 8	0.60 × 0.37 × 0.17 mm

Data collection top

Rigaku XtaLAB mini diffractometer	2630 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Detector resolution: 6.849 pixels mm^-1	R_int = 0.031
ω scans	θ_max = 27.5°, θ_min = 3.2°
Absorption correction: multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)	h = −16→32
T_min = 0.321, T_max = 0.614	k = −11→9
6672 measured reflections	l = −16→17
3259 independent reflections

Refinement top

Refinement on F²	0 restraints
Least-squares matrix: full	Hydrogen site location: mixed
R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.043	H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
wR(F²) = 0.098	w = 1/[σ²(F_o²) + (0.0376P)² + 4.9222P] where P = (F_o² + 2F_c²)/3
S = 1.08	(Δ/σ)_max < 0.001
3259 reflections	Δρ_max = 0.75 e Å⁻³
189 parameters	Δρ_min = −0.63 e Å⁻³

Crystal data top

C₁₅H₁₄N₃⁺·Br⁻·H₂O	V = 2873.3 (13) Å³
M_r = 334.22	Z = 8
Monoclinic, C2/c	Mo Kα radiation
a = 24.783 (6) Å	µ = 2.86 mm⁻¹
b = 8.996 (2) Å	T = 173 K
c = 13.089 (3) Å	0.60 × 0.37 × 0.17 mm
β = 100.068 (7)°

Data collection top

Rigaku XtaLAB mini diffractometer	3259 independent reflections
Absorption correction: multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)	2630 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
T_min = 0.321, T_max = 0.614	R_int = 0.031
6672 measured reflections

Refinement top

R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.043	0 restraints
wR(F²) = 0.098	H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
S = 1.08	Δρ_max = 0.75 e Å⁻³
3259 reflections	Δρ_min = −0.63 e Å⁻³
189 parameters

Special details top

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	x	y	z	U_iso*/U_eq
Br1	0.91115 (2)	0.40151 (3)	0.12909 (3)	0.03409 (12)
O1	0.95493 (13)	0.3722 (3)	0.3846 (2)	0.0497 (7)
N1	0.93559 (9)	−0.0969 (2)	0.07656 (16)	0.0202 (5)
N2	0.85547 (9)	−0.0072 (2)	0.02922 (17)	0.0230 (5)
N3	0.84900 (10)	−0.1587 (3)	0.0213 (2)	0.0310 (6)
C1	0.90660 (11)	0.0297 (3)	0.0619 (2)	0.0218 (6)
H1	0.9206	0.1278	0.0731	0.026*
C2	0.89834 (12)	−0.2097 (3)	0.0504 (2)	0.0282 (6)
H2	0.9075	−0.3123	0.0533	0.034*
C3	0.80795 (12)	0.0930 (3)	0.0032 (2)	0.0272 (6)
H3A	0.7870	0.0662	−0.0657	0.033*
H3B	0.8210	0.1966	−0.0005	0.033*
C4	0.77094 (11)	0.0834 (3)	0.0831 (2)	0.0228 (6)
C5	0.78422 (12)	0.1609 (3)	0.1760 (2)	0.0279 (6)
H5	0.8160	0.2219	0.1883	0.034*
C6	0.75109 (13)	0.1493 (3)	0.2505 (2)	0.0339 (7)
H6	0.7605	0.2008	0.3145	0.041*
C7	0.70429 (12)	0.0627 (3)	0.2321 (2)	0.0310 (7)
H7	0.6817	0.0544	0.2834	0.037*
C8	0.69055 (13)	−0.0116 (4)	0.1389 (3)	0.0357 (7)
H8	0.6581	−0.0697	0.1257	0.043*
C9	0.72382 (12)	−0.0019 (3)	0.0647 (2)	0.0306 (7)
H9	0.7143	−0.0539	0.0009	0.037*
C10	0.99369 (11)	−0.1085 (3)	0.11401 (19)	0.0219 (6)
C11	1.02340 (12)	0.0196 (3)	0.1428 (2)	0.0248 (6)
H11	1.0060	0.1140	0.1367	0.030*
C12	1.07896 (12)	0.0078 (3)	0.1805 (2)	0.0289 (6)
H12	1.0999	0.0947	0.2007	0.035*
C13	1.10438 (13)	−0.1303 (4)	0.1889 (2)	0.0321 (7)
H13	1.1425	−0.1380	0.2151	0.038*
C14	1.07384 (13)	−0.2566 (4)	0.1590 (2)	0.0360 (7)
H14	1.0912	−0.3511	0.1645	0.043*
C15	1.01828 (12)	−0.2467 (3)	0.1210 (2)	0.0310 (7)
H15	0.9974	−0.3334	0.1001	0.037*
H1A	0.992 (2)	0.389 (5)	0.377 (4)	0.086 (17)*
H1B	0.939 (3)	0.372 (7)	0.315 (5)	0.13 (3)*

Atomic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	U¹¹	U²²	U³³	U¹²	U¹³	U²³
Br1	0.0347 (2)	0.02343 (17)	0.0440 (2)	−0.00110 (13)	0.00651 (13)	−0.00295 (13)
O1	0.0535 (18)	0.0457 (15)	0.0542 (18)	0.0036 (13)	0.0215 (14)	0.0063 (13)
N1	0.0236 (12)	0.0192 (11)	0.0183 (10)	0.0007 (9)	0.0051 (9)	−0.0014 (9)
N2	0.0225 (13)	0.0221 (12)	0.0251 (12)	0.0027 (9)	0.0060 (10)	−0.0001 (9)
N3	0.0275 (14)	0.0210 (12)	0.0435 (15)	0.0013 (10)	0.0034 (11)	−0.0025 (11)
C1	0.0252 (15)	0.0185 (13)	0.0225 (13)	0.0019 (11)	0.0059 (11)	−0.0009 (10)
C2	0.0275 (16)	0.0201 (14)	0.0366 (16)	−0.0003 (12)	0.0044 (12)	−0.0026 (12)
C3	0.0237 (15)	0.0290 (15)	0.0287 (14)	0.0070 (12)	0.0039 (11)	0.0062 (12)
C4	0.0188 (14)	0.0224 (14)	0.0265 (14)	0.0070 (11)	0.0021 (11)	0.0042 (11)
C5	0.0215 (15)	0.0298 (15)	0.0316 (15)	−0.0024 (12)	0.0018 (12)	−0.0013 (12)
C6	0.0359 (18)	0.0369 (17)	0.0286 (15)	0.0007 (14)	0.0047 (13)	−0.0028 (13)
C7	0.0266 (16)	0.0319 (16)	0.0361 (17)	0.0041 (12)	0.0101 (13)	0.0057 (13)
C8	0.0233 (16)	0.0350 (18)	0.049 (2)	−0.0060 (13)	0.0068 (14)	0.0003 (15)
C9	0.0256 (16)	0.0309 (16)	0.0340 (16)	−0.0005 (12)	0.0014 (13)	−0.0059 (13)
C10	0.0235 (14)	0.0284 (14)	0.0144 (12)	0.0017 (11)	0.0050 (10)	0.0008 (10)
C11	0.0280 (16)	0.0260 (15)	0.0201 (13)	−0.0021 (12)	0.0036 (11)	0.0024 (11)
C12	0.0280 (16)	0.0380 (17)	0.0204 (13)	−0.0063 (13)	0.0039 (11)	0.0009 (12)
C13	0.0255 (16)	0.0476 (19)	0.0226 (14)	0.0063 (13)	0.0027 (12)	0.0032 (13)
C14	0.0331 (18)	0.0334 (17)	0.0403 (18)	0.0106 (14)	0.0027 (14)	0.0006 (14)
C15	0.0290 (17)	0.0265 (15)	0.0358 (16)	0.0054 (12)	0.0009 (13)	−0.0023 (13)

Geometric parameters (Å, º) top

O1—H1A	0.95 (6)	C6—C7	1.382 (4)
O1—H1B	0.92 (7)	C6—H6	0.9500
N1—C1	1.342 (3)	C7—C8	1.381 (4)
N1—C2	1.375 (4)	C7—H7	0.9500
N1—C10	1.441 (4)	C8—C9	1.382 (4)
N2—C1	1.307 (3)	C8—H8	0.9500
N2—N3	1.374 (3)	C9—H9	0.9500
N2—C3	1.475 (3)	C10—C15	1.380 (4)
N3—C2	1.299 (4)	C10—C11	1.384 (4)
C1—H1	0.9500	C11—C12	1.383 (4)
C2—H2	0.9500	C11—H11	0.9500
C3—C4	1.508 (4)	C12—C13	1.388 (4)
C3—H3A	0.9900	C12—H12	0.9500
C3—H3B	0.9900	C13—C14	1.383 (5)
C4—C9	1.383 (4)	C13—H13	0.9500
C4—C5	1.391 (4)	C14—C15	1.383 (4)
C5—C6	1.384 (4)	C14—H14	0.9500
C5—H5	0.9500	C15—H15	0.9500

H1A—O1—H1B	98 (5)	C5—C6—H6	119.9
C1—N1—C2	105.8 (2)	C8—C7—C6	119.8 (3)
C1—N1—C10	126.0 (2)	C8—C7—H7	120.1
C2—N1—C10	128.2 (2)	C6—C7—H7	120.1
C1—N2—N3	111.7 (2)	C7—C8—C9	120.3 (3)
C1—N2—C3	127.5 (2)	C7—C8—H8	119.8
N3—N2—C3	120.7 (2)	C9—C8—H8	119.8
C2—N3—N2	103.7 (2)	C8—C9—C4	120.1 (3)
N2—C1—N1	107.2 (2)	C8—C9—H9	119.9
N2—C1—H1	126.4	C4—C9—H9	119.9
N1—C1—H1	126.4	C15—C10—C11	121.6 (3)
N3—C2—N1	111.7 (3)	C15—C10—N1	119.4 (2)
N3—C2—H2	124.2	C11—C10—N1	119.0 (2)
N1—C2—H2	124.2	C12—C11—C10	118.8 (3)
N2—C3—C4	111.3 (2)	C12—C11—H11	120.6
N2—C3—H3A	109.4	C10—C11—H11	120.6
C4—C3—H3A	109.4	C11—C12—C13	120.4 (3)
N2—C3—H3B	109.4	C11—C12—H12	119.8
C4—C3—H3B	109.4	C13—C12—H12	119.8
H3A—C3—H3B	108.0	C14—C13—C12	119.6 (3)
C9—C4—C5	119.6 (3)	C14—C13—H13	120.2
C9—C4—C3	120.6 (3)	C12—C13—H13	120.2
C5—C4—C3	119.8 (3)	C15—C14—C13	120.7 (3)
C6—C5—C4	120.0 (3)	C15—C14—H14	119.7
C6—C5—H5	120.0	C13—C14—H14	119.7
C4—C5—H5	120.0	C10—C15—C14	118.8 (3)
C7—C6—C5	120.2 (3)	C10—C15—H15	120.6
C7—C6—H6	119.9	C14—C15—H15	120.6

C1—N2—N3—C2	−0.1 (3)	C6—C7—C8—C9	1.1 (5)
C3—N2—N3—C2	−179.6 (2)	C7—C8—C9—C4	−0.5 (5)
N3—N2—C1—N1	0.0 (3)	C5—C4—C9—C8	−0.9 (4)
C3—N2—C1—N1	179.4 (2)	C3—C4—C9—C8	179.1 (3)
C2—N1—C1—N2	0.1 (3)	C1—N1—C10—C15	−177.3 (3)
C10—N1—C1—N2	−178.9 (2)	C2—N1—C10—C15	4.0 (4)
N2—N3—C2—N1	0.2 (3)	C1—N1—C10—C11	3.1 (4)
C1—N1—C2—N3	−0.1 (3)	C2—N1—C10—C11	−175.6 (3)
C10—N1—C2—N3	178.8 (2)	C15—C10—C11—C12	−0.7 (4)
C1—N2—C3—C4	−108.9 (3)	N1—C10—C11—C12	178.8 (2)
N3—N2—C3—C4	70.5 (3)	C10—C11—C12—C13	0.2 (4)
N2—C3—C4—C9	−99.5 (3)	C11—C12—C13—C14	0.3 (4)
N2—C3—C4—C5	80.5 (3)	C12—C13—C14—C15	−0.2 (5)
C9—C4—C5—C6	1.7 (4)	C11—C10—C15—C14	0.8 (4)
C3—C4—C5—C6	−178.3 (3)	N1—C10—C15—C14	−178.8 (2)
C4—C5—C6—C7	−1.1 (5)	C13—C14—C15—C10	−0.3 (5)
C5—C6—C7—C8	−0.3 (5)

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
C1—H1···Br1	0.95	2.59	3.455 (3)	151
C2—H2···Br1ⁱ	0.95	2.75	3.644 (3)	156
C11—H11···O1ⁱⁱ	0.95	2.55	3.247 (4)	130
O1—H1A···Br1ⁱⁱ	0.95 (6)	2.42 (6)	3.365 (3)	172 (4)
O1—H1B···Br1	0.92 (7)	2.43 (7)	3.341 (3)	170 (5)

Symmetry codes: (i) x, y−1, z; (ii) −x+2, y, −z+1/2.

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) for (salt1) top

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
C1—H1···I1ⁱ	0.95	2.97	3.912 (4)	169.6
C2—H2···I1ⁱⁱ	0.95	2.83	3.774 (5)	172.5
C7—H7···I1ⁱ	0.95	2.86	3.801 (4)	169.9
C8—H8···N3ⁱⁱⁱ	0.95	2.60	3.548 (6)	174.3
C11—H11···I1ⁱⁱ	0.95	3.13	4.083 (5)	177.3

Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1/2, y, z+1/2; (ii) −x, −y, −z+1; (iii) x+1/2, −y, −z+3/2.

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) for (salt2) top

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
C1—H1···I1ⁱ	0.95	3.06	3.901 (3)	149.1
C2—H2···I1ⁱⁱ	0.95	2.84	3.771 (4)	168.0
C3—H3···I1ⁱⁱⁱ	1.00	3.00	3.870 (4)	145.8
C11—H11···I1ⁱ	0.95	2.98	3.930 (3)	174.2

Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1/2, y, z+1/2; (ii) −x+1, −y, −z+1; (iii) x, y, z+1.

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) for (salt3) top

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
C1—H1···I1ⁱ	0.95	2.87	3.744 (2)	152.7
C2—H2···I1ⁱⁱ	0.95	2.94	3.800 (2)	150.6
C3—H3···I1ⁱ	1.00	3.18	4.033 (2)	144.6

Symmetry codes: (i) x+1, y, z; (ii) x−1/2, −y+1/2, z−1/2.

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) for (salt4) top

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
C1—H1···I1ⁱ	0.95	2.85	3.707 (4)	149.9
C2—H2···I1ⁱⁱ	0.95	2.94	3.811 (4)	153.3
C3—H3B···I1ⁱⁱⁱ	0.98	3.10	4.079 (6)	176.0

Symmetry codes: (i) x−1/2, −y+1/2, z−1/2; (ii) x, −y, z−1/2; (iii) x, y, z−1.

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) for (salt5) top

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
C1—H1···Br1	0.95	2.59	3.455 (3)	151.3
C2—H2···Br1ⁱ	0.95	2.75	3.644 (3)	156.2
C11—H11···O1ⁱⁱ	0.95	2.55	3.247 (4)	130.3
O1—H1A···Br1ⁱⁱ	0.95 (6)	2.42 (6)	3.365 (3)	172 (4)
O1—H1B···Br1	0.92 (7)	2.43 (7)	3.341 (3)	170 (5)

Symmetry codes: (i) x, y−1, z; (ii) −x+2, y, −z+1/2.

Experimental details

	(salt1)	(salt2)	(salt3)
Crystal data
Chemical formula	C₁₁H₁₃FN₃⁺·I⁻	C₁₂H₁₆N₃⁺·I⁻	C₁₁H₁₄N₃⁺·I⁻
M_r	333.14	329.18	315.15
Crystal system, space group	Orthorhombic, Pccn	Orthorhombic, Pccn	Monoclinic, P2₁/n
Temperature (K)	173	173	173
a, b, c (Å)	16.396 (3), 21.732 (4), 7.2412 (12)	15.843 (3), 21.933 (4), 7.8250 (14)	5.9326 (11), 17.826 (3), 12.129 (2)
α, β, γ (°)	90, 90, 90	90, 90, 90	90, 102.897 (7), 90
V (Å³)	2580.1 (7)	2719.0 (8)	1250.3 (4)
Z	8	8	4
Radiation type	Mo Kα	Mo Kα	Mo Kα
µ (mm⁻¹)	2.47	2.34	2.54
Crystal size (mm)	0.71 × 0.05 × 0.02	0.52 × 0.12 × 0.04	0.80 × 0.40 × 0.10

Data collection
Diffractometer	Rigaku XtaLAB mini diffractometer	Rigaku XtaLAB mini diffractometer	Rigaku XtaLAB mini diffractometer
Absorption correction	Multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)	Multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)	Multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)
T_min, T_max	0.671, 0.952	0.564, 0.911	0.356, 0.776
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections	17829, 2632, 1872	16099, 2767, 2150	12823, 2858, 2582
R_int	0.073	0.051	0.044
(sin θ/λ)_max (Å⁻¹)	0.625	0.625	0.649

Refinement
R[F² > 2σ(F²)], wR(F²), S	0.035, 0.077, 1.03	0.031, 0.065, 1.04	0.023, 0.055, 1.09
No. of reflections	2632	2767	2858
No. of parameters	147	148	138
No. of restraints	0	0	0
H-atom treatment	H-atom parameters constrained	H-atom parameters constrained	H-atom parameters constrained
Δρ_max, Δρ_min (e Å⁻³)	0.60, −0.58	0.43, −0.36	0.40, −0.69
Absolute structure	?	?	?
Absolute structure parameter	?	?	?

	(salt4)	(salt5)
Crystal data
Chemical formula	C₉H₁₀N₃⁺·I⁻	C₁₅H₁₄N₃⁺·Br⁻·H₂O
M_r	287.10	334.22
Crystal system, space group	Monoclinic, Cc	Monoclinic, C2/c
Temperature (K)	173	173
a, b, c (Å)	7.660 (2), 16.912 (5), 8.412 (3)	24.783 (6), 8.996 (2), 13.089 (3)
α, β, γ (°)	90, 101.137 (7), 90	90, 100.068 (7), 90
V (Å³)	1069.2 (6)	2873.3 (13)
Z	4	8
Radiation type	Mo Kα	Mo Kα
µ (mm⁻¹)	2.96	2.86
Crystal size (mm)	0.31 × 0.23 × 0.13	0.60 × 0.37 × 0.17

Data collection
Diffractometer	Rigaku XtaLAB mini diffractometer	Rigaku XtaLAB mini diffractometer
Absorption correction	Multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)	Multi-scan (REQAB; Rigaku, 1998)
T_min, T_max	0.439, 0.681	0.321, 0.614
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections	5472, 2420, 2359	6672, 3259, 2630
R_int	0.020	0.031
(sin θ/λ)_max (Å⁻¹)	0.649	0.650

Refinement
R[F² > 2σ(F²)], wR(F²), S	0.018, 0.037, 1.05	0.043, 0.098, 1.08
No. of reflections	2420	3259
No. of parameters	119	189
No. of restraints	2	0
H-atom treatment	H-atom parameters constrained	H atoms treated by a mixture of independent and constrained refinement
Δρ_max, Δρ_min (e Å⁻³)	0.18, −0.36	0.75, −0.63
Absolute structure	Flack x determined using 1112 quotients [(I⁺)-(I^-)]/[(I⁺)+(I^-)] (Parsons et al., 2013)	?
Absolute structure parameter	−0.012 (18)	?

Computer programs: CrystalClearSM Expert (Rigaku, 2011), SIR97 (Altomare et al., 1999), SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015), CrystalStructure (Rigaku, 2010), Mercury (Macrae et al., 2006).

Acknowledgements

For financial support, we are indebted to the University of St. Thomas start-up funds, Partnership in Learning and Research Grant funds for MAG; work-study, Young Scholars and Collaborative Inquiry grants for MT, MS, TP and MA; the NSF–MRI grant No. 095322 `MRI:R2: Acquisition of a 400 MHz Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectrometer'; St. Catherine University and the NSF–MRI grant No. 1125975 `MRI Consortium: Acquisition of a Single Crystal X-ray Diffractometer for a Regional PUI Molecular Structure Facility'. We would like to also acknowledge Dr Victor Young (UMN–Twin Cities) and Dr Steve Berry (UMN–Duluth) with their assistance while gathering preliminary data, and Dr William Ojala (UST) for providing helpful discussions with this project.

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Volume 71| Part 6| June 2015| Pages 628-635

doi:10.1107/S2056989015009019

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