research communications
S)-2-{(R)-4-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-3-oxo-1,2-thiazolidin-2-yl}-3-methylbutanoate: a chemical model for oxidized protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)
of methyl (a125 Chemistry Bldg, University of Missouri Columbia, MO 65211, USA
*Correspondence e-mail: gatesk@missouri.edu
The 14H24N2O5S, contains two independent molecules (A and B). In each molecule, the isothiazolidin-3-one ring adopts an with the methylene C atom as the flap. In the crystal, the A molecules are linked to one another by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming columns along [010]. The B molecules are also linked to one another by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming columns along the same direction, i.e. [010]. Within the individual columns, there are also C—H⋯S and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds present. The columns of A and B molecules are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming sheets parallel to (10-1). The was determined by [Flack parameter = 0.00 (3)].
of the title compound, CKeywords: crystal structure; isothiazolidine-3-one derivative; oxidized PTP1B; sulfenyl amide; hydrogen bonding.
CCDC reference: 1402668
1. Chemical context
X-ray crystallographic analyses of the enzyme PTP1B have revealed an unprecedented post-translational modification that may be important in redox regulation of protein function (Zhou et al., 2011; Salmeen et al., 2003; van Montfort et al., 2003; Tanner et al., 2011; Sivaramakrishnan et al., 2010). Specifically, oxidation converts the catalytic cysteine in this enzyme to an isothiazolidin-3-one heterocycle that is commonly referred to as a sulfenyl amide residue. As part of early efforts in the area of cephalosporin synthesis, a dipeptide containing a protein sulfenyl amide residue was synthesized (Morin et al., 1973). However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no examples of low molecular weight sulfenyl that have been characterized crystallographically, although structures of related 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-ones have been reported (Kim et al., 1996; Ranganathan et al., 2002; Wang et al., 2011). Herein we describe the synthesis and of the title compound, a low molecular weight mimic of oxidized PTP1B.
2. Structural commentary
The molecular structures of the two independent molecules (A and B) of the title compound are shown in Fig. 1. The two molecules differ only in the orientation of the isopropyl group (Fig. 1). The bond lengths and angles are very similar to those seen in the crystal structures of the oxidized enzyme PTP1B (see: pdb codes 1oem, 1oes, 3sme). In both molecules, the isothiozolidin-3-one ring adopts an with the methylene C atom (C1A in molecule A and C1B in molecule B) as the flap, similar to the conformation of oxidized PTP1B (pdb code: 1oem). In previously reported chemical models (1,2-benzisothiazole compounds) of PTP1B, the five-membered ring is planar (Kim et al., 1996; Ranganathan et al., 2002; Wang et al., 2011; Sivaramakrishnan et al., 2005). The S—N bond lengths in the title compound [S1A—N1A = 1.740 (2) Å and S1B—N1B = 1.733 (2) Å], are similar to the same bond distance of ca 1.71 Å in oxidized PTP1B (pdb code: 1oem).
3. Supramolecular features
In the crystal, N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions give infinite, separate columns of A and B molecules along the b-axis (Table 1 and Fig. 2). Within the columns there are C—H⋯S and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds present (Table 1). The columns of A and B molecules are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming sheets parallel to (10); see Fig. 2.
4. Database survey
A search in the Cambridge Structural Database (Version 5.36; Groom & Allen, 2014) for the 1,2-benzisothiazole-3-one resulted in over twenty hits, which include three structures similar to the title compound: methyl 2-hydroxy-2-(3-oxobenzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl)propanoate (Ranganathan et al., 2002), 2-(3-oxobenzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl)acetic acid (Wang et al., 2011) and 2-phenethylbenzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one (Kim et al., 1996). In all three compounds, the five-membered isothizolinone ring is planar. However, the S—N bond lengths are similar to that in the title compound; see Structural commentary.
5. Synthesis and crystallization
The title compound was prepared by a modification of a previously published procedure (Shiau et al., 2006). Pyridine (20 eq) was added to a solution of L-valine ester of N,N-di-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-cystine (1.0 g, 1.5 mmol) in 50 mL of anhydrous CH2Cl2. The solution was cooled in a liquid nitrogen bath, under an N2 atmosphere, and stirred for 15 min. Bromine (135 µL, 2.6 mmol) in dry CH2Cl2 was added dropwise over a period of 30 min. The solution was allowed to warm to 273 K over 1 h, and then CH2Cl2 was evaporated in vacuo using a rotatory evaporator to afford the crude material. Flash (50% EtOAc/hexanes) of the crude material gave the title compound as a white solid (360 mg, 72% yield). Crystals suitable for X-ray were obtained by slow evaporation of a solution of title compound in DMF.
6. Refinement
Crystal data, data collection and structure . The H atoms were included in calculated positions and treated as riding atoms: N—H = 0.88 Å, C—H = 0.98–1.00 Å with Uiso(H) = 1.5Ueq(C) for methyl H atoms and 1.2Ueq(N,C) for other H atoms.
details are summarized in Table 2
|
Supporting information
CCDC reference: 1402668
10.1107/S2056989015010051/su5136sup1.cif
contains datablock I. DOI:Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015010051/su5136Isup2.hkl
Supporting information file. DOI: 10.1107/S2056989015010051/su5136Isup3.cml
X-ray crystallographic analyses of the enzyme PTP1B have revealed an unprecedented post-translational modification that may be important in redox regulation of protein function (Zhou et al., 2011; Salmeen et al., 2003; van Montfort et al., 2003; Tanner et al., 2011; Sivaramakrishnan et al., 2010). Specifically, oxidation converts the catalytic cysteine in this enzyme to an isothiazolidin-3-one heterocycle that is commonly referred to as a sulfenyl amide residue. As part of early efforts in the area of cephalosporin synthesis, a dipeptide containing a protein sulfenyl amide residue was synthesized (Morin et al., 1973). However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no examples of low molecular weight sulfenyl
that have been characterized crystallographically, although structures of related 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-ones have been reported (Kim et al., 1996; Ranganathan et al., 2002; Wang et al., 2011). Herein we describe the synthesis and of the title compound, a low molecular weight mimic of oxidized PTP1B.The molecular structures of the two independent molecules (A and B) of the title compound are shown in Fig. 1. The two molecules are differ only in the orientation of the isopropyl group (Fig. 1). The bond lengths and angles are very similar to those seen in the crystal structures of the oxidized enzyme PTP1B (see: pdb codes 1oem, 1oes, 3sme). In both molecules, the isothiozolidin-3-one ring adopts an
with the methylene C atom (C1A in molecule A and C1B in molecule B) as the flap, similar to the conformation of oxidized PTP1B (pdb code: 1oem). In previously reported chemical models (1,2-benzisothiazole compounds) of PTP1B, the five-membered ring is planar (Kim et al., 1996; Ranganathan et al., 2002; Wang et al., 2011; Sivaramakrishnan et al., 2005). The S—N bond lengths in the title compound [S1A—N1A = 1.740 (2) Å and S1B—N1B = 1.733 (2) Å], are similar to the same bond distance of ca 1.71 Å in oxidized PTP1B (pdb code: 1oem).In the crystal, N—H···O hydrogen-bonding interactions give infinite, separate columns of A and B molecules along the b-axis direction (Table 1 and Fig. 2). Within the columns there are C—H···S and C—H···O hydrogen bonds present (Table 1). The columns of A and B molecules are linked by C—H···O hydrogen bonds, forming sheets parallel to (101); see Fig. 2.
A search in the Cambridge Structural Database (Version 5.36; Groom & Allen, 2014) for the
1,2-benzisothiazole-3-one resulted in over twenty hits, which include three structures similar to the title compound: methyl 2-hydroxy-2-(3-oxobenzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl)propanoate (Ranganathan et al., 2002), 2-(3-oxobenzo[d]isothiazol-2(3H)-yl)acetic acid (Wang et al., 2011) and 2-phenethylbenzo[d]isothiazol-3(2H)-one (Kim et al., 1996). In all three compounds, the five-membered isothizolinone ring is planar. However, the S—N bond lengths are similar to that in the title compound; see Structural commentary.The title compound was prepared by a modification of a previously published procedure (Shiau et al., 2006). Pyridine (20 eq) was added to a solution of L-valine ester of N,N-di-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-L-cystine (1.0 g, 1.5 mmol) in 50 mL of anhydrous CH2Cl2. The solution was cooled in a liquid nitrogen bath, under an N2 atmosphere, and stirred for 15 min. Bromine (135 µL, 2.6 mmol) in dry CH2Cl2 was added dropwise over a period of 30 min. The solution was allowed to warm to 273 K over 1 h, and then CH2Cl2 was evaporated in vacuo using a rotatory evaporator to afford the crude material. Flash
(50% EtOAc/hexanes) of the crude material gave the title compound as a white solid (360 mg, 72% yield). Crystals suitable for X-ray were obtained by slow evaporation of a solution of title compound in DMF.Data collection: APEX2 (Bruker, 2008); cell
SAINT (Bruker, 2008); data reduction: SAINT (Bruker, 2008); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS2014 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015); molecular graphics: Mercury (Macrae et al., 2008); software used to prepare material for publication: SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015) and publCIF (Westrip, 2010).Fig. 1. A view of the molecular structure of the two independent molecules (A and B) of the title compound. Displacement ellipsoids are drawn at the 50% probability level. | |
Fig. 2. A view along the b axis of the crystal packing of the title compound. Hydrogen bonds are shown as dashed lines (see Table 1 for details; A molecules are blue and B molecules are red). |
C14H24N2O5S | F(000) = 712 |
Mr = 332.41 | Dx = 1.270 Mg m−3 |
Monoclinic, P21 | Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å |
Hall symbol: P 2yb | Cell parameters from 7090 reflections |
a = 11.509 (3) Å | θ = 2.6–22.2° |
b = 5.9290 (18) Å | µ = 0.21 mm−1 |
c = 25.751 (8) Å | T = 173 K |
β = 98.307 (3)° | Needle, colourless |
V = 1738.7 (9) Å3 | 0.50 × 0.15 × 0.05 mm |
Z = 4 |
Bruker APEXII CCD area-detector diffractometer | 7699 independent reflections |
Radiation source: fine-focus sealed tube | 6307 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Graphite monochromator | Rint = 0.026 |
ω scans | θmax = 27.5°, θmin = 1.6° |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2008) | h = −14→14 |
Tmin = 0.88, Tmax = 0.99 | k = −7→7 |
19532 measured reflections | l = −32→33 |
Refinement on F2 | Secondary atom site location: difference Fourier map |
Least-squares matrix: full | Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.040 | H-atom parameters constrained |
wR(F2) = 0.086 | w = 1/[σ2(Fo2) + (0.0332P)2 + 0.3913P] where P = (Fo2 + 2Fc2)/3 |
S = 1.05 | (Δ/σ)max = 0.001 |
7699 reflections | Δρmax = 0.22 e Å−3 |
409 parameters | Δρmin = −0.25 e Å−3 |
1 restraint | Absolute structure: Flack x determined using 2415 quotients [(I+)-(I-)]/[(I+)+(I-)] (Parsons et al., 2013) |
Primary atom site location: structure-invariant direct methods | Absolute structure parameter: 0.00 (3) |
C14H24N2O5S | V = 1738.7 (9) Å3 |
Mr = 332.41 | Z = 4 |
Monoclinic, P21 | Mo Kα radiation |
a = 11.509 (3) Å | µ = 0.21 mm−1 |
b = 5.9290 (18) Å | T = 173 K |
c = 25.751 (8) Å | 0.50 × 0.15 × 0.05 mm |
β = 98.307 (3)° |
Bruker APEXII CCD area-detector diffractometer | 7699 independent reflections |
Absorption correction: multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2008) | 6307 reflections with I > 2σ(I) |
Tmin = 0.88, Tmax = 0.99 | Rint = 0.026 |
19532 measured reflections |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)] = 0.040 | H-atom parameters constrained |
wR(F2) = 0.086 | Δρmax = 0.22 e Å−3 |
S = 1.05 | Δρmin = −0.25 e Å−3 |
7699 reflections | Absolute structure: Flack x determined using 2415 quotients [(I+)-(I-)]/[(I+)+(I-)] (Parsons et al., 2013) |
409 parameters | Absolute structure parameter: 0.00 (3) |
1 restraint |
Geometry. All e.s.d.'s (except the e.s.d. in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell e.s.d.'s are taken into account individually in the estimation of e.s.d.'s in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between e.s.d.'s in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell e.s.d.'s is used for estimating e.s.d.'s involving l.s. planes. |
x | y | z | Uiso*/Ueq | ||
S1A | 0.17551 (7) | 0.37685 (12) | 0.89628 (3) | 0.0306 (2) | |
O1A | 0.37713 (16) | 0.8791 (4) | 0.92762 (7) | 0.0258 (5) | |
O2A | −0.04290 (17) | 0.8246 (4) | 0.84881 (8) | 0.0391 (6) | |
O3A | 0.07144 (17) | 0.8801 (4) | 0.92603 (8) | 0.0334 (5) | |
O4A | 0.25361 (16) | 0.8018 (3) | 1.02566 (7) | 0.0287 (5) | |
O5A | 0.40692 (16) | 0.7475 (3) | 1.09140 (7) | 0.0277 (5) | |
N1A | 0.23825 (18) | 0.6385 (4) | 0.88732 (9) | 0.0217 (5) | |
N2A | 0.40950 (19) | 0.5788 (4) | 1.01516 (8) | 0.0249 (5) | |
H2AN | 0.4807 | 0.5362 | 1.0286 | 0.030* | |
C1A | 0.2486 (2) | 0.3592 (5) | 0.96298 (11) | 0.0276 (6) | |
H1A1 | 0.1983 | 0.4206 | 0.9877 | 0.033* | |
H1A2 | 0.2687 | 0.2009 | 0.9727 | 0.033* | |
C2A | 0.3596 (2) | 0.5013 (5) | 0.96366 (10) | 0.0222 (6) | |
H2A | 0.4199 | 0.4062 | 0.9497 | 0.027* | |
C3A | 0.3281 (2) | 0.6971 (5) | 0.92527 (10) | 0.0202 (6) | |
C4A | 0.1701 (2) | 0.8095 (5) | 0.85499 (10) | 0.0224 (6) | |
H4A | 0.2129 | 0.9552 | 0.8627 | 0.027* | |
C5A | 0.0523 (2) | 0.8373 (5) | 0.87466 (11) | 0.0255 (6) | |
C6A | −0.0312 (3) | 0.8925 (7) | 0.95220 (12) | 0.0433 (9) | |
H6A1 | −0.0795 | 0.7577 | 0.9439 | 0.065* | |
H6A2 | −0.0769 | 1.0270 | 0.9403 | 0.065* | |
H6A3 | −0.0068 | 0.9012 | 0.9902 | 0.065* | |
C7A | 0.1596 (3) | 0.7759 (5) | 0.79545 (11) | 0.0300 (7) | |
H7A | 0.1022 | 0.8904 | 0.7788 | 0.036* | |
C8A | 0.1133 (3) | 0.5449 (6) | 0.77637 (12) | 0.0399 (8) | |
H8A1 | 0.0416 | 0.5108 | 0.7913 | 0.060* | |
H8A2 | 0.1728 | 0.4299 | 0.7876 | 0.060* | |
H8A3 | 0.0958 | 0.5455 | 0.7380 | 0.060* | |
C9A | 0.2768 (3) | 0.8254 (7) | 0.77685 (13) | 0.0466 (9) | |
H9A1 | 0.3349 | 0.7131 | 0.7916 | 0.070* | |
H9A2 | 0.3037 | 0.9763 | 0.7886 | 0.070* | |
H9A3 | 0.2672 | 0.8186 | 0.7384 | 0.070* | |
C10A | 0.3474 (2) | 0.7172 (5) | 1.04305 (10) | 0.0226 (6) | |
C11A | 0.3593 (3) | 0.8922 (5) | 1.13002 (11) | 0.0299 (7) | |
C12A | 0.3575 (3) | 1.1359 (6) | 1.11241 (13) | 0.0390 (8) | |
H12A | 0.3039 | 1.1522 | 1.0794 | 0.058* | |
H12B | 0.4368 | 1.1816 | 1.1071 | 0.058* | |
H12C | 0.3308 | 1.2317 | 1.1393 | 0.058* | |
C13A | 0.4492 (3) | 0.8548 (8) | 1.17880 (12) | 0.0547 (11) | |
H13A | 0.5272 | 0.8994 | 1.1715 | 0.082* | |
H13B | 0.4501 | 0.6949 | 1.1885 | 0.082* | |
H13C | 0.4280 | 0.9459 | 1.2078 | 0.082* | |
C14A | 0.2390 (3) | 0.8122 (6) | 1.13960 (13) | 0.0423 (9) | |
H14A | 0.2411 | 0.6490 | 1.1458 | 0.063* | |
H14B | 0.1811 | 0.8464 | 1.1088 | 0.063* | |
H14C | 0.2171 | 0.8894 | 1.1704 | 0.063* | |
S1B | 0.82980 (7) | 0.48748 (12) | 0.60817 (3) | 0.0323 (2) | |
O1B | 0.61995 (16) | 0.9736 (4) | 0.57159 (7) | 0.0273 (5) | |
O2B | 1.03914 (18) | 0.9218 (4) | 0.65232 (9) | 0.0431 (7) | |
O3B | 0.92605 (17) | 1.0176 (4) | 0.57700 (8) | 0.0322 (5) | |
O4B | 0.74978 (16) | 0.8851 (4) | 0.47590 (7) | 0.0291 (5) | |
O5B | 0.59660 (16) | 0.8252 (4) | 0.41038 (7) | 0.0289 (5) | |
N1B | 0.76343 (19) | 0.7473 (4) | 0.61334 (9) | 0.0228 (5) | |
N2B | 0.5954 (2) | 0.6591 (4) | 0.48677 (8) | 0.0249 (5) | |
H2BN | 0.5257 | 0.6095 | 0.4729 | 0.030* | |
C1B | 0.7557 (3) | 0.4505 (5) | 0.54193 (11) | 0.0281 (7) | |
H1B1 | 0.8053 | 0.5048 | 0.5161 | 0.034* | |
H1B2 | 0.7365 | 0.2897 | 0.5348 | 0.034* | |
C2B | 0.6441 (2) | 0.5915 (5) | 0.53926 (10) | 0.0215 (6) | |
H2B | 0.5838 | 0.4986 | 0.5538 | 0.026* | |
C3B | 0.6726 (2) | 0.7945 (5) | 0.57522 (10) | 0.0202 (6) | |
C4B | 0.8258 (2) | 0.9234 (5) | 0.64632 (10) | 0.0225 (6) | |
H4B | 0.7808 | 1.0668 | 0.6388 | 0.027* | |
C5B | 0.9443 (3) | 0.9547 (5) | 0.62751 (11) | 0.0263 (7) | |
C6B | 1.0263 (3) | 1.0160 (8) | 0.54915 (13) | 0.0472 (9) | |
H6B1 | 1.0737 | 0.8810 | 0.5589 | 0.071* | |
H6B2 | 1.0740 | 1.1510 | 0.5584 | 0.071* | |
H6B3 | 0.9993 | 1.0148 | 0.5113 | 0.071* | |
C7B | 0.8375 (3) | 0.8825 (5) | 0.70572 (11) | 0.0292 (6) | |
H7B | 0.8995 | 0.7658 | 0.7156 | 0.035* | |
C8B | 0.7239 (3) | 0.7992 (8) | 0.72175 (14) | 0.0514 (10) | |
H8B1 | 0.7050 | 0.6502 | 0.7063 | 0.077* | |
H8B2 | 0.6606 | 0.9050 | 0.7093 | 0.077* | |
H8B3 | 0.7323 | 0.7882 | 0.7601 | 0.077* | |
C9B | 0.8768 (3) | 1.1022 (6) | 0.73369 (12) | 0.0405 (8) | |
H9B1 | 0.8166 | 1.2180 | 0.7245 | 0.061* | |
H9B2 | 0.9508 | 1.1521 | 0.7228 | 0.061* | |
H9B3 | 0.8883 | 1.0777 | 0.7717 | 0.061* | |
C10B | 0.6558 (2) | 0.7978 (5) | 0.45889 (10) | 0.0242 (6) | |
C11B | 0.6433 (3) | 0.9681 (6) | 0.37099 (11) | 0.0320 (7) | |
C12B | 0.6446 (3) | 1.2118 (6) | 0.38854 (14) | 0.0455 (9) | |
H12D | 0.6719 | 1.3076 | 0.3617 | 0.068* | |
H12E | 0.6977 | 1.2282 | 0.4217 | 0.068* | |
H12F | 0.5652 | 1.2573 | 0.3936 | 0.068* | |
C13B | 0.7631 (3) | 0.8901 (7) | 0.36143 (14) | 0.0492 (9) | |
H13D | 0.7624 | 0.7260 | 0.3567 | 0.074* | |
H13E | 0.8214 | 0.9304 | 0.3916 | 0.074* | |
H13F | 0.7833 | 0.9630 | 0.3298 | 0.074* | |
C14B | 0.5525 (4) | 0.9286 (8) | 0.32308 (13) | 0.0617 (13) | |
H14D | 0.5547 | 0.7702 | 0.3124 | 0.093* | |
H14E | 0.5697 | 1.0255 | 0.2943 | 0.093* | |
H14F | 0.4742 | 0.9646 | 0.3315 | 0.093* |
U11 | U22 | U33 | U12 | U13 | U23 | |
S1A | 0.0326 (5) | 0.0190 (4) | 0.0366 (4) | −0.0017 (3) | −0.0067 (4) | −0.0018 (3) |
O1A | 0.0176 (10) | 0.0280 (12) | 0.0308 (11) | −0.0052 (9) | 0.0005 (8) | 0.0013 (9) |
O2A | 0.0231 (11) | 0.0551 (16) | 0.0367 (12) | 0.0073 (10) | −0.0034 (9) | 0.0028 (11) |
O3A | 0.0255 (11) | 0.0482 (14) | 0.0262 (11) | 0.0065 (10) | 0.0035 (8) | −0.0077 (10) |
O4A | 0.0221 (10) | 0.0357 (13) | 0.0275 (11) | 0.0075 (9) | 0.0005 (8) | −0.0033 (9) |
O5A | 0.0258 (11) | 0.0327 (12) | 0.0236 (10) | 0.0037 (9) | −0.0001 (8) | −0.0046 (9) |
N1A | 0.0168 (11) | 0.0180 (12) | 0.0288 (13) | 0.0022 (9) | −0.0014 (9) | −0.0016 (10) |
N2A | 0.0201 (12) | 0.0323 (14) | 0.0214 (12) | 0.0059 (10) | −0.0002 (9) | −0.0031 (10) |
C1A | 0.0310 (15) | 0.0246 (15) | 0.0273 (15) | −0.0011 (13) | 0.0044 (12) | −0.0013 (13) |
C2A | 0.0183 (13) | 0.0266 (15) | 0.0215 (14) | 0.0064 (12) | 0.0025 (10) | −0.0002 (12) |
C3A | 0.0153 (13) | 0.0251 (15) | 0.0206 (14) | 0.0021 (11) | 0.0040 (11) | −0.0017 (11) |
C4A | 0.0205 (13) | 0.0208 (15) | 0.0247 (14) | 0.0047 (11) | −0.0013 (11) | −0.0015 (11) |
C5A | 0.0235 (14) | 0.0217 (15) | 0.0302 (15) | 0.0049 (11) | 0.0002 (12) | 0.0018 (12) |
C6A | 0.0353 (18) | 0.060 (2) | 0.0372 (18) | 0.0117 (18) | 0.0127 (14) | 0.0000 (17) |
C7A | 0.0307 (15) | 0.0352 (18) | 0.0231 (15) | 0.0053 (14) | 0.0009 (12) | −0.0019 (13) |
C8A | 0.049 (2) | 0.039 (2) | 0.0301 (17) | 0.0009 (16) | 0.0002 (15) | −0.0087 (14) |
C9A | 0.044 (2) | 0.059 (3) | 0.0393 (19) | 0.0004 (18) | 0.0137 (15) | −0.0010 (17) |
C10A | 0.0209 (14) | 0.0242 (15) | 0.0226 (14) | −0.0020 (11) | 0.0027 (11) | 0.0008 (11) |
C11A | 0.0335 (16) | 0.0327 (18) | 0.0242 (15) | −0.0018 (14) | 0.0063 (13) | −0.0067 (13) |
C12A | 0.0441 (19) | 0.0284 (18) | 0.047 (2) | −0.0075 (15) | 0.0164 (16) | −0.0039 (15) |
C13A | 0.066 (3) | 0.066 (3) | 0.0271 (18) | 0.007 (2) | −0.0105 (17) | −0.0095 (18) |
C14A | 0.053 (2) | 0.042 (2) | 0.0364 (18) | −0.0120 (17) | 0.0213 (16) | −0.0065 (15) |
S1B | 0.0358 (5) | 0.0192 (4) | 0.0375 (5) | 0.0025 (3) | −0.0100 (4) | 0.0014 (3) |
O1B | 0.0231 (11) | 0.0299 (12) | 0.0273 (11) | 0.0050 (9) | −0.0020 (8) | −0.0014 (9) |
O2B | 0.0224 (11) | 0.0622 (18) | 0.0414 (13) | −0.0038 (11) | −0.0060 (10) | 0.0064 (12) |
O3B | 0.0287 (11) | 0.0411 (14) | 0.0273 (11) | −0.0026 (10) | 0.0054 (9) | 0.0025 (10) |
O4B | 0.0228 (10) | 0.0369 (12) | 0.0271 (10) | −0.0081 (10) | 0.0017 (8) | 0.0049 (9) |
O5B | 0.0277 (11) | 0.0373 (13) | 0.0204 (10) | −0.0046 (9) | −0.0003 (8) | 0.0041 (9) |
N1B | 0.0228 (12) | 0.0168 (12) | 0.0269 (12) | −0.0019 (9) | −0.0028 (10) | 0.0016 (9) |
N2B | 0.0213 (12) | 0.0314 (14) | 0.0208 (12) | −0.0082 (10) | −0.0007 (9) | 0.0019 (10) |
C1B | 0.0312 (16) | 0.0242 (16) | 0.0285 (16) | 0.0035 (12) | 0.0034 (13) | 0.0009 (12) |
C2B | 0.0210 (13) | 0.0234 (14) | 0.0198 (13) | −0.0046 (11) | 0.0015 (11) | 0.0019 (11) |
C3B | 0.0132 (12) | 0.0253 (15) | 0.0225 (14) | −0.0028 (11) | 0.0041 (10) | 0.0018 (11) |
C4B | 0.0239 (14) | 0.0183 (14) | 0.0236 (14) | −0.0009 (11) | −0.0026 (11) | 0.0009 (11) |
C5B | 0.0268 (16) | 0.0222 (15) | 0.0290 (16) | −0.0040 (12) | 0.0011 (12) | −0.0005 (12) |
C6B | 0.042 (2) | 0.061 (3) | 0.042 (2) | −0.0102 (19) | 0.0164 (16) | −0.0010 (18) |
C7B | 0.0307 (15) | 0.0292 (16) | 0.0264 (15) | 0.0029 (14) | −0.0009 (12) | 0.0044 (13) |
C8B | 0.050 (2) | 0.066 (3) | 0.040 (2) | −0.011 (2) | 0.0131 (16) | 0.0059 (18) |
C9B | 0.052 (2) | 0.040 (2) | 0.0262 (16) | 0.0019 (16) | −0.0044 (15) | −0.0033 (15) |
C10B | 0.0219 (14) | 0.0279 (16) | 0.0228 (14) | 0.0028 (12) | 0.0032 (11) | 0.0009 (12) |
C11B | 0.0347 (17) | 0.0374 (19) | 0.0245 (16) | 0.0024 (14) | 0.0066 (13) | 0.0086 (13) |
C12B | 0.053 (2) | 0.037 (2) | 0.050 (2) | 0.0086 (17) | 0.0193 (17) | 0.0127 (16) |
C13B | 0.058 (2) | 0.052 (2) | 0.043 (2) | 0.014 (2) | 0.0264 (17) | 0.0134 (18) |
C14B | 0.068 (3) | 0.085 (4) | 0.0281 (19) | −0.010 (2) | −0.0056 (18) | 0.018 (2) |
S1A—N1A | 1.740 (2) | S1B—N1B | 1.733 (2) |
S1A—C1A | 1.803 (3) | S1B—C1B | 1.807 (3) |
O1A—C3A | 1.215 (3) | O1B—C3B | 1.219 (3) |
O2A—C5A | 1.200 (3) | O2B—C5B | 1.199 (3) |
O3A—C5A | 1.334 (3) | O3B—C5B | 1.340 (3) |
O3A—C6A | 1.444 (4) | O3B—C6B | 1.444 (4) |
O4A—C10A | 1.215 (3) | O4B—C10B | 1.222 (3) |
O5A—C10A | 1.344 (3) | O5B—C10B | 1.344 (3) |
O5A—C11A | 1.477 (3) | O5B—C11B | 1.481 (4) |
N1A—C3A | 1.361 (3) | N1B—C3B | 1.356 (3) |
N1A—C4A | 1.465 (3) | N1B—C4B | 1.466 (3) |
N2A—C10A | 1.360 (4) | N2B—C10B | 1.349 (4) |
N2A—C2A | 1.442 (3) | N2B—C2B | 1.443 (3) |
N2A—H2AN | 0.8800 | N2B—H2BN | 0.8800 |
C1A—C2A | 1.529 (4) | C1B—C2B | 1.526 (4) |
C1A—H1A1 | 0.9900 | C1B—H1B1 | 0.9900 |
C1A—H1A2 | 0.9900 | C1B—H1B2 | 0.9900 |
C2A—C3A | 1.534 (4) | C2B—C3B | 1.525 (4) |
C2A—H2A | 1.0000 | C2B—H2B | 1.0000 |
C4A—C5A | 1.523 (4) | C4B—C5B | 1.523 (4) |
C4A—C7A | 1.533 (4) | C4B—C7B | 1.535 (4) |
C4A—H4A | 1.0000 | C4B—H4B | 1.0000 |
C6A—H6A1 | 0.9800 | C6B—H6B1 | 0.9800 |
C6A—H6A2 | 0.9800 | C6B—H6B2 | 0.9800 |
C6A—H6A3 | 0.9800 | C6B—H6B3 | 0.9800 |
C7A—C9A | 1.524 (4) | C7B—C8B | 1.510 (4) |
C7A—C8A | 1.525 (5) | C7B—C9B | 1.526 (5) |
C7A—H7A | 1.0000 | C7B—H7B | 1.0000 |
C8A—H8A1 | 0.9800 | C8B—H8B1 | 0.9800 |
C8A—H8A2 | 0.9800 | C8B—H8B2 | 0.9800 |
C8A—H8A3 | 0.9800 | C8B—H8B3 | 0.9800 |
C9A—H9A1 | 0.9800 | C9B—H9B1 | 0.9800 |
C9A—H9A2 | 0.9800 | C9B—H9B2 | 0.9800 |
C9A—H9A3 | 0.9800 | C9B—H9B3 | 0.9800 |
C11A—C12A | 1.514 (5) | C11B—C13B | 1.507 (4) |
C11A—C14A | 1.518 (4) | C11B—C12B | 1.513 (5) |
C11A—C13A | 1.523 (4) | C11B—C14B | 1.516 (4) |
C12A—H12A | 0.9800 | C12B—H12D | 0.9800 |
C12A—H12B | 0.9800 | C12B—H12E | 0.9800 |
C12A—H12C | 0.9800 | C12B—H12F | 0.9800 |
C13A—H13A | 0.9800 | C13B—H13D | 0.9800 |
C13A—H13B | 0.9800 | C13B—H13E | 0.9800 |
C13A—H13C | 0.9800 | C13B—H13F | 0.9800 |
C14A—H14A | 0.9800 | C14B—H14D | 0.9800 |
C14A—H14B | 0.9800 | C14B—H14E | 0.9800 |
C14A—H14C | 0.9800 | C14B—H14F | 0.9800 |
N1A—S1A—C1A | 91.87 (13) | N1B—S1B—C1B | 91.57 (12) |
C5A—O3A—C6A | 116.4 (2) | C5B—O3B—C6B | 117.1 (2) |
C10A—O5A—C11A | 120.8 (2) | C10B—O5B—C11B | 121.4 (2) |
C3A—N1A—C4A | 121.3 (2) | C3B—N1B—C4B | 122.3 (2) |
C3A—N1A—S1A | 114.78 (19) | C3B—N1B—S1B | 115.47 (19) |
C4A—N1A—S1A | 119.59 (17) | C4B—N1B—S1B | 119.55 (17) |
C10A—N2A—C2A | 120.6 (2) | C10B—N2B—C2B | 120.5 (2) |
C10A—N2A—H2AN | 119.7 | C10B—N2B—H2BN | 119.8 |
C2A—N2A—H2AN | 119.7 | C2B—N2B—H2BN | 119.8 |
C2A—C1A—S1A | 104.66 (19) | C2B—C1B—S1B | 104.80 (19) |
C2A—C1A—H1A1 | 110.8 | C2B—C1B—H1B1 | 110.8 |
S1A—C1A—H1A1 | 110.8 | S1B—C1B—H1B1 | 110.8 |
C2A—C1A—H1A2 | 110.8 | C2B—C1B—H1B2 | 110.8 |
S1A—C1A—H1A2 | 110.8 | S1B—C1B—H1B2 | 110.8 |
H1A1—C1A—H1A2 | 108.9 | H1B1—C1B—H1B2 | 108.9 |
N2A—C2A—C1A | 114.0 (2) | N2B—C2B—C3B | 111.7 (2) |
N2A—C2A—C3A | 112.2 (2) | N2B—C2B—C1B | 113.9 (2) |
C1A—C2A—C3A | 106.9 (2) | C3B—C2B—C1B | 107.4 (2) |
N2A—C2A—H2A | 107.9 | N2B—C2B—H2B | 107.9 |
C1A—C2A—H2A | 107.9 | C3B—C2B—H2B | 107.9 |
C3A—C2A—H2A | 107.9 | C1B—C2B—H2B | 107.9 |
O1A—C3A—N1A | 124.2 (2) | O1B—C3B—N1B | 123.9 (3) |
O1A—C3A—C2A | 125.1 (2) | O1B—C3B—C2B | 125.4 (2) |
N1A—C3A—C2A | 110.7 (2) | N1B—C3B—C2B | 110.6 (2) |
N1A—C4A—C5A | 108.3 (2) | N1B—C4B—C5B | 106.8 (2) |
N1A—C4A—C7A | 115.9 (2) | N1B—C4B—C7B | 115.4 (2) |
C5A—C4A—C7A | 113.6 (2) | C5B—C4B—C7B | 112.5 (2) |
N1A—C4A—H4A | 106.1 | N1B—C4B—H4B | 107.3 |
C5A—C4A—H4A | 106.1 | C5B—C4B—H4B | 107.3 |
C7A—C4A—H4A | 106.1 | C7B—C4B—H4B | 107.3 |
O2A—C5A—O3A | 124.7 (3) | O2B—C5B—O3B | 124.4 (3) |
O2A—C5A—C4A | 126.5 (3) | O2B—C5B—C4B | 126.8 (3) |
O3A—C5A—C4A | 108.9 (2) | O3B—C5B—C4B | 108.7 (2) |
O3A—C6A—H6A1 | 109.5 | O3B—C6B—H6B1 | 109.5 |
O3A—C6A—H6A2 | 109.5 | O3B—C6B—H6B2 | 109.5 |
H6A1—C6A—H6A2 | 109.5 | H6B1—C6B—H6B2 | 109.5 |
O3A—C6A—H6A3 | 109.5 | O3B—C6B—H6B3 | 109.5 |
H6A1—C6A—H6A3 | 109.5 | H6B1—C6B—H6B3 | 109.5 |
H6A2—C6A—H6A3 | 109.5 | H6B2—C6B—H6B3 | 109.5 |
C9A—C7A—C8A | 110.8 (3) | C8B—C7B—C9B | 111.1 (3) |
C9A—C7A—C4A | 110.1 (2) | C8B—C7B—C4B | 111.7 (2) |
C8A—C7A—C4A | 114.4 (3) | C9B—C7B—C4B | 108.2 (2) |
C9A—C7A—H7A | 107.1 | C8B—C7B—H7B | 108.6 |
C8A—C7A—H7A | 107.1 | C9B—C7B—H7B | 108.6 |
C4A—C7A—H7A | 107.1 | C4B—C7B—H7B | 108.6 |
C7A—C8A—H8A1 | 109.5 | C7B—C8B—H8B1 | 109.5 |
C7A—C8A—H8A2 | 109.5 | C7B—C8B—H8B2 | 109.5 |
H8A1—C8A—H8A2 | 109.5 | H8B1—C8B—H8B2 | 109.5 |
C7A—C8A—H8A3 | 109.5 | C7B—C8B—H8B3 | 109.5 |
H8A1—C8A—H8A3 | 109.5 | H8B1—C8B—H8B3 | 109.5 |
H8A2—C8A—H8A3 | 109.5 | H8B2—C8B—H8B3 | 109.5 |
C7A—C9A—H9A1 | 109.5 | C7B—C9B—H9B1 | 109.5 |
C7A—C9A—H9A2 | 109.5 | C7B—C9B—H9B2 | 109.5 |
H9A1—C9A—H9A2 | 109.5 | H9B1—C9B—H9B2 | 109.5 |
C7A—C9A—H9A3 | 109.5 | C7B—C9B—H9B3 | 109.5 |
H9A1—C9A—H9A3 | 109.5 | H9B1—C9B—H9B3 | 109.5 |
H9A2—C9A—H9A3 | 109.5 | H9B2—C9B—H9B3 | 109.5 |
O4A—C10A—O5A | 126.4 (3) | O4B—C10B—O5B | 125.9 (3) |
O4A—C10A—N2A | 124.1 (2) | O4B—C10B—N2B | 124.4 (2) |
O5A—C10A—N2A | 109.5 (2) | O5B—C10B—N2B | 109.7 (2) |
O5A—C11A—C12A | 110.1 (2) | O5B—C11B—C13B | 111.5 (3) |
O5A—C11A—C14A | 111.3 (2) | O5B—C11B—C12B | 109.3 (3) |
C12A—C11A—C14A | 112.0 (3) | C13B—C11B—C12B | 111.8 (3) |
O5A—C11A—C13A | 101.4 (3) | O5B—C11B—C14B | 101.1 (3) |
C12A—C11A—C13A | 111.4 (3) | C13B—C11B—C14B | 111.1 (3) |
C14A—C11A—C13A | 110.3 (3) | C12B—C11B—C14B | 111.5 (3) |
C11A—C12A—H12A | 109.5 | C11B—C12B—H12D | 109.5 |
C11A—C12A—H12B | 109.5 | C11B—C12B—H12E | 109.5 |
H12A—C12A—H12B | 109.5 | H12D—C12B—H12E | 109.5 |
C11A—C12A—H12C | 109.5 | C11B—C12B—H12F | 109.5 |
H12A—C12A—H12C | 109.5 | H12D—C12B—H12F | 109.5 |
H12B—C12A—H12C | 109.5 | H12E—C12B—H12F | 109.5 |
C11A—C13A—H13A | 109.5 | C11B—C13B—H13D | 109.5 |
C11A—C13A—H13B | 109.5 | C11B—C13B—H13E | 109.5 |
H13A—C13A—H13B | 109.5 | H13D—C13B—H13E | 109.5 |
C11A—C13A—H13C | 109.5 | C11B—C13B—H13F | 109.5 |
H13A—C13A—H13C | 109.5 | H13D—C13B—H13F | 109.5 |
H13B—C13A—H13C | 109.5 | H13E—C13B—H13F | 109.5 |
C11A—C14A—H14A | 109.5 | C11B—C14B—H14D | 109.5 |
C11A—C14A—H14B | 109.5 | C11B—C14B—H14E | 109.5 |
H14A—C14A—H14B | 109.5 | H14D—C14B—H14E | 109.5 |
C11A—C14A—H14C | 109.5 | C11B—C14B—H14F | 109.5 |
H14A—C14A—H14C | 109.5 | H14D—C14B—H14F | 109.5 |
H14B—C14A—H14C | 109.5 | H14E—C14B—H14F | 109.5 |
C1A—S1A—N1A—C3A | 13.0 (2) | C1B—S1B—N1B—C3B | 12.9 (2) |
C1A—S1A—N1A—C4A | −144.0 (2) | C1B—S1B—N1B—C4B | −148.9 (2) |
N1A—S1A—C1A—C2A | −27.2 (2) | N1B—S1B—C1B—C2B | −26.1 (2) |
C10A—N2A—C2A—C1A | −61.9 (3) | C10B—N2B—C2B—C3B | 57.7 (3) |
C10A—N2A—C2A—C3A | 59.8 (3) | C10B—N2B—C2B—C1B | −64.2 (3) |
S1A—C1A—C2A—N2A | 158.7 (2) | S1B—C1B—C2B—N2B | 157.0 (2) |
S1A—C1A—C2A—C3A | 34.2 (3) | S1B—C1B—C2B—C3B | 32.7 (3) |
C4A—N1A—C3A—O1A | −18.2 (4) | C4B—N1B—C3B—O1B | −15.1 (4) |
S1A—N1A—C3A—O1A | −174.7 (2) | S1B—N1B—C3B—O1B | −176.4 (2) |
C4A—N1A—C3A—C2A | 162.8 (2) | C4B—N1B—C3B—C2B | 166.6 (2) |
S1A—N1A—C3A—C2A | 6.2 (3) | S1B—N1B—C3B—C2B | 5.3 (3) |
N2A—C2A—C3A—O1A | 28.5 (4) | N2B—C2B—C3B—O1B | 30.9 (4) |
C1A—C2A—C3A—O1A | 154.1 (3) | C1B—C2B—C3B—O1B | 156.4 (3) |
N2A—C2A—C3A—N1A | −152.5 (2) | N2B—C2B—C3B—N1B | −150.9 (2) |
C1A—C2A—C3A—N1A | −26.8 (3) | C1B—C2B—C3B—N1B | −25.3 (3) |
C3A—N1A—C4A—C5A | −103.6 (3) | C3B—N1B—C4B—C5B | −106.0 (3) |
S1A—N1A—C4A—C5A | 51.9 (3) | S1B—N1B—C4B—C5B | 54.6 (3) |
C3A—N1A—C4A—C7A | 127.3 (3) | C3B—N1B—C4B—C7B | 128.2 (3) |
S1A—N1A—C4A—C7A | −77.2 (3) | S1B—N1B—C4B—C7B | −71.3 (3) |
C6A—O3A—C5A—O2A | 5.4 (5) | C6B—O3B—C5B—O2B | 8.6 (5) |
C6A—O3A—C5A—C4A | −174.9 (3) | C6B—O3B—C5B—C4B | −169.0 (3) |
N1A—C4A—C5A—O2A | −126.7 (3) | N1B—C4B—C5B—O2B | −117.3 (3) |
C7A—C4A—C5A—O2A | 3.7 (4) | C7B—C4B—C5B—O2B | 10.3 (4) |
N1A—C4A—C5A—O3A | 53.7 (3) | N1B—C4B—C5B—O3B | 60.1 (3) |
C7A—C4A—C5A—O3A | −176.0 (2) | C7B—C4B—C5B—O3B | −172.3 (2) |
N1A—C4A—C7A—C9A | −71.8 (3) | N1B—C4B—C7B—C8B | −44.0 (4) |
C5A—C4A—C7A—C9A | 161.7 (3) | C5B—C4B—C7B—C8B | −166.8 (3) |
N1A—C4A—C7A—C8A | 53.7 (3) | N1B—C4B—C7B—C9B | −166.6 (3) |
C5A—C4A—C7A—C8A | −72.8 (3) | C5B—C4B—C7B—C9B | 70.6 (3) |
C11A—O5A—C10A—O4A | 1.1 (4) | C11B—O5B—C10B—O4B | 1.0 (4) |
C11A—O5A—C10A—N2A | 179.7 (2) | C11B—O5B—C10B—N2B | −179.4 (2) |
C2A—N2A—C10A—O4A | −7.4 (4) | C2B—N2B—C10B—O4B | −4.3 (4) |
C2A—N2A—C10A—O5A | 173.9 (2) | C2B—N2B—C10B—O5B | 176.1 (2) |
C10A—O5A—C11A—C12A | −67.5 (3) | C10B—O5B—C11B—C13B | 57.3 (4) |
C10A—O5A—C11A—C14A | 57.3 (3) | C10B—O5B—C11B—C12B | −66.9 (4) |
C10A—O5A—C11A—C13A | 174.5 (3) | C10B—O5B—C11B—C14B | 175.4 (3) |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N2A—H2AN···O1Ai | 0.88 | 2.07 | 2.925 (3) | 164 |
N2B—H2BN···O1Bii | 0.88 | 2.05 | 2.921 (3) | 169 |
C2A—H2A···O5Ai | 1.00 | 2.57 | 3.549 (3) | 167 |
C1B—H1B2···O1Biii | 0.99 | 2.56 | 3.371 (4) | 139 |
C4A—H4A···S1Aiv | 1.00 | 2.70 | 3.526 (3) | 140 |
C4B—H4B···S1Biv | 1.00 | 2.70 | 3.488 (3) | 136 |
C9B—H9B3···O2Av | 0.98 | 2.52 | 3.400 (4) | 149 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, y−1/2, −z+2; (ii) −x+1, y−1/2, −z+1; (iii) x, y−1, z; (iv) x, y+1, z; (v) x+1, y, z. |
D—H···A | D—H | H···A | D···A | D—H···A |
N2A—H2AN···O1Ai | 0.88 | 2.07 | 2.925 (3) | 164 |
N2B—H2BN···O1Bii | 0.88 | 2.05 | 2.921 (3) | 169 |
C2A—H2A···O5Ai | 1.00 | 2.57 | 3.549 (3) | 167 |
C1B—H1B2···O1Biii | 0.99 | 2.56 | 3.371 (4) | 139 |
C4A—H4A···S1Aiv | 1.00 | 2.70 | 3.526 (3) | 140 |
C4B—H4B···S1Biv | 1.00 | 2.70 | 3.488 (3) | 136 |
C9B—H9B3···O2Av | 0.98 | 2.52 | 3.400 (4) | 149 |
Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, y−1/2, −z+2; (ii) −x+1, y−1/2, −z+1; (iii) x, y−1, z; (iv) x, y+1, z; (v) x+1, y, z. |
Experimental details
Crystal data | |
Chemical formula | C14H24N2O5S |
Mr | 332.41 |
Crystal system, space group | Monoclinic, P21 |
Temperature (K) | 173 |
a, b, c (Å) | 11.509 (3), 5.9290 (18), 25.751 (8) |
β (°) | 98.307 (3) |
V (Å3) | 1738.7 (9) |
Z | 4 |
Radiation type | Mo Kα |
µ (mm−1) | 0.21 |
Crystal size (mm) | 0.50 × 0.15 × 0.05 |
Data collection | |
Diffractometer | Bruker APEXII CCD area-detector diffractometer |
Absorption correction | Multi-scan (SADABS; Bruker, 2008) |
Tmin, Tmax | 0.88, 0.99 |
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections | 19532, 7699, 6307 |
Rint | 0.026 |
(sin θ/λ)max (Å−1) | 0.650 |
Refinement | |
R[F2 > 2σ(F2)], wR(F2), S | 0.040, 0.086, 1.05 |
No. of reflections | 7699 |
No. of parameters | 409 |
No. of restraints | 1 |
H-atom treatment | H-atom parameters constrained |
Δρmax, Δρmin (e Å−3) | 0.22, −0.25 |
Absolute structure | Flack x determined using 2415 quotients [(I+)-(I-)]/[(I+)+(I-)] (Parsons et al., 2013) |
Absolute structure parameter | 0.00 (3) |
Computer programs: APEX2 (Bruker, 2008), SAINT (Bruker, 2008), SHELXS2014 (Sheldrick, 2008), Mercury (Macrae et al., 2008), SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015) and publCIF (Westrip, 2010).
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