4-[(1-Benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)meth­oxy]benzene-1,2-dicarbo­nitrile: crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and energy-minimization calculations

Shamsudin, N.; Tan, A.L.; Young, D.J.; Jotani, M.M.; Otero-de-la-Roza, A.; Tiekink, E.R.T.

doi:10.1107/S2056989016004722

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ISSN: 2056-9890

Volume 72| Part 4| April 2016| Pages 563-569

https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989016004722

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4-[(1-Benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy]benzene-1,2-dicarbonitrile: crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and energy-minimization calculations

Norzianah Shamsudin,^a Ai Ling Tan,^a David J. Young,^b ‡ Mukesh M. Jotani,^c A. Otero-de-la-Roza ^d,^e and Edward R. T. Tiekink ^f ^*

^aFaculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link BE 1410, Negara Brunei Darussalam, ^bFaculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland 4558, Australia, ^cDepartment of Physics, Bhavan's Sheth R. A. College of Science, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380 001, India, ^dNational Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2M9, Canada, ^eDepartment of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Okanagan, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia, V1V 1V7, Canada, and ^fResearch Centre for Crystalline Materials, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
^*Correspondence e-mail: edwardt@sunway.edu.my

Edited by W. T. A. Harrison, University of Aberdeen, Scotland (Received 18 March 2016; accepted 19 March 2016; online 31 March 2016)

In the solid state, the title compound, C₁₈H₁₃N₅O, adopts a conformation whereby the phenyl ring and methoxy–benzene-1,2-dicarbonitrile residue (r.m.s. deviation of the 12 non-H atoms = 0.041 Å) lie to opposite sides of the central triazolyl ring, forming dihedral angles of 79.30 (13) and 64.59 (10)°, respectively; the dihedral angle between the outer rings is 14.88 (9)°. This conformation is nearly 7 kcal mol⁻¹ higher in energy than the energy-minimized structure which has a syn disposition of the outer rings, enabling intramolecular π–π interactions. In the crystal, methylene-C—H⋯N(triazolyl) and carbonitrile-N⋯π(benzene) interactions lead to supramolecular chains along the a axis. Supramolecular layers in the ab plane arise as the chains are connected by benzene-C—H⋯N(carbonitrile) interactions; layers stack with no directional interactions between them. The specified intermolecular contacts along with other, weaker contributions to the supramolecular stabilization are analysed in a Hirshfeld surface analysis.

Keywords: crystal structure; triazolyl; conformation; DFT; Hirshfeld surface.

CCDC reference: 1469592

1. Chemical context

We have previously reported the crystal structure of bis[(phenylmethanamine-κN)-(phthalocyaninato-κ⁴N)zinc] phenylmethanamine trisolvate (Shamsudin et al., 2015 ) for use as a light-harvesting dye in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) (Kitamura et al., 2004 , Nazeeruddin et al., 2001 ). Benzylamine was investigated as a solvent to assist coating TiO₂ nanoparticles with the highly insoluble zinc phthalocyanine. Another strategy for solubilizing phthalocyanine dyes is to append solubilizing groups to these large, aromatic structures (Mack et al., 2006 ). Phthalocyanines are somewhat unreactive and so this is most easily done by modifying the precursor phthalonitriles. Unsymmetrical phthalocyanines (e.g. tetra- rather than octa-substituted) can yield constitutional isomers, but are more soluble (Eberhart & Hanack, 1997 ) and have a greater dipole moment which can make attractive molecules for non-linear optical applications (Tian et al., 1997 ). A particularly versatile and reliable reaction for the synthesis of analogues is the azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition – the best known and most widely used reaction in the `click chemistry' stable (Kolb et al., 2001 ). We therefore prepared 3-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phthalonitrile by the S_NAr reaction of propagyl alcohol and 4-nitrophthalonitrile (Jan et al., 2013 ) and used this as a precursor for the synthesis of the title molecule (I), the structure of which is described herein along with a Hirshfeld surface analysis and the results of energy-minimization calculations.

2. Structural commentary

The central five-membered triazolyl ring in (I), Fig. 1, is strictly planar with the r.m.s. deviation for the five atoms being 0.003 Å. The phenyl ring of the N-bound benzyl group is almost perpendicular to this plane, forming a dihedral angle of 79.30 (13)°. The 12 atoms comprising the methoxy–benzene-1,2-dicarbonitrile residue are almost co-planar with a r.m.s. deviation of 0.041 Å; the maximum and minimum deviations are −0.085 (2) and 0.038 (2) Å for atoms C10 and C12, respectively. Within the triazolyl ring, the N2—N3 and C1—C2 bond lengths of 1.322 (3) and 1.367 (3) Å, respectively, are consistent with considerable double-bond character in each of these bonds, i.e. consistent with the electronic structure shown in the Scheme. The methoxy–benzene-1,2-dicarbonitrile residue lies to the opposite side of the central ring to the benzyl residue and forms a dihedral angle of 64.59 (10)° with the triazolyl ring. The overall shape of the molecule is thus best described as a step with a dihedral angle between the outer rings of 14.62 (12)°, consistent with these groups being approximately parallel.

Figure 1
The molecular structure of (I)

, showing the atom-labelling scheme and displacement ellipsoids at the 70% probability level.

3. Supramolecular features

The molecular packing in the crystal leads to supramolecular chains along the a axis, formed through the agency of methylene-C10—H⋯N3(triazolyl) interactions involving both methylene-H atoms, which both link to N3 (Table 1). Encompassed within the chains are carbonitrile-N5⋯π(benzene) interactions, Table 1. The chains are connected into supramolecular layers in the ab plane by benzene-C12—H⋯N4(carbonitrile) interactions across a centre of inversion so that ten-membered {⋯HC₃N}₂ synthons are formed, Fig. 2 and Table 1. Layers inter-digitate along the c axis but do not form contacts within the standard distance criteria (Spek, 2009 ), Fig. 3.

Table 1
Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, °)

Cg1 is the centroid of the C11–C16 ring.

D—H⋯A	D—H	H⋯A	D⋯A	D—H⋯A
C10—H10A⋯N3ⁱ	0.99	2.50	3.468 (3)	167
C10—H10B⋯N3ⁱⁱ	0.99	2.53	3.477 (3)	161
C12—H12⋯N4ⁱⁱⁱ	0.95	2.47	3.353 (3)	155
C18—N5⋯Cg1^iv	1.15 (1)	3.81 (1)	3.853 (2)	83 (1)
Symmetry codes: (i) -x+1, -y+1, -z+1; (ii) x-1, y, z; (iii) -x+1, -y+2, -z+1; (iv) x+1, y, z.

Figure 2
A view of the supramolecular layer in the ab plane in (I)

. The layer is sustained by C—H⋯N and C—H⋯N interactions shown as orange and purple dashed lines, respectively.

Figure 3
Unit cell contents for (I)

shown in projection down the a axis, showing the stacking of layers. The C—H⋯N interactions are shown as orange dashed lines.

4. Hirshfeld surface analysis

The program Crystal Explorer 3.1 (Wolff et al., 2012 ) was used to generate Hirshfeld surfaces mapped over d_norm, d_e, curvedness and electrostatic potential. The electrostatic potential was calculated with TONTO (Spackman et al., 2008 ; Jayatilaka et al., 2005 ), integrated in Crystal Explorer, using the experimental geometry as the input. The electrostatic potentials were mapped on the Hirshfeld surface using the STO-3G basis set at the Hartree–Fock level of theory over a range ±0.075 au. The contact distances d_i and d_e from the Hirshfeld surface to the nearest atom inside and outside, respectively, enables the analysis of the intermolecular interactions through the mapping of d_norm. The combination of d_e and d_i in the form of a two-dimensional fingerprint plot (Rohl et al., 2008 ) provides a summary of the intermolecular contacts in the crystal.

The intermolecular interactions of the C—H⋯N type involving triazolyl-N3 and carbonitrile-N4 atoms as hydrogen-bond acceptors, and the H10A, H10B and H12 hydrogen atoms as donors dominate the molecular packing. These interactions are easily recognized as bright-red spots, and are designated as 1, 2 and 3 in a square box, respectively, on the Hirshfeld surface mapped with d_norm in Fig. 4. The surface mapped with electrostatic potential, Fig. 5, highlights these interactions as blue and red regions corresponding to positive (donor) and negative (acceptor) electrostatic potentials. The presence of such dominating interactions are also evident from the two dimensional fingerprint (FP) plots, Fig. 6; relative contributions to the overall surface are given in Table 2.

Table 2
Percentage contribution of the different intermolecular interactions to the Hirshfeld surface of (I)

Contact	%
H⋯H	24.7
N⋯H/H⋯N	35.7
C⋯H/H⋯C	25.8
C⋯C	3.7
C⋯N	3.5
O⋯H/H⋯O	3.2
C⋯O	2.7
N⋯N	0.7

Figure 4
Two views of the Hirshfeld surfaces for (I)

mapped over d_norm.

Figure 5
Hirshfeld surface for (I)

mapped over the electrostatic potential.

Figure 6
The two-dimensional fingerprint plots for (I)

: (a) all interactions, and delineated into (b) H⋯H, (c) C⋯H/H⋯C, and (d) N⋯H/H⋯N interactions.

The prominent pair of sharp spikes of equal lengths (d_e + d_i ∼ 2.25 Å) in the FP plot delineated into N⋯H/H⋯N contacts, Fig. 6d, with a significant contribution to the overall Hirshfeld surface, i.e. 35.7% from N⋯H/H⋯N contacts, and the distinct pair of wings corresponding to C⋯H/H⋯C contacts, Fig. 6c, with a 25.8% contribution, combined, have a greater effect on the molecular packing than the dispersive H⋯H contacts, Fig. 6b. The diminutive red spots on the surface mapped with d_norm, designated as 4 in a square box of Fig. 4, at the phenyl-C9 and methylene-H3B atoms, reflect the presence of short intermolecular C⋯H contacts [C9⋯H3Bⁱ = 2.79 Å for symmetry code: (i) −1 + x, y, z]. The short intramolecular H⋯H contact between the benzene-H16 and O-methylene-H10A atoms (H10A⋯H16 = 2.09 Å) can be recognized from two neighbouring blue regions on the surface mapped with electrostatic potential in Fig. 5.

The presence of a comparatively weak C—N⋯π interaction can be viewed from the negative potential around the carbonitrile-N5 atom (red region) and the light-blue region around the phenyl ring in Fig. 5; the strength of this interaction is quantified as 3.7 and 3.5% relative contribution from C⋯C and C⋯N contacts to the surface. The small flat segments delineated by a blue outline in the surface mapped with curvedness, Fig. 7, and the small contribution from C⋯C contacts, i.e. 3.5%, to the surface is consistent with the absence of significant π–π stacking interactions in the structure.

Figure 7
Hirshfeld surface for (I)

mapped over curvedness.

5. Database survey

There are four closely related structures to (I) in the crystallographic literature (Groom & Allen, 2014 ). The chemical structures of (II)–(V) are shown in Scheme 2, salient dihedral angles are given in Table 3 and a comparison between molecules is shown in Fig. 8. The similarity in the structures is seen in the relationship between the central triazolyl ring and pendent phenyl rings. By contrast to the conformation observed in (I), which was described above as anti with respect to the relative orientation of the N- and C-bound residues to the central ring, a syn disposition is observed in each of (II) (Rostovtsev et al., 2002 ), (III) (Garcia et al., 2011 ) and (IV) (López-Ruiz et al., 2013 ). A similar but somewhat flattened syn relationship is observed in (V) (López-Ruiz et al., 2013) for which an intramolecular O⋯N contact of 2.745 (3) Å is noted between the ether-O and benzoxazole-N atoms. The difference in structures prompted energy-minimization calculations.

Table 3
Dihedral angle (°) data for (I) and related literature structures^a

Structure	Triazolyl/benzyl-phenyl	Triazolyl/O-benzene	Benzyl-phenyl/O-benzene	CSD refcode^b	Reference
(I)	79.30 (13)	64.59 (10)	14.88 (9)	–	This work
(II)	77.89 (6)	56.69 (4)	85.82 (5)	CAKSAJ	Rostovtsev et al. (2002)
(III)	79.63 (5)	59.36 95)	85.56 (6)	BEDREJ	Garcia et al. (2011)
(IV)	79.16 (10)	59.57 (11)	84.25 (10)	CIGRUH	López-Ruiz et al. (2013)
(V)	82.03 (9)	26.57 (9)	83.63 (8)	CIGRER	López-Ruiz et al. (2013)
Notes: (a) See Scheme 2 for chemical structures; (b) Groom & Allen (2014).

Figure 8
Two views of the different conformations in (I)

red image, (II) blue, (III) green, (IV) aqua and (V) pink. The molecules have been overlapped so that the central rings are coincident.

6. Energy-minimization calculations

The structure of (I) was subjected to energy-minimization calculations with Density-Functional Theory (DFT) using the LC-wPBE functional (Vydrov & Scuseria, 2006 ; Vydrov et al., 2006 ), as implemented in the Gaussian program (Frisch et al., 2009 ), and the exchange-hole dipole moment (XDM) dispersion correction (Becke & Johnson, 2007 ; Otero-de-la-Roza & Johnson, 2013 ) with the 6-31+G* basis set. Fig. 9 shows an energy profile as the 1,2-dicarbonitrile residue is rotated (30° steps) about the O—C bond with respect to the rest of the molecule. The energy profile shown in Fig. 9 reveals the observed anti conformation of (I) is in fact a high-energy conformation, being nearly 7 kcal mol⁻¹ higher in energy than the low-energy conformation which, as shown in Fig. 10, has a syn conformation of the aromatic rings. In the energy-minimized structure, the dihedral angles between the five-membered ring and the dinitrile- and benzyl-benzene rings are 73.6 and 85.2°, respectively, i.e. differing by ca 9 and 6°, respectively, from the comparable angles in the experimental structure. The dihedral angles between the aromatic rings is 23.4°. While the dihedral angles do not differ significantly between the experimental and gas-phase, energy-minimized structures, the relative conformations are quite distinct. The syn orientation of the terminal rings is most likely stabilized by intramolecular π–π interactions, the shortest intramolecular C⋯C contact between rings being 3.62 Å. The adoption of a different conformation in the experimental structure no doubt relates to the dictates of global crystal packing considerations.

Figure 9
Energy profile (kcal mol⁻¹) for conformations of (I)

differing by a rotation (30° steps) about the O—C bond.

Figure 10
Overlay diagram of the experimental (red image) and energy-minimized (blue) structures of (I)

. The molecules have been overlapped so that the five-membered rings are coincident.

7. Synthesis and crystallization

3-(Prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phthalonitrile (Jan et al., 2013; 0.10 g, 0.55 mmol), CuSO₄ (0.032 g), sodium ascorbate (0.13 g) and benzyl azide (0.074 g) were dissolved in 75% aqueous acetone (20 ml) and stirred for 48 h at room temperature. The reaction was poured into ice–water and the resulting off-white solid was collected by vacuum filtration and was recrystallized as light-brown prisms from a solvent mixture of dichloromethane and hexane (0.082 g, 47.5%). M.p.: 397–399 K. IR (ν) 3200 m (ArH), 3050 m (ArH), 2226 m (C≡N), 1600 s (C=C, Ar). [M+^.] m/z 315.

8. Refinement details

Crystal data, data collection and structure refinement details are summarized in Table 4. Carbon-bound H atoms were placed in calculated positions (C—H = 0.95–0.99 Å) and were included in the refinement in the riding model approximation, with U_iso(H) set to 1.2U_eq(C).

Table 4
Experimental details

Crystal data
Chemical formula	C₁₈H₁₃N₅O
M_r	315.33
Crystal system, space group	Monoclinic, P2₁/c
Temperature (K)	100
a, b, c (Å)	5.2454 (5), 15.3860 (14), 19.042 (3)
β (°)	90.927 (10)
V (Å³)	1536.6 (3)
Z	4
Radiation type	Mo Kα
μ (mm⁻¹)	0.09
Crystal size (mm)	0.35 × 0.10 × 0.10

Data collection
Diffractometer	Agilent Technologies SuperNova Dual diffractometer with an Atlas detector
Absorption correction	Multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2012 )
T_min, T_max	0.588, 1.000
No. of measured, independent and observed [I > 2σ(I)] reflections	15856, 3527, 2099
R_int	0.080
(sin θ/λ)_max (Å⁻¹)	0.650

Refinement
R[F² > 2σ(F²)], wR(F²), S	0.057, 0.136, 1.07
No. of reflections	3527
No. of parameters	217
H-atom treatment	H-atom parameters constrained
Δρ_max, Δρ_min (e Å⁻³)	0.26, −0.25
Computer programs: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2012), SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008 ), SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015 ), ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 2012 ), QMol (Gans & Shalloway, 2001 ), DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 2006 ) and publCIF (Westrip, 2010 ).

Supporting information

CCDC reference: 1469592

Crystal structure: contains datablocks I, global. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989016004722/hb7573sup1.cif

Structure factors: contains datablock I. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989016004722/hb7573Isup2.hkl

Supporting information file. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1107/S2056989016004722/hb7573Isup3.cml

checkCIF report

Computing details top

Data collection: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2012); cell refinement: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2012); data reduction: CrysAlis PRO (Agilent, 2012); program(s) used to solve structure: SHELXS97 (Sheldrick, 2008); program(s) used to refine structure: SHELXL2014 (Sheldrick, 2015); molecular graphics: ORTEP-3 for Windows (Farrugia, 2012), QMol (Gans & Shalloway, 2001) and DIAMOND (Brandenburg, 2006); software used to prepare material for publication: publCIF (Westrip, 2010).

4-[(1-Benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy]benzene-1,2-dicarbonitrile top

Crystal data top

C₁₈H₁₃N₅O	F(000) = 656
M_r = 315.33	D_x = 1.363 Mg m⁻³
Monoclinic, P2₁/c	Mo Kα radiation, λ = 0.71073 Å
a = 5.2454 (5) Å	Cell parameters from 1806 reflections
b = 15.3860 (14) Å	θ = 2.5–27.5°
c = 19.042 (3) Å	µ = 0.09 mm⁻¹
β = 90.927 (10)°	T = 100 K
V = 1536.6 (3) Å³	Prism, light-brown
Z = 4	0.35 × 0.10 × 0.10 mm

Data collection top

Agilent Technologies SuperNova Dual diffractometer with an Atlas detector	3527 independent reflections
Radiation source: SuperNova (Mo) X-ray Source	2099 reflections with I > 2σ(I)
Mirror monochromator	R_int = 0.080
Detector resolution: 10.4041 pixels mm^-1	θ_max = 27.5°, θ_min = 2.5°
ω scan	h = −6→6
Absorption correction: multi-scan (CrysAlis PRO; Agilent, 2012)	k = −19→19
T_min = 0.588, T_max = 1.000	l = −24→21
15856 measured reflections

Refinement top

Refinement on F²	0 restraints
Least-squares matrix: full	Hydrogen site location: inferred from neighbouring sites
R[F² > 2σ(F²)] = 0.057	H-atom parameters constrained
wR(F²) = 0.136	w = 1/[σ²(F_o²) + (0.0342P)² + 0.5378P] where P = (F_o² + 2F_c²)/3
S = 1.07	(Δ/σ)_max < 0.001
3527 reflections	Δρ_max = 0.26 e Å⁻³
217 parameters	Δρ_min = −0.25 e Å⁻³

Special details top

Geometry. All esds (except the esd in the dihedral angle between two l.s. planes) are estimated using the full covariance matrix. The cell esds are taken into account individually in the estimation of esds in distances, angles and torsion angles; correlations between esds in cell parameters are only used when they are defined by crystal symmetry. An approximate (isotropic) treatment of cell esds is used for estimating esds involving l.s. planes.

Fractional atomic coordinates and isotropic or equivalent isotropic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	x	y	z	U_iso*/U_eq
O1	0.3153 (3)	0.69488 (10)	0.54542 (9)	0.0262 (4)
N1	0.5641 (4)	0.50248 (12)	0.70174 (11)	0.0233 (5)
N2	0.7432 (4)	0.49329 (13)	0.65250 (12)	0.0294 (5)
N3	0.6509 (4)	0.52816 (13)	0.59396 (11)	0.0279 (5)
N4	0.7655 (4)	1.01212 (13)	0.44279 (12)	0.0312 (5)
N5	1.2066 (4)	0.86108 (14)	0.33358 (13)	0.0342 (6)
C1	0.3561 (4)	0.54262 (15)	0.67500 (14)	0.0251 (6)
H1	0.2032	0.5564	0.6987	0.030*
C2	0.4125 (4)	0.55919 (14)	0.60643 (13)	0.0216 (5)
C3	0.6072 (5)	0.46954 (16)	0.77327 (14)	0.0282 (6)
H3A	0.5691	0.5162	0.8073	0.034*
H3B	0.7892	0.4537	0.7794	0.034*
C4	0.4444 (4)	0.39128 (15)	0.78895 (13)	0.0234 (5)
C5	0.4866 (4)	0.31288 (15)	0.75402 (14)	0.0294 (6)
H5	0.6186	0.3087	0.7206	0.035*
C6	0.3363 (5)	0.24131 (16)	0.76800 (15)	0.0330 (7)
H6	0.3662	0.1880	0.7444	0.040*
C7	0.1427 (5)	0.24702 (17)	0.81622 (15)	0.0329 (7)
H7	0.0388	0.1979	0.8254	0.040*
C8	0.1008 (5)	0.32439 (16)	0.85111 (14)	0.0312 (6)
H8	−0.0313	0.3282	0.8845	0.037*
C9	0.2511 (4)	0.39631 (16)	0.83744 (14)	0.0273 (6)
H9	0.2213	0.4494	0.8615	0.033*
C10	0.2539 (4)	0.60336 (14)	0.55118 (13)	0.0240 (6)
H10A	0.2818	0.5747	0.5054	0.029*
H10B	0.0714	0.5970	0.5626	0.029*
C11	0.5055 (4)	0.72062 (15)	0.50218 (13)	0.0224 (5)
C12	0.5349 (4)	0.81069 (15)	0.49807 (13)	0.0227 (5)
H12	0.4294	0.8480	0.5248	0.027*
C13	0.7180 (4)	0.84514 (14)	0.45502 (13)	0.0224 (5)
C14	0.8748 (4)	0.79094 (15)	0.41502 (13)	0.0227 (5)
C15	0.8425 (4)	0.70107 (15)	0.41989 (13)	0.0254 (6)
H15	0.9464	0.6635	0.3929	0.031*
C16	0.6609 (4)	0.66612 (15)	0.46354 (13)	0.0236 (5)
H16	0.6425	0.6049	0.4671	0.028*
C17	0.7433 (4)	0.93813 (16)	0.44910 (13)	0.0240 (6)
C18	1.0608 (4)	0.82840 (15)	0.36943 (14)	0.0256 (6)

Atomic displacement parameters (Å²) top

	U¹¹	U²²	U³³	U¹²	U¹³	U²³
O1	0.0306 (9)	0.0188 (9)	0.0296 (11)	0.0005 (7)	0.0083 (8)	0.0045 (8)
N1	0.0236 (10)	0.0228 (11)	0.0236 (12)	−0.0017 (8)	0.0033 (9)	0.0012 (9)
N2	0.0230 (10)	0.0349 (12)	0.0305 (14)	0.0018 (9)	0.0057 (10)	0.0039 (10)
N3	0.0262 (11)	0.0301 (12)	0.0276 (13)	0.0001 (9)	0.0053 (9)	0.0031 (10)
N4	0.0359 (12)	0.0237 (12)	0.0344 (14)	0.0005 (9)	0.0068 (10)	0.0009 (10)
N5	0.0384 (12)	0.0288 (12)	0.0358 (15)	−0.0041 (10)	0.0103 (11)	0.0015 (11)
C1	0.0237 (12)	0.0227 (13)	0.0291 (16)	0.0034 (10)	0.0055 (11)	−0.0006 (11)
C2	0.0211 (11)	0.0152 (12)	0.0285 (15)	−0.0037 (9)	0.0044 (10)	−0.0014 (10)
C3	0.0300 (13)	0.0289 (14)	0.0256 (15)	−0.0009 (10)	−0.0024 (11)	0.0036 (12)
C4	0.0228 (12)	0.0229 (13)	0.0245 (15)	0.0035 (10)	−0.0023 (10)	0.0018 (11)
C5	0.0282 (13)	0.0287 (14)	0.0314 (16)	0.0054 (10)	0.0033 (11)	0.0000 (12)
C6	0.0425 (15)	0.0220 (14)	0.0344 (17)	0.0023 (11)	−0.0022 (13)	0.0018 (12)
C7	0.0365 (14)	0.0250 (14)	0.0371 (18)	−0.0042 (11)	−0.0027 (13)	0.0105 (12)
C8	0.0274 (13)	0.0352 (16)	0.0310 (16)	−0.0002 (11)	0.0017 (11)	0.0055 (13)
C9	0.0268 (12)	0.0261 (13)	0.0291 (16)	0.0032 (10)	0.0015 (11)	0.0002 (12)
C10	0.0266 (12)	0.0192 (12)	0.0265 (15)	−0.0036 (9)	0.0057 (11)	0.0030 (11)
C11	0.0215 (11)	0.0247 (13)	0.0211 (14)	−0.0030 (9)	−0.0007 (10)	0.0056 (11)
C12	0.0239 (12)	0.0210 (12)	0.0233 (14)	0.0024 (9)	0.0017 (10)	−0.0007 (10)
C13	0.0254 (12)	0.0193 (12)	0.0224 (14)	−0.0001 (9)	−0.0014 (10)	0.0007 (10)
C14	0.0256 (12)	0.0215 (13)	0.0209 (14)	−0.0014 (10)	0.0019 (10)	0.0023 (10)
C15	0.0279 (12)	0.0239 (13)	0.0247 (15)	0.0021 (10)	0.0039 (11)	−0.0021 (11)
C16	0.0293 (12)	0.0181 (12)	0.0237 (15)	−0.0010 (10)	0.0052 (11)	0.0002 (11)
C17	0.0223 (12)	0.0279 (14)	0.0219 (14)	0.0011 (10)	0.0040 (10)	0.0000 (11)
C18	0.0279 (13)	0.0217 (13)	0.0272 (16)	0.0014 (10)	−0.0004 (12)	−0.0006 (11)

Geometric parameters (Å, º) top

O1—C11	1.363 (3)	C6—H6	0.9500
O1—C10	1.449 (3)	C7—C8	1.382 (4)
N1—N2	1.346 (3)	C7—H7	0.9500
N1—C1	1.347 (3)	C8—C9	1.386 (3)
N1—C3	1.467 (3)	C8—H8	0.9500
N2—N3	1.322 (3)	C9—H9	0.9500
N3—C2	1.363 (3)	C10—H10A	0.9900
N4—C17	1.151 (3)	C10—H10B	0.9900
N5—C18	1.149 (3)	C11—C16	1.388 (3)
C1—C2	1.367 (3)	C11—C12	1.397 (3)
C1—H1	0.9500	C12—C13	1.379 (3)
C2—C10	1.494 (3)	C12—H12	0.9500
C3—C4	1.509 (3)	C13—C14	1.404 (3)
C3—H3A	0.9900	C13—C17	1.441 (3)
C3—H3B	0.9900	C14—C15	1.396 (3)
C4—C9	1.385 (3)	C14—C18	1.437 (4)
C4—C5	1.397 (3)	C15—C16	1.383 (3)
C5—C6	1.383 (3)	C15—H15	0.9500
C5—H5	0.9500	C16—H16	0.9500
C6—C7	1.383 (4)

C11—O1—C10	119.61 (18)	C7—C8—H8	119.9
N2—N1—C1	110.8 (2)	C9—C8—H8	119.9
N2—N1—C3	120.75 (19)	C4—C9—C8	120.4 (2)
C1—N1—C3	128.4 (2)	C4—C9—H9	119.8
N3—N2—N1	107.14 (18)	C8—C9—H9	119.8
N2—N3—C2	108.6 (2)	O1—C10—C2	111.92 (17)
N1—C1—C2	105.1 (2)	O1—C10—H10A	109.2
N1—C1—H1	127.5	C2—C10—H10A	109.2
C2—C1—H1	127.5	O1—C10—H10B	109.2
N3—C2—C1	108.3 (2)	C2—C10—H10B	109.2
N3—C2—C10	122.6 (2)	H10A—C10—H10B	107.9
C1—C2—C10	129.1 (2)	O1—C11—C16	125.9 (2)
N1—C3—C4	112.33 (19)	O1—C11—C12	113.9 (2)
N1—C3—H3A	109.1	C16—C11—C12	120.2 (2)
C4—C3—H3A	109.1	C13—C12—C11	119.6 (2)
N1—C3—H3B	109.1	C13—C12—H12	120.2
C4—C3—H3B	109.1	C11—C12—H12	120.2
H3A—C3—H3B	107.9	C12—C13—C14	120.9 (2)
C9—C4—C5	119.3 (2)	C12—C13—C17	119.6 (2)
C9—C4—C3	120.7 (2)	C14—C13—C17	119.4 (2)
C5—C4—C3	120.0 (2)	C15—C14—C13	118.6 (2)
C6—C5—C4	120.1 (3)	C15—C14—C18	121.4 (2)
C6—C5—H5	120.0	C13—C14—C18	119.9 (2)
C4—C5—H5	120.0	C16—C15—C14	120.7 (2)
C5—C6—C7	120.3 (3)	C16—C15—H15	119.7
C5—C6—H6	119.9	C14—C15—H15	119.7
C7—C6—H6	119.9	C15—C16—C11	120.0 (2)
C8—C7—C6	119.9 (2)	C15—C16—H16	120.0
C8—C7—H7	120.1	C11—C16—H16	120.0
C6—C7—H7	120.1	N4—C17—C13	178.4 (3)
C7—C8—C9	120.1 (3)	N5—C18—C14	177.7 (3)

C1—N1—N2—N3	0.4 (2)	C7—C8—C9—C4	−0.1 (4)
C3—N1—N2—N3	179.53 (19)	C11—O1—C10—C2	87.8 (2)
N1—N2—N3—C2	−0.2 (2)	N3—C2—C10—O1	−84.1 (3)
N2—N1—C1—C2	−0.5 (3)	C1—C2—C10—O1	95.6 (3)
C3—N1—C1—C2	−179.5 (2)	C10—O1—C11—C16	−3.0 (3)
N2—N3—C2—C1	−0.1 (3)	C10—O1—C11—C12	176.24 (18)
N2—N3—C2—C10	179.62 (19)	O1—C11—C12—C13	−178.81 (19)
N1—C1—C2—N3	0.4 (3)	C16—C11—C12—C13	0.5 (3)
N1—C1—C2—C10	−179.4 (2)	C11—C12—C13—C14	0.2 (3)
N2—N1—C3—C4	−109.4 (2)	C11—C12—C13—C17	178.1 (2)
C1—N1—C3—C4	69.6 (3)	C12—C13—C14—C15	−0.3 (3)
N1—C3—C4—C9	−112.3 (3)	C17—C13—C14—C15	−178.2 (2)
N1—C3—C4—C5	67.2 (3)	C12—C13—C14—C18	178.7 (2)
C9—C4—C5—C6	0.0 (3)	C17—C13—C14—C18	0.8 (3)
C3—C4—C5—C6	−179.5 (2)	C13—C14—C15—C16	−0.4 (3)
C4—C5—C6—C7	0.4 (4)	C18—C14—C15—C16	−179.4 (2)
C5—C6—C7—C8	−0.6 (4)	C14—C15—C16—C11	1.1 (3)
C6—C7—C8—C9	0.5 (4)	O1—C11—C16—C15	178.1 (2)
C5—C4—C9—C8	−0.1 (3)	C12—C11—C16—C15	−1.1 (3)
C3—C4—C9—C8	179.4 (2)

Hydrogen-bond geometry (Å, º) top

Cg1 is the centroid of the C11–C16 ring.

D—H···A	D—H	H···A	D···A	D—H···A
C10—H10A···N3ⁱ	0.99	2.50	3.468 (3)	167
C10—H10B···N3ⁱⁱ	0.99	2.53	3.477 (3)	161
C12—H12···N4ⁱⁱⁱ	0.95	2.47	3.353 (3)	155
C18—N5···Cg1^iv	1.15 (1)	3.81 (1)	3.853 (2)	83 (1)

Symmetry codes: (i) −x+1, −y+1, −z+1; (ii) x−1, y, z; (iii) −x+1, −y+2, −z+1; (iv) x+1, y, z.

Percentage contribution of the different intermolecular interactions to the Hirshfeld surface of (I). top

Contact	%
H···H	24.7
N···H/H···N	35.7
C···H/H···C	25.8
C···C	3.7
C···N	3.5
O···H/H···O	3.2
C···O	2.7
N···N	0.7

Dihedral angle (°) data for (I) and related literature structures^a top

Structure	Triazolyl/benzyl–phenyl	Triazolyl/O-benzene	Benzyl-phenyl/O-benzene	CSD refcode^b	Reference
(I)	79.30 (13)	64.59 (10)	14.88 (9)	–	This work
(II)	77.89 (6)	56.69 (4)	85.82 (5)	CAKSAJ	Rostovtsev et al. (2002)
(III)	79.63 (5)	59.36 95)	85.56 (6)	BEDREJ	Garcia et al. (2011)
(IV)	79.16 (10)	59.57 (11)	84.25 (10)	CIGRUH	López-Ruiz et al. (2013)
(V)	82.03 (9)	26.57 (9)	83.63 (8)	CIGRER	López-Ruiz et al. (2013)

Notes: (a) See Scheme 2 for chemical structures; (b) Groom & Allen (2014).

Footnotes

‡Additional correspondence author, e-mail: dyoung1@usc.edu.au.

Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the financial support from the Brunei Research Council (BRC) Science and Technology grant (S&T17). AOR thanks the Spanish Malta/Consolider initiative (No. CSD2007-00045) and Alberta Innovates Technology Futures (AITF) for funding. Intensity data were provided by the University of Malaya Crystallographic Laboratory.

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